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This paper provides a comparison between the American and Indian digital preservation programmes based on the essential building blocks such as national legislation for digital preservation, basic legal framework, national digital preservation initiative, digital preservation tools, standards and practice guidelines, digital repository infrastructure, and audit and certification. Selected digital preservation policies of the organisations from UK, USA, Canada, and Australia are also analysed. The gap analysis shows that in the Indian context, legislation on digital preservation of electronic records and institutional digital preservation policies are the missing elements, which need to be addressed on high priority. The preservation policy is a mandatory requirement for the audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The paper estimates the effects of the 2008–09 trade contraction on employment in India and South Africa, using social accounting matrices (SAMs) in a Leontief multiplier model. Employment results are presented at aggregate and industry levels and examine gender and skills biases. The most notable finding is that India and South Africa experienced substantial employment declines as a result of trade contraction with the European Union and the United States. A large share of these declines occurred in the non-tradable sector and resulted from income-induced effects, illustrating how a shock originating in the tradable goods sector had strong ripple effects throughout these economies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Worldwide, the coal mining sectors displays a raising trend. Thus, coal demands coming from China, India and USA shall increase with 3 billion tons in the following 2 decades, reaching 9 billion tons per year. Coal mining comprises several risk factors, one of which being the explosion risk. An explosion is the result of time and space concurrency of: concentration of substances inside the explosion limits; oxygen in atmosphere; ignition source. Coal mines have firedamp (i.e. methane + coal dust), and for most of situations, the ignition source is endogenous fire (spontaneous combustion). This paper addresses the possible diminution of methane concentration in the underground atmosphere and the diminution of endogenous fires when using new technologies for preventing spontaneous combustions. There are reviewed the degassing methods used in the Romanian hard coal mines and the mining methods used in the Jiu Valley coal mines. Some are newly patented inventions or pending, all being developed by the experts of INCD-INSEMEX Petroşani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay of factors that affect post-partum loss or retention of weight gained during pregnancy is not fully understood. The objective of this paper is to describe patterns of weight change in the six sites of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) and explore variables that explain variation in weight change within and between sites. Mothers of 1743 breastfed children enrolled in the MGRS had weights measured at days 7, 14, 28 and 42 post-partum, monthly from 2 to 12 months and bimonthly thereafter until 24 months post-partum. Height, maternal age, parity and employment status were recorded and breastfeeding was monitored throughout the follow-up. Weight change patterns varied significantly among sites. Ghanaian and Omani mothers lost little or gained weight post-partum. In Brazil, India, Norway and USA, mothers on average lost weight during the first year followed by stabilization in the second year. Lactation intensity and duration explained little of the variation in weight change patterns. In most sites, obese mothers tended to lose less weight than normal-weight mothers. In Brazil and Oman, primiparous mothers lost about 1 kg more than multiparous mothers in the first 6 months. In India and Ghana, multiparous mothers lost about 0.6 kg more than primiparas in the second 6 months. Culturally defined mother-care practices probably play a role in weight change patterns among lactating women. This hypothesis should stimulate investigation into gestational weight gain and post-partum losses in different ethnocultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the government has perniciously ignored the issue of internet gambling. Unfortunately, there is no specific legislation in place that addresses internet gambling, nor has there been any consistent policy professed with regard to internet gambling. Thus, online gambling operators, both domestic and offshore, are allowed to operate with impunity in India. Spurred on by factors like inadequate legislation, a lack of enforcement, and an indifferent judiciary, online gambling in India is unregulated, untaxed, and most of all, unclear. This paper posits that there is an urgent need for legislative clarity in India's policy towards internet gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many reviews of job stress and the stressor-strain relationship have been conducted, such reviews typically focus exclusively on quantitative data. In the current paper, we review qualitative studies on occupational stress that met two criteria: (1) the studies employed qualitative methods; (2) the stressors, strains and/or coping strategies were grouped into identifiable, higher-order categories. Results indicated that the nature of the stressors experienced varied by (a) occupation, (b) country, (c) seniority and (d) gender. The review further revealed that organizational constraints, work overload and interpersonal conflict were relatively universal stressors. Anger and annoyance were the most frequently reported psychological strains in the United States and the United Kingdom, while Chinese workers exhibited tension and anxiety and Indian workers exhibited acceptance. Coping strategies also varied by gender, occupation and country. Research on gender differences suggested that, compared to men, women tended to report more interpersonal stressors. Differences in the ways in which the two types of methodologies are applied, as well as their relative strengths and weaknesses, underline the value of qualitative approaches to the study of occupational stress, especially when used in conjunction with quantitative methods in mixed-methods studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the estimation and simulation of discharge and sediment concentration for two river basins in the USA and India. The first-order Sugeno fuzzy inference system was utilised to model the stage, discharge and sediment concentration relationship. A subtractive clustering algorithm, along with a least-squares estimation, was used to generate the fuzzy rules that describe the relationship between input and output data of stage, discharge and sediment concentration, which change over time. The fuzzy rules were tuned by a back-propagation algorithm. The results are illustrated using simulation and virtual reality. A comparison was made between the estimates provided by the neuro-fuzzy model and a multi-linear regression model. Different statistical criteria were used to evaluate the performance of both models in estimating discharge and sediment concentration. Comparison of the results reveals that, in general, the neuro-fuzzy model gives better estimates than the multi-linear regression model in terms of root mean square and sum of squares errors. Furthermore, compared with the multi-linear regression model, the neuro-fuzzy model yields statistical properties of estimates that are closer to actual historical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional models of full and open competition are generally applied for ordinary public procurement contracts, whereas special competitive procedures (such as unsolicited proposals) are permissible under various international and domestic frameworks for "Public-Private Partnership" (PPP) contracts. In case of the latter category of contracts, some concerns about relative lack of transparency and competition in the award process have begun to surface, while they are being increasingly relied upon for development of public infrastructure and services. This paper focuses on certain aspects of competition and transparency in the award of PPP contracts, vis-a-vis normal public procurement contracts. To facilitate a sharper identification of legal issues, it compares the relevant regulations and case law in India applicable to unsolicited proposals (UNPs) with that in the United States and those under available international frameworks. It concludes with recommendations on identified legal dimensions of UNPs with reference to government obligations on transparency and competition, so as to adequately preserve these elements in procurement of PPP infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have carried out a three-part study comparing the research performance of Indian institutions with that of other international institutions. In the first part, the publication profiles of various Indian institutions were examined and ranked based on the h-index and p-index. We found that the institutions of national importance contributed the highest in terms of publications and citations per institution. In the second part of the study, we looked at the publication profiles of various Indian institutions in the high-impact journals and compared these profiles against that of the top Asian and US universities. We found that the number of papers in these journals from India was miniscule compared to the US universities. Recognizing that the publication profiles of various institutions depend on the field/departments, we studied the publication profiles of many science and engineering departments at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, the Indian Institutes of Technology, as well as top Indian universities. Because the number of faculty in each department varies widely, we have computed the publications and citations per faculty per year for each department. We have also compared this with other departments in various Asian and US universities. We found that the top Indian institution based on various parameters in various disciplines was IISc, but overall even the top Indian institutions do not compare favourably with the top US or Asian universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faith ethos education has subjective elements in it that are elusive to planners and administrators of national and international systems. This paper looks at how Sikhs, a minority group both in India and in other countries to which they have migrated manage to retain their faith-based education programmes successfully and yet relate to the educational systems and practical needs of the society in which they live and work. The countries studied are India, the UK and the USA. Although recognition has been given to faith-based education in community development by international planners, the factors that link spiritual development and culture in education with social development have been neglected in research on education's contribution to socio-economic development. Sikh culture and education offer a case study which illuminates this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly skilled people are among the most valuable factors of production in the contemporary world economy. Some have characterized the competition among nations for these people as a “brain drain” or “war for talent,” which imposes significant costs on the countries of emigration. However, the distribution of costs and benefits that results from high-skill migration is not necessarily zero-sum or fixed. It may be altered through international cooperation, producing a self-reinforcing “win–win” scenario for sending and receiving countries. Bilateral cooperation, focused on specific sectors affected by migration, is the most promising approach for realizing such a scenario. This paper explores the prospects and potential for such cooperation between India and the United States, which comprise what is probably the world's largest high-skill mobility relationship. After sketching the broad contours of the relationship, we explore the prospects for mutually beneficial cooperation in three specific fields of high-skill migration: information technology services, medicine and nursing, and graduate education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of China is the primary cause of changing strategic dynamics in Asia. China's growing economic, military and political weight is shaping regional and individual destinies of its neighbours, particularly in Southeast Asia. Despite the academic debate over its future, Chinese influence is burgeoning and this has major implications for other Asian powers such as India, Japan, Russia, and the offshore balancer, the United States. This paper examines Chinese strategic gains in the Southeast Asian region in the areas of trade, regional diplomacy and cross-border connectivity. It also seeks to understand why India, unlike China, has not managed to integrate as closely with Southeast Asia despite using policies similar to that of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A bibliometric analysis based on Science Citation Index (SCI) published by Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) was carried out to identify the global research related to lead in drinking water field from 1991 to 2007 and to improve the understanding of research trends in the same period. The results from this analysis indicate that there have been an increasing number of annual publications mainly during two periods: from 1992 to 1997 and from 2004 to 2007. United States produced 37% of all pertinent articles followed by India with 8.0% and Canada with 4.8%. Science of the Total Environment published the most articles followed by Journal American Water Works Association and Toxicology. Summary of the most frequently used keywords are also provided. “Cadmium” was the most popular author keyword in the 17years. Furthermore based on bibliometric results four research aspects were summarized in this paper and the historical research review was also presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper argues that manifestations of the sacred in Hollywood biblical spectaculars, as well as in films from Bollywood (the Hollywood of Bombay), have been significantly contoured by a reticulate set of oral norms. That is, the films' depictions of hierophany are tied to a way of knowing that maintains roots in orality (as distinct from a way of knowing historically permitted and/or induced by a cultural investment in the written word). Such orally inflected norms as epical and exoteric abundance, melodrama, frontality, and a telescoping of the real into the mythic compel us to re-think the common critical assumption that religious spectaculars are not authentically manifesting the sacred or that they can only be operating as escapist metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Critical, or national, information infrastructure protection, referred to as either CIIP or NIIP, has been highlighted as a critical factor in overall national security by the United States, the United Kingdom, India and the European Community. As nations move inexorably towards so-called 'digital economies', critical infrastructure depends on information systems to process, transfer, store and exchange information through the Internet. Electronic attacks such as denial of service attacks on critical information infrastructures challenge the law and raise concerns. A myriad of issues potentially plague the protection of critical information infrastructures owing to the lack of legal regulation aimed at ensuring the protection of critical information infrastructures. This paper will highlight the legal concerns that relate to the denial of service attacks on critical information infrastructures and provide an introductory overview of the law as it relates to CIIP in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While almost a decade old, Ted Hopf’s observation that the democratic peace is an observation in search of a theory still holds validity. In particular, the mechanisms behind the democratic peace are poorly understood, making it difficult for scholars to provide a compelling explanation. Underappreciated in the existing work is the role of identity and the importance this has for driving the democratic peace. With a focus on developing a dyadic democratic peace mechanism and using a case study approach, this paper utilizes the Copenhagen School’s securitization framework to examine how identity plays out in the US response to the Indian and Iranian nuclear programs. It finds that in fact identity does play an important role in how security policy is constructed. In policy terms, if the democratic peace does rely on identity to trigger the constraining norms that limit the escalation of conflict to violence, it is unlikely the democratic peace can be spread by force and it is possible that states nominally democratic can be excluded from the community of democracies if their behavior or significant other aspects of their perceived identity are at variance with the accepted democratic identity standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many forms of governments in the world at present. Of them the democratic form is most cherished, though ironically China, the most populated nation in the world does not follow a parliamentary form of democracy, in the ideal sense. Democracy in the United States too is somewhat skewed. India too is virtually surrounded by dictatorial regimes both on the east and the west. Indian democracy is also not devoid of blemishes. In this paper we try to portray some of the most glaring drawbacks, which affect the lives of the people living on the margins in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the recent worldwide trend towards devolution has been driven by the belief that fiscal decentralisation is likely to have a positive effect on government efficiency and economic growth. It is generally assumed that the transfer of powers and resources to lower tiers of government allows for a better matching of public policies to local needs and thus for a better allocation of resources. These factors, in turn, are expected to lead to an improvement in regional economic performance, if subnational authorities shift resources from current to capital expenditures in search of a better response to local needs. In this paper we test these assumptions empirically by analysing the evolution of subnational expenditure categories and regional growth in Germany, India, Mexico, Spain, and the USA. We find that, contrary to expectations, decentralisation has coincided in the sample countries with a relative increase in current expenditures at the expense of capital expenditures, which has been associated with lower levels of economic growth in countries where devolution has been driven from above (India and Mexico), but not in Spain, where it has been driven from below. We hypothesise that the differences in legitimacy between the central or federal government and subnational governments in top-down and bottom-up processes of devolution may be at the origin of the diverse capacity to deliver greater allocative and productive efficiency and, eventually, greater economic growth by devolved governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a solar exergy map concept and conduct a comprehensive case study to show how it is utilized and how it is significant for practical solar applications. Based on the exergy content of the solar radiation, the performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system is evaluated for different Indian cities, namely Bangalore (latitude 12°58′N, longitude 77°38′E), Jodhpur (latitude 26°18′N, longitude 73°04′E), Mumbai (latitude 18°55′N, longitude 72°54′E), New Delhi (latitude 28°35′N, longitude 77°12′E) and Srinagar (latitude 34°08′N, longitude 74°51′E) for a year and for different cities of U.S.A., namely Chicago (latitude 41°50′N, longitude 87°37′W), Las Vegas (latitude 36°10′N, longitude 115°12′W), Miami (latitude 25°46′N, longitude 80°12′W), New York (latitude 40°47′N, longitude 73°58′E), Portland (latitude 43°40′N, longitude 70°15′W), San Antonio (latitude 29°23′N, longitude 98°33′W), San Francisco (latitude 37°47′N, longitude 122°26′W), Tucson (latitude 32°7′N, longitude 110°56′W) and Tulsa (latitude 36°09′N, longitude 95°59′W) for different months of January, April, June and October. For the first time, the development of exergy maps for the exergy of solar radiation as well as the exergy efficiency of PV/T system is done for the above-mentioned Indian and American climatic conditions. It is found that the predicted exergy efficiency is in good agreement with the experimental results for the climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. It is observed that the average exergy efficiency is highest in Bangalore from January (28%) to April (32.6%) and from September (32.5%) to December (32.4%) and it is highest in Srinagar from May (29.5%) to August (26.8%) for Indian climatic conditions and for American climatic conditions, the PV/T system gives the best performance in terms of exergy efficiency in Las Vegas (32%) and Tucson (32.5–31.5%) in April and June. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant developments have occurred in India in the past three to four decades with respect to the state of natural resources and human population, as part of various watershed programs. Much experience has been gained by governmental and non-governmental institutions and by the stakeholders engaged in these endeavors. Although there are many success stories that credit these interventions, much more effort is required to bring the benefits to all regions and remote areas of the country. There have been many management practices and intervention strategies that have evolved from this long learning process, but more pointed research in this regard is required for developing newer technological methods suited for specific situations. Greater research is needed for identifying better institutional strategies applicable to watershed management in different socio-economic conditions and in different physiographic regions of the country. One of the major impediments to the success of most watershed programs is the lack of coordination among the many governmental institutions mandated to run these developmental plans. A sizable amount of about Rs. 1,600 crores is invested annually in improving the conditions of watersheds around the country. Watershed programs can become much more efficient and cost-effective if the roles and responsibilities of all the partners and stakeholders are clearly defined and followed up for ensuring stricter accountability. A countrywide comprehensive and integrated watershed management information system that utilizes the state-of-the-art GIS, database, and web technologies will further consolidate achievements and improve accountability and efficiency of watershed management programs. This paper draws a few comparisons with watershed programs in the United States and offers suggestions for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of these programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Race-based preferential policies have been employed in the United States and other countries such as Malaysia, South Africa, Brazil, and India to foster economic development among economically marginalized ethnic groups. This research applies a two-player signaling model to help understand labor-market effects of race-based preferential policies used in college admissions. The model shows that in the context of imperfect information in the labor market, purely race-based forms of preferential policies in college admissions are likely to lead to statistical discrimination by future employers, reducing the equilibrium wage of targeted minority groups for both college graduates and non-college graduates. In addition, average wages of the targeted group remain unchanged in the model, with the targeted group being worse off to the extent that educational signaling is costly. In conclusion, the paper argues that race-base preferences cannot substitute for policies and programs that genuinely address imbalances in college preparation between ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This deals with Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) worldview with particular reference to India's liberation movement. It was President Woodrow Wilson who gave the United States an anti-colonial image. This anti-colonial image was sustained in the long FDR Presidency from 1933 to 1945. During the Second World War Americans noted that colonized people were unwilling to subordinate nationalist aspirations to the goal of defeating Nazism and fascism. In his message to the US Congress in January 1941, Roosevelt defined the four essential freedoms and these were incorporated in the Atlantic Charter. It ensured the commitment of the US to the cause of freedom of the colonies and kindled a ray of hope among the subject people which was strengthened by FDR's speeches. Hundreds of millions of people all over the globe looked to him for deliverance. In keeping with their own anti-colonial experience and their liberalism, Americans in general sympathized with India's desire for independence. There was also a strain of anti-colonial sentiment in US foreign policy. However, before FDR, American anti-colonialism essentially was academic, idealistic and unofficial. It was because of Roosevelt that American interest in Indian anationalism became manifest at the official and diplomatic levels. Roosevelt not only sympathized with India but also pushed India's case with the British Prime Minister. However, a powerful lobby both in the US State Department as well as in London opposed such a move vehemently. How much interest did FDR take in India's freedom struggle? What were the bases of that interest? How did the US under Roosevelt balance its traditional support for self-determination with its wartime alliance with imperialist powers like Great Britain? What difference did the US have on the course of events in India? The paper seeks to analyze and address all these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the key decisions lobbies make are which political players to lobby, at what stage or stages to intervene in the policy process and which strategies and tactics to use. This paper addresses the lack of sources of knowledge beyond the United States for understanding these key decisions. It argues that the manner in which the design of legislative institutions establishes the balance of power between political parties and individual politicians has a significant influence on all three choices of the target of lobbying, the stage of the policymaking process in which to lobby and the strategies and tactics used by lobbies. Data to support the arguments are presented from a survey of groups in India and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with discourses of threat and security deployed by the United States and India after September 11. In the context of the United States these discourses have been used to justify war in Afghanistan and in Iraq and have revolved around the subject of the Muslin male as perpetually dangerous. Eager to support the United States in its war against terror, India echoed the construction of the Muslin male as dangerous, which served to fulfill India's own internal and regional supremacy agendas. Bolstered, therefore, by the emerging discourse of Muslin terrorists, in 2002 the Hindu Right was complicit in orchestrating genocide against Muslims in Gujarat where 2000 Muslims were killed and 150000 Muslims were rendered homeless. Examining these and other incidents, I examine the similarity in discourses of threat and security deployed by the United States and India. I argue that the similarity in discourses emerges because of a particular understanding of time and space. I make two interconnected arguments: first, time and the very understanding and construction of history are distorted, collapsed, and twisted such that revenge for past atrocities and the threat of future ones are used to justify preemptive military action. Second, there is a particular geography to this doctrine of threat and security that is being established by demarcating us against them. This new spatial arrangement is being formed contingent on a particular understanding of time and history as a linear singular narrative and on the creation of political alliances between India, the United States, and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper is based in part upon a workshop chaired by the author at the 6th Annual Generic Drug Summit (http://www.iirusa.com/genericsummit/). in Washington, DC, USA, on 28th September. The title of the workshop was ‘Strategic Sourcing in the generic drug industry in the US’. One of the objectives of the workshop was to examine the trend in the level of activity of API manufacturers in developing products for the US market and to discuss some basic principles that the sourcing manager can apply to make good business decisions sourcing APIs for the generic pharmaceutical company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies regional (spatial) inequality in the five most populous countries in the world: China, India, the United States of America, Indonesia and Brazil in the period 1980-2000. They are all federations or quasi-federations composed of entities with substantial economic autonomy. Two types of regional inequalities are considered: Concept 1 inequality, which is inequality between mean incomes (GDPs per capita) of states/provinces, and Concept 2 inequality, which is inequality between population-weighted regional mean incomes. The first inequality speaks to the issue of regional convergence, the second, to the issue of overall inequality as perceived by citizens within a nation. All three Asian countries, show rising inequality in terms of both concepts in the decade of the 1990s. Divergence in income outcomes is particularly noticeable for the most populous states/provinces in India and China. The United States, where regional inequality is the least, shows further convergence. Brazil, with the highest level of regional inequality, displays no trend. A regression analysis fails to establish robust association between the usual macro variables and the two types of regional inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outsourcing of jobs, particularly the growing practice of sending the jobs of U.S. knowledge and communication sector workers to other countries, has become a significant issue in academic, policy and media circles. The paper begins by defining knowledge workers and summarising debates about their significance dating from the 1950s. Next it considers prevailing views about the problem which centre on the fear of massive job loss to low-wage nations like India and China and prevailing solutions offered by labour- stop outsourcing wherever possible, and by business-outsourcing can only be curtailed when business and labour grow smarter. Each of these views conveys an essential truth but each deals only with symptoms of a significant transformation in the international division of labour. Understanding this transformation, and the role of information and communication technologies, leads us to consider key dimensions in the complexity of outsourcing: developed nations like Canada and Ireland have benefited as recipients of outsourced jobs; less developed nations like India are not just recipients of outsourced jobs, they are beginning to lead the process; in spite of "end of geography" promises, place matters and culture counts; and, finally, resistance takes a multiplicity of forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate scandals are nothing but stories of inherent desire for money, money, and more money! We have grossly underestimated the significance of the violent upheavals gripping US multinational corporations. The tendency in India has been to dismiss the large-scale corruption as a minor aberration. The reluctance to recognize the unpleasant fact is due to two reasons. Continuously fed on the infallibility of liberalization and the new global capitalist order, we find it convenient to ignore those inherent contradictions of globalization. Hence large corporations are disappearing under the weight of excessive debt or accounting frauds. The supposed gatekeepers of the system: auditors, stock market regulators, market analysts, fund managers and bankers have all failed, again, under the competitive compulsion to checkmate the globalization need to get-rich-quick by any means. The absence of a critical media added to the present plight. This paper takes a critical look at some of the major scandals and their solutions in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to bring an action before a court for the protection of the environment is subject to very different regimes in the various domestic legal systems. The question is to what extent an individual or a non-governmental organization should be entitled to act in behalf of a general character's interest, such as the environment protection. In some countries, only some State organs can bring such actions; in others, some non-governmental organizations also have guaranteed access to courts under specific conditions; in others, every person, whether he/she is directly affected or not, can ask for legal remedies. The paper discusses a few relevant cases where different approaches have been followed according to the legislation and decisions of some countries (India, Argentina, the United States, and the Philippines). It also focuses the uniform regime established under the Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (Aarhus, 1998). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the views of the United States Agency for International Development, India (USAID/India) on priorities for nutrition research in 2001-2005. Indices of nutrition status in India have been stagnant for 30 years. Although severe malnutrition has declined significantly, there has been little improvement since the 1970s in the percentage of children and/or mothers who are moderately undernourished. USAID views nutrition as a maternal and child survival intervention and focuses programmatic priorities on micronutrient nutrition (specifically vitamin A and iron/folate), integrated community nutrition (MinPak), and improved nutrition status through USAID's Title II program. Major areas of research interest for USAID include the prevalence and etiology of nutrition deficiencies, operations research to improve service delivery, the application of new tools and technologies to improve nutrition, and increasing the role of the private sector (including nongovernmental organizations) in nutrition service delivery. It is concluded that nutrition research must be prioritized to drive programmatic action; research must focus on the key questions; known tools must be widely applied; and elegance should be pursued in all research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how women's employment rights are being constructed in multinational corporations by examining three high-tech organizations-a U.S. company in Silicon Valley, its subsidiary in New Delhi, India, and a comparable local Indian company. It first describes the legal frameworks for addressing gender employment discrimination by state governments in India and the United States. Then it examines how these frameworks are appropriated and negotiated within the local contexts of the workplaces in the study. Finally, it reflects on recent transnational attempts to legislate and enforce women's employment rights in multinational corporations, specifically the challenges that such attempts face in light of the three case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern science, which was an indigenous product of Western culture, is now being practised in many non-Western countries. This paper discusses the peculiar social, cultural and intellectual problems which scientists of these non-Western countries face in adopting Western science in their situations, with special reference to India. It is pointed out that, in addition to money and communication, it is necessary to have a proper psychological gestalt to practise science satisfactorily. The author analyzes his experience as a physics student in India and in the United States to clerify the nature of this psychological gestalt, and to explain what makes it difficult for non-Western scientists to acquire it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

G. C. Holzworth was the first to suggest a method of determining morning mixing heights over an urban area. This method, when applied to some Indian stations could not yield proper results under all circumstances and at all times. These points are thoroughly discussed in this paper. A modified method, which suits well in all seasons and to all stations in India, has been suggested by the present author. Daily urban morning mixing heights are determined based on the modified method and from that mean monthly and seasonal values are evaluated and discussed. During post-monsoon, winter and summer seasons the heights are very shallow, while they are fairly large during the southwest monsoon season The coastal regions show greater depths than the inland ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research into bioactive natural products originating from medicinal plants, fungi and other organisms has a long history, accumulating abundant and diverse publications. However no quantitative literature analysis has been conducted so far. Here we analyze the bibliometric data of ethnopharmacology literature and relate the semantic content to the publication and citation data so that the major research themes, contributors, and journals of different time periods could be identified and evaluated. Web of Science (WoS) was searched to identify relevant publications. The Analyze function of WoS and bibliometric software (VOSviewer) were utilized to perform the analyses. Until the end of November 2018, 59,576 publications -linked to 'ethnopharmacology' indexed by WoS, published since 1958 in more than 5600 journals, and contributed by over 20,600 institutions located in more than 200 countries/regions, were identified. The papers were published under four dominating WoS categories, namely pharmacology/pharmacy (34.4%), plant sciences (28.6%), medicinal chemistry (25.3%), and integrative complementary medicine (20.6%). India (14.6%) and China (13.2%) were dominating the publication space. The United States and Brazil also had more than 8.0% contribution each. The rest of the top ten countries/regions were mainly from Asia. There were around ten-fold more original articles (84.6%) than reviews (8.4%). Ethnopharmacological research has a consistent focus on food and plant sciences, (bio)chemistry, complementary medicine and pharmacology, with a more limited scientific acceptance in the socio-cultural sciences. Dynamic global contributions have been shifting from developed countries to economically and scientifically emerging countries in Asia, South America and the Middle East. Research on recording medicinal plant species used by traditional medicine continues, but the evaluation of specific properties or treatment effects of extracts and compounds has increased enormously. Moreover increasing attention is paid to some widely distributed natural products, such as curcumin, quercetin, and rutin. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Program Science is an iterative, multi-phase research and program framework where programs drive the scientific inquiry, and both program and science are aligned towards a collective goal of improving population health. Discussion: To achieve this, Program Science involves the systematic application of theoretical and empirical knowledge to optimize the scale, quality and impact of public health programs. Program Science tools and approaches developed for strategic planning, program implementation, and program management and evaluation have been incorporated into HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention programs in Kenya, Nigeria, India, and the United States. Conclusion: In this paper, we highlight key scientific contributions that emerged from the growing application of Program Science in the field of HIV and STI prevention, and conclude by proposing future directions for Program Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Several types of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel have been developed over the past 30years in China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the USA for application in ITER test blanket modules (TBMs) and future fusion DEMO and power reactors. The progress has been particularly important during the past few years with evaluation of mechanical properties of these steels before and after irradiation and in contact with different cooling media. This paper presents recent RAFM steel results obtained in ITER partner countries in relation to different TBM and DEMO options. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article presents information on the achievements and activities of the International Water Resources Association (IWRA) of the United States. IWRA has achieved considerable landmarks in the year 2005. The Association has leaped forward despite major water disasters in the world starting with South Asian Tsunami and the major damage of Hurricanes in the United States and the persistent drought in Africa. The Association has also completed the 12th World Water Congress in New Delhi, India. Around 500 participants from 50 countries attended the conference. They presented some 200 papers and key note addresses focusing on the contemporary water issues of the day. In this conference, the members of the Association added several special sessions to highlight specific regional water issues of interest to all the participants. It was a learning experience for all the participants. The occasion was accompanied by an excellent dose of cultural events and surrounded with traditional Indian hospitality. Apart from the New Delhi conference IWRA has sponsored and co-sponsored several events in the United States, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Egypt, China and elsewhere to strengthen the dialogue on water issues across the world.