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The space in the process of urbanization is undergoing a great transition from physical space to social space. The relations between society and space become more important and complicated than ever. As a critical social theory, production of space means that urbanization has been reshaped by social factors or forces like capital, power and class, so that the urban space finally becomes their production and process. Based on socio-spatial dialectic, the main methodology of spatial production, urban space (re)shapes social relations and processes. The different spatial scales have and continuously produce the different social relations. In the researches about production of space, little work has been done on the index system to assess the extent of production of space and to analyze middle-scale region. This article designs a set of simple index system to reflect the spatial influences of capital, power as well as class, and chooses Jiangsu Province as a typical case because of its rapid and differential urbanization to indicate the process of spatial production from 2000 to 2015. In this index system, capital is represented by fixed-asset investment, real estate investment and foreign direct investment; power is represented by the index of the constructed urban land area; the index reflecting class is the urban-rural income ratio. Based on the analysis of these changing indexes, this paper finds that urbanization in Jiangsu is hybrid process: the forces from capital and power greatly contribute to rapid urbanization and high urbanization level, however, the gaps among the three sub-regions in the province and rural-urban income inequality have not decreased accordingly. Conversely, these gaps enlarge in some periods. This kind of urbanization pattern is characterized by large-scale spatial expansion, and is driven by capital and power, but there are many latent social risks and spatial inequality. In the process of spatial production, space and society interact, entangle and (re)shape the pattern of urbanization in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing problems in China have recently aroused wide range of interests of scholars. Housing demand, which is a classical discussing point in academia, also acts as reference for governments to enact loose, tense or neutral housing policies. However, studies scrutinizing the housing demand structure, particularly from consumption and investment perspectives are scant. Existing researches have mostly focused on the mature housing market in large cities in China, and the housing market in small cities has rarely been addressed. In this study, housing demand is deliberated in two respective dimensions of rent/own and consumption/investment demand. Price elasticities are obtained through formulating demand functions of each demand category with micro-data collected through questionnaire survey in small cities in Jiangsu. Underpinned by the set of elasticity coefficients, detailed housing demand structure can be calculated proportionately. Results suggest that the improvement and investment housing needs have outweighed basic consumption demand in small cities in Jiangsu Province. Housing price rising has a promoting effect on residential housing demand, which is in stark contrast to the existing studies on price elasticity of housing demand in large cities in China. Factors of urbanization significantly influence the housing need of residents in small cities. Improvement of urbanization rate would contribute to the consumption demand booming while prosperity of tertiary industry would boost improvement and investment housing demand. Not only could the analytic methodology of housing demand structure demonstrated in this paper be referenced, but the empirical answers carry vital implications for governments implementing diverse policy design in large and small cities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions (CE) have a profound impact on the natural environment of the surface, and the ecologic environment quality (EEQ) affects the conversion and absorption of CE. CE and EEQ have an interaction and mutual influence relationship. The connection between them includes not only local interactions but also the long-range distance of external systems. It is critical to measure CE and EEQ and coordinate their association in order to increase the effectiveness of CE and EEQ collaborative governance. However, the traditional remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model ignores the importance of air quality. Furthermore, there is limited current research on the local and telecoupling relationship between CE and the EEQ. To fill these research gaps, this paper first used night light data to dynamically monitor CE. Then we proposed an upgraded RSEI model (RSEInew) to assess EEQ. Finally, the local and telecoupling coordination degree (LTCCD) model was suggested to further investigate their relationship in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that: (1) Total CE in the YREB increased from 837.5738 million tons to 4757.3794 million tons between 2000 and 2019 but has not yet reached its peak. Jiangsu and Zhejiang are at the forefront in terms of CE and have huge emission reduction potential. (2) The YREB's overall EEQ has deteriorated over the last 20 years. The average RSEInew value ranged between 0.52 and 0.71, with "medium" and "good" EEQ levels dominating. (3) The LTCCD of CE and EEQ in the YREB has increased year by year. This study can deliver a reference for decision-makers to synergistically formulate carbon emission reduction plans and environmental protection schemes. • Ecologic environment quality should combine regional characteristics, our RSEInew model could evaluate it with introduces PM2.5. • Carbon emissions and the ecologic environment quality interact with each other, with near- and long-range interactions. • The LTCCD model enable to analysis the local and telecoupling relationships of CE and EEQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry has always been an important driving force to promote social and economic development, and the development of industry is inseparable from energy consumption. In the process of modern production, more and more modern advanced equipment is put into use, and the main power source of these equipment is electricity. However, the production of electricity is limited by conditions. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to simulate and forecast the industrial power consumption of Jiangsu Province through the nonlinear transformation of time variables, so that the industrial enterprises in Jiangsu can reasonably arrange the next power demand and ensure the smooth progress of industrial activities. The final research results show that the time series regression prediction model proposed in this paper can effectively simulate and predict the results of industrial power consumption, with an accuracy of 1.02 %. • Consider fewer factors, which saves time and cost and can obtain higher prediction accuracy. • Only consider the impact of the current time, without considering the impact of the lag time. • Taking Jiangsu, an industrial province as an example, can better guide other provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North China Plain is the main producing area of winter wheat in China. Due to the relatively poor condition of water resources, the competition of water between industry and agriculture is fierce. The increasing shortage of water resources has led to serious overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Agricultural development is faced with severe challenges. In order to ensure regional food security and sustainable winter wheat planting, 52 cities of North China Plain (NCP), in the following of the paper, use the shorted name NCP，were taken as research units to analyze the matching characteristics of agricultural water and land resources, so as to reveal the direction of irrigated agriculture development and winter wheat suitable planting layout considering their balance in future. The paper firstly analyzed the cultivated area determined by water resource and irrigation development by agricultural available water, and then pointed out the direction of water-suited planting layout of winter wheat. The results showed that: 1) the Gini coefficient showed an increasing trend, which indicated that the area of cultivated land and irrigation area supported by water resources have nearly reached the upper limit. The large-scale extension of both cultivated and irrigation area is impossible under the restriction of water. 2) The amount of agricultural available water resources per unit of effective irrigation area and the effective precipitation increased gradually from north to south in the NCP, but the spatial distribution of water requirement of winter wheat in its growth period changed in the opposite way. This indicated the poor spatiotemporal match between winter wheat planting and water resources, leading to the cost of spending more water to maintain wheat production. 3), The further development of irrigation and the water-suited planting of winter wheat should pay attention to the southern part of the plain with rich water (such as southern Henan Province, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, etc.) to ensure the regional agricultural development. That is of great significance to the regional sustainable development, water shortage alleviation and national grain safety. ● Restraining the irrigation area and winter wheat in NCP. ● Moderately development irrigation area in south of the NCP. ● Water-suited planting layout of Winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on 4 phases of Thematic Mapper (TM) images of the Core Area of Yancheng National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province of China in 1996,2002,2006 and 2010, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial changes in Spartina altemiflora landscape and the corresponding impacts on coastal wetlands in combination with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies. The methods of field survey, transfer matrix, landscape diversity indicators and mass center were applied. The results indicated that (1) S. altemiflora expansion brought about obvious changes in wetland landscape composition and structure, which seriously influenced the evolution process of wetland landscapes. (2) The transition rates of & altemiflora marsh area were different dramatically in four periods. (3) The expansion of 5 altetni£oia promoted the siltation in tidal mudflat It led to increase of the elevation and outward expansion of land. Understanding the temporal and spatial pattern of S. altemiflora is favorable for preservation, utilization and management of wetlands with S altemiflora and the other coastal wetland landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice stripe virus disease (RSVD) and rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD) are two epidemic diseases in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province in the last decade. The authors investigated the disaster regularity, prevention and control technology of RSVD and RBSDVD systematically. The occurrence and virus transmission of SBPII and disaster regularity of virus diseases were studied; the resistance of some rice varieties was cleared; the effects of physical and agricultural measures such as insect net blocking, appropriate late sowing and plowing on controlling occurrence and virus transmission of SBPII were figured out; a batch of chemical agents were screened, providing efficient and harmless pesticides for effective control against SBPH and prevention against virus diseases. A set of disaster control and mitigation technologies was proposed in this paper, which was practical, sustainable, and easy to operate for the local planting patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation in Jiangsu province has been developed rapidly. However, the development was accompanied with a large amount of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Combined with the coefficient in 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories and China's calorific value, this article calculated the carbon emission coefficient of usual energy covered by Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook (JSY) in detail. Based on this, carbon emission of transportation in Jiangsu Province from 1995 to 2012 was easily estimated. And from the result which appears clearly that the construction of energy consumption was changed in 2011. According to China Electricity Power Yearbook (CEPY) and China Energy Statistical Yearbook (CESY), carbon emission caused by electricity power indirectly could be estimated. With the help of Tapio model, this paper conducted a research on decoupling relationship between economic growth and carbon emission of transportation in Jiangsu Province with consideration of electricity. The results show that the amount of carbon emission by electric power is significant, which makes no difference on the overall decoupling states with an obvious periodical characteristic of Weak Decoupling (Expansive Coupling)-Expansive Negative Decoupling-Weak Decoupling. Transportation has made great achievements on reducing pollution and carbon emission in Jiangsu Province since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, and would be better on low-carbon development in potential. However, there is still a large step to realize low-carbon transportation in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China's adoption of reform and open-up policy in 1978, Jiangsu Province has achieved a fast economic development, with the average annual increasement rate of GDP per capita at 11.3% (counted with comparative price). In this process, the role of infrastructure in pushing the economic growth receives great attention. Study on the pushing effect of infrastructure on the economic growth will help the stipulation of proper infrastructure development strategy, so as to push forward economy and narrow the regional gap. In this paper, we investigates the comprehensive evaluation problems of regional economy development level in Jiangsu Province with 2-tuple linguistic information. Then we propose dependent 2-tuple linguistic Maclaurin symmetric mean (D2TLMSM) operator and then apply D2TLMSM operator for evaluating the regional economy development level in Jiangsu Province with 2-tuple linguistic information. At last, a practical example is proposed to test the effectiveness of the given method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, GM(1,N r) model is established to improve the traditional GM(1,N) model from three aspects: (1) transforming the original sequence to satisfy the modeling conditions with particle swarm optimization algorithm; (2) introducing grey incidence analysis to obtain the grey incidence ranking and carrying out stepwise test for significant variables to determine the number of variables; and (3) predicting the related factor sequence through the improved GM(1,1) model. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed GM(1,N r) model has remarkable good prediction performance compared with the traditional grey forecasting model. It is also demonstrated that the extraction of influencing factors can significantly improve the prediction effectiveness, especially when pursuing the best fitting effect on small sample data. The findings indicate that the electricity consumptions of Jiangsu Province in the next several years will be at a high level and keep rising, with a predicted value of 9712.48 billion kilowatt-hours in 2030. The findings can help the government and energy related institutions to develop management policies on energy demand, and the proposed model can also be extended for the application in other regions. • Propose a new model to improve the traditional GM(1,N) model. • Adopt a new method to find the best value to satisfy the modeling conditions. • Use the grey incidence analysis with stepwise examination to identify factors. • Combine the improved GM(1,1) model to improve the performance of GM(1,N). • Apply this new model to analysis electricity consumption in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A grey multivariate model with dynamic sinusoidal term is proposed. • The Moore-Penrose generalized inverse matrix is used in the least square method. • The validation set is introduced to the training process of model parameters. • The relationship between sample size and model accuracy is discussed. To solve the problem that the grey multivariate prediction model cannot well simulate systems with periodic oscillations, a novel multivariate grey model called the GM(1,N|sin) power model is proposed. The power exponential term and dynamic sinusoidal function are developed to represent the nonlinear relationship and periodic oscillations of the independent and dependent variables in the proposed model, respectively. First, the discrete time response formula for generating the simulated values at each time point is given. Second, the nonlinear programming model based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is established to solve the power exponential and periodic coefficients. In addition, to enhance the generalization ability of the parameters, an improved nonlinear programming model considering the accuracy of the validation set is constructed. Finally, in the case studies, the quarterly electricity consumption of Jiangsu Province and PM 2.5 concentrations in Nanjing are adopted to test the effectiveness of this model, and the results are obtained respectively through the GM(1,N|sin) power model and alternative models. The results indicate that the accuracy of GM(1,N|sin) power model in the time series with periodic oscillations outperforms the other six models in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new exponential formed vertical distribution of near shore flow velocity is constructed, which is simpler inform and more suitable for engineering application. The physical meaning of the new formula is more specific than that of Soulsby. Compared with those logarithmic formed ones, the new one does not need the maximum velocity and only needs the mean velocity in vertical, which gives it better engineering practicability. Apply the new formula to Jiangsu coastal area and compare the results with that of Soulsby whose results show the new formula agrees better with the measured flow velocity, which reasonably reflects the basic principles of vertical distribution of flow velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the type, vertical evolution, and distribution pattern of sedimentary facies of the Paleogene Dainan Formation in the Gaoyou Depression of the North Jiangsu Basin are studied in detail. Results show that fan delta, delta, nearshore subaqueous fan, and lacustrine facies developed during the Dainan Formation period and their distribution pattern was mainly controlled by tectonics and paleogeography. The fan delta and nearshore subaqueous fan facies predominantly occur in the southern steep slope region where fault-induced subsidence is thought to have created substantial accommodation, whereas the delta facies are distributed on the northern gentle slope which is thought to have experienced less subsidence. Finally, the lacustrine facies is shown to have developed in the center of the depression, as well as on the flanks of the fan delta, delta, and nearshore subaqueous fan facies. Vertically, the Dainan Formation represents an integrated transgressive-regressive cycle, with the E d being the transgressive sequence and the E d being the regressive sequence. This distribution model of sedimentary facies plays an important role in predicting favorable reservoir belts for the Dainan Formation in the Gaoyou Depression and similar areas. In the Gaoyou Depression, sandstones of the subaqueous distributary channels in the fan delta and the subaqueous branch channels in the delta are characterized by physical properties favorable for reservoir formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upscaling of farming operations in China has been advancing rapidly in recent years. This trend is likely to increase the use of agricultural machinery inputs, and possibly also the use of chemical pesticides, which is already extremely high. The relationship between farm size and the intensity of chemical pesticide usage is a subject of debate, and little is known about the mechanisms that might underlie this relationship. In this paper, we apply an integrated framework of larger-scale farming, agricultural mechanization and the intensity of chemical pesticide usage to examine and quantify the mediating effect of agricultural mechanization on the relationship between larger-scale farming and the use of chemical pesticides. Results obtained by applying seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) considering two-way fixed-effects and mediation analysis to county-level data for Jiangsu Province (2002–2019) suggest that an increase of 1% in the ratio of scale of farming is related to a total decline of 0.070% in chemical pesticide usage per hectare of land. Mediation analysis subsequently identifies mechanical sowing/transplanting is the only mediating variable, through which an increase of 1% in the ratio of scale of farming reduces the unit consumption of chemical pesticides by 0.017%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upscaling of farming operations in China has been advancing rapidly in recent years. This trend is likely to increase the use of agricultural machinery inputs, and possibly also the use of chemical pesticides, which is already extremely high. The relationship between farm size and the intensity of chemical pesticide usage is a subject of debate, and little is known about the mechanisms that might underlie this relationship. In this paper, we apply an integrated framework of larger-scale farming, agricultural mechanization and the intensity of chemical pesticide usage to examine and quantify the mediating effect of agricultural mechanization on the relationship between larger-scale farming and the use of chemical pesticides. Results obtained by applying seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) considering two-way fixed-effects and mediation analysis to county-level data for Jiangsu Province (2002–2019) suggest that an increase of 1% in the ratio of scale of farming is related to a total decline of 0.070% in chemical pesticide usage per hectare of land. Mediation analysis subsequently identifies mechanical sowing/transplanting is the only mediating variable, through which an increase of 1% in the ratio of scale of farming reduces the unit consumption of chemical pesticides by 0.017%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of carbon neutrality, China vigorously develops clean energy and renewable energy. As a result, offshore wind power projects have grown rapidly. The success of offshore wind power projects depends on the location of offshore wind power station(OWPS), and this paper aims to develop a hybrid decision-making framework to address the location of offshore wind power stations. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation attribute system of offshore wind power station site selection is innovatively constructed, including wind resources, construction conditions, economy, environment and risks. Secondly, probabilistic linguistic term set(PLTS) is used to describe uncertain information, which improves the reliability of decision information. Thirdly, The Best-worst method (BWM) based on probabilistic language term sets determines the weights of attributes, which ensures the accuracy of the attribute weight. Finally, an extended TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making) method is proposed to rank the alternatives. The proposed method is applied to the location selection of offshore wind power station in Jiangsu Province, China. Through sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis, it is verified that the proposed model has good stability and applicability. • A new multi-attribute decision-making model is proposed. • Establish the evaluation attribute system of offshore wind power station location. • Expression of evaluation information by probability language. • Probability Language and Best-worst Method Combined to Calculate Attribute Weight. • An improved Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making method is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments and scholars are taking a closer look at risk assessment of areas developing chemical industries because of the repeated occurrence of chemical explosion accidents along coastal regions. The paper constructs an indicator system for Jiangsu Province based on three dimensions: risk source strength, receptor vulnerability, and risk prevention capability. It comprehensively evaluates the risks under stress from the chemical industry since the implementation of the coastland development strategy. The results show that a first rise in and then a decline in comprehensive risk along the coast of Jiangsu Province could be observed from 2007 to 2017. As a whole, the risk of contamination was dispersed, while locally, it accumulated and gradually shifted to areas along the river and adjacent coastal areas. High-risk areas are mainly distributed in chemical industry clusters. Risk sources continue to intensify with the increase in heavy chemical industry clusters. Generally, receptor vulnerability was high in the west, low in the east, high in the north and south, and low in the middle. The Tongyu River, Sheyang River, coastal wetlands, and canals in Nantong are among the most vulnerable areas. There is still a weak overall situation, with a pattern of 'high-low-high' staggered distribution from south to north, even though the risk prevention capacity is growing steadily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accurately evaluate the development level of ecological civilization in coastal cities, this paper proposes an evaluation algorithm of coastal city ecological civilization development based on Improved BP neural network, constructs the evaluation index system, and establishes the BP neural network-based evaluation model. By collecting the relevant data of 30 cities in China Line standardization, as the input learning matrix, entropy and coefficient of variation are used to evaluate the development level of ecological civilization. Through 5000 training times, the error accuracy is close to 10–7, and the cities with low ecological civilization level and less cultivated land resources per capita are found out. Based on the improved BP neural network method, according to the development level of coastal cities, the ecological culture of coastal cities is put forward as a whole. The countermeasures and suggestions of construction are given. • In this study, the ecological civilization development level of the coastal cities in Jiangsu was evaluated. • The evaluation results showed the overall development level of ecological civilization. • In the assessment, the comprehensive level of the secondary indexes is better than that of Donghai and Guanyun. • Jiangsu coastal cities have higher ecological civilization development levels, and Donghai and Guanyun is relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating the transformation of Nanjing's suburban countryside, this paper examines the relationship between the city and its immediate periphery and the political underpinnings of rural-urban integration. It traces the changing status of a suburban village over the last half century from a vegetable-producing collective to a remnant rural settlement in a predominantly urban landscape. Its evolution brings to light the condition of a protracted, incremental and still incomplete urbanization. "Becoming urban" is more complex than the measurable shifts to nonagricultural activities and the urban household registration. This paper discusses how the transition has been shaped by changing national policies on rural-urban relations and local development pressures and demands on rural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses survey data from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces to examine the impact of remittances on rural poverty reduction and on rural households' living expenditure. The paper shows that remittances play an important role in rural poverty reduction. The paper also finds that rural households mainly use remittances for current consumption living expenditure rather than for investment living expenditure such as health and housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing research on watershed ecological compensation pays less attention to the special basin (without significant relationship between upstream and downstream or the compensation subject and object are distributed on the left and right banks of the basin), which makes the previous research methods difficult to be effectively used. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a new method to solve the problem of ecological compensation in special basin. Taking Taihu Lake Basin (Jiangsu section) as an example, this paper first calculates the ecosystem service value (ESV) of the region from 2005 to 2018, and makes a spatial-temporal analysis; through the construction of land use intensity index system and coupling coordination degree model, the relationship between ESV and land use intensity is explored, and the reasons for its change are explored; finally, this paper constructs a compensation standard accounting model based on GDP, basin area and population, and applies it to the accounting of compensation standard and the identification of compensation subject and object. The results show that: from 2005 to 2018, the land use of this area changed greatly, mainly reflected in farmland and urban land; ESV decreased by 21.41%, which was mainly affected by the change of land use, the downturn of grain market, and farmers' going out to work; the coupling coordination degree of land use intensity and ESV in this area entered the stage of coordinated development from 2010, but the situation of each city was quite different; population, area and GDP have a great influence on compensation subject and object, and compensation standard. This study can not only provide a complete methodology for governments to implement ecological compensation in special basins, and improve the existing ecological compensation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality is an important environmental management tool to deal with the global greenhouse effect. Addressing climate change is an important starting point for promoting the high-quality development of China's economy and the construction of ecological civilization, as well as an important area for participating in global governance and adhering to multilateralism. In this paper, from the perspective of carbon neutrality, taking China's Jiangsu Province as an example, the super-efficiency DEA model is selected to measure the level of ecological efficiency in Jiangsu, and on this basis, the Tobit model is used to verify the main factors affecting regional ecological efficiency. The results are as follows: (1) The regional eco-efficiency in Jiangsu shows a trend of decreasing from south to north, with obvious phenomenon of "club convergence", with significant spatial correlation and agglomeration. (2) The industrial structure is negatively related to the regional eco-efficiency of Jiangsu regions; Energy consumption structure has a positively impact in southern Jiangsu,but negatively in central and northern Jiangsu; FDI has a positively impact in central and northern Jiangsu, but negatively in southern Jiangsu; Regional economic development has a positively impact in southern and northern Jiangsu, but negatively in central Jiangsu; The progress in the technological level has positive effects on the eco-efficiency of all regions of Jiangsu. The final paper puts forward some suggestions based on the carbon neutral target Provide theoretical reference for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. • Construct an regional ecological efficiency evaluation index system. • Use super-DEAmethod to measure ecological efficiency level. • Study from the perspective of carbon neutrality. • Propose a reference for achieving carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question, "does market work improve women's household status in rural China?" using survey data of men and women working in Township and Village Enterprises in rural Jiangsu and Shandong. This paper measures household status by domestic labor time, responsibility for domestic tasks, and household decision-making control. It finds that women have lower household status than men, using these three indicators. Based upon regression results, this paper concludes that for women market wages reduce domestic work time and responsibility for domestic tasks but market hours do not. The nature of bargaining warrants further research since the evidence that financial resources contribute to increased household decision-making control is mixed. Should employment opportunities for women increase with China's membership in the WTO, improvements in women's household status will depend upon their wages and the gender wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper provides a brief review on the development of ideas in the fields of the sea level change of the ECS (East China Sea), the history of the Yangtze River entering the sea and paleochannels in the shelf of the ECS since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The paper summarizes two opposite theories about the Yangtze River entering the sea during the LGM. One theory is that the Yangtze River input a lacustrine in the north of Jiangsu province which was defunct in middle Holocene, and the river was once dry. The other was that the Yangtze River still existed and entered into the Okinawa Trough during the LGM, but scholars share different opinions on which course the river ran across and which place the river input the trough. This paper concludes future work is to study the evolution of the Yangtze River and the paleoclimate and the corresponding events as a whole from the view of regional and even global change, and more attention should be paid to the study on mud sediment, the Yangtze River's response to the changes in climate and sea-level, and the channel metamorphosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural attenuation of contaminants has been increasingly applied as a strategy to manage the retired pesticide manufacturing sites due to the increasing restrictions on the reuse of contaminated sites in China. However, the influencing factors to enhance natural attenuation for chlorinated hydrocarbons in retired pesticide sites were not well studied. In this paper, monitoring of pollutants, environmental factors and microbial community was conducted from 2016 to 2021 in a retired pesticide site in Jiangsu Province undergoing natural attenuation, where the groundwater was severely contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. The spatial variation of main pollutants, including chlorinated ethenes and ethanes, indicated that the site could be divided into the source area, diffusion area, and the end of diffusion area, where organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) were detected. Pollutants and environmental factors influenced the OHRB community structure, which explained 7.6% and 33.2% of the variation, respectively. The abundances of obligate and facultative OHRB were affected in opposite ways by pollutants and environmental factors. Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas in obligate OHRB were significantly inhibited by sulfate (r = −0.448, p < 0.05). The spatial-temporal characteristics of pollutants and the reveal of microbial community structure and its restricting factors in different areas make the foundation for strengthening the implementation of natural attenuation. [Display omitted] • Natural attenuation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated site was studied. • The contaminated site was divided into three regions. • Organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) were all detected in three regions. • The microbial community structure varied with pollutants and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial prerequisite for recycling, forming an integral part of municipal solid waste management is sorting valuable materials from municipal solid waste. China's waste sorting remains low, making it imperative to research waste sorting and provide scientific policy recommendations to promote waste sorting. China's low levels in waste sorting result from low household level participation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the influencing factors accounting for the intention to sort household waste using Jiangsu province of China as a case. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was extended with Guilt, Convenience, and Environmental concern. 412 valid responses were used in assessing the hypotheses through structural equation modeling. It was found that attitude and subjective norm cardinally influenced intention towards waste sorting. The study found that residents' concern for the environment, the guilt associated with their actions, and the convenience of sorting waste positively influenced their intention toward waste sorting. Guilt positively influenced attitude, while environmental concern influenced guilt and convenience positively. Guilt mediated environmental concern towards waste sorting intention. The study furnishes stakeholders with meaningful policy implications to promote maximum household waste sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shi, H. and Xing, Y., 2015. The development of rotterdam port enlightenment to the ports of Jiangsu. Rotterdam Port has become a world-class port and the most important port for the continent of Europe. This paper can be divided into four parts. The first part is an introduction to the whole paper. The second part is a general background to port logistics' development and water transportation, and there are also a simple introduction to Rotterdam port and the ports of Jiangsu. It also contains a detailed introduction to the port of Rotterdam and describes the new trends of world ports based on Rotterdam Port's development history. The next part is an analysis of the ports of Jiangsu in comparison with the Rotterdam port by looking at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The last part is the conclusion of the paper. Through the four parts, some ideas have been given in regards to the future development of the ports of Jiangsu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analysis of groundwater in petroliferous basins can be an effective way to determine the regional hydrogeological regime and to evaluate the preservation conditions of hydrocarbons. This paper presents the hydrochemical distribution of both individual aquifers and different structural units within the Palaeogene strata of the Gaoyou subbasin in the North Jiangsu Basin, east China. The results show that the salinity of the Palaeogene aquifers in the Gaoyou subbasin displays a systematic increase from the central deep depression to the periphery areas, and shows a reverse trend as the burial depth increases. Salinity maps of individual aquifers suggest that formation water in the deep layers at the centre of the study area probably retains original features of fresh lake water. Geofluids near the central deep depression of the Gaoyou subbasin migrate vertically through the Zhenwu and Hanliu faults, while those of the northern slope belt mainly flow laterally through aquifers. Both low and high salinity formation water can be found in the hydrocarbon producing areas. The low salinity zones commonly affected by infiltrated meteoric water are unfavourable conditions for the preservation of trapped hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence situation of wheat scab in eastern Jiangsu, and summarized its occurrence characteristics in last decade. The disease prevalence was elaborated from the aspects of fungal source quantity, climatic conditions, cultivation modes, variety resistance and pesticide resistance. The author put forward a series of measures and countermeasures, including strengthening resistance monitoring and early warning, promoting and cultivating disease-resistant varieties, compressing planting area of direct seeding rice, carrying out chemical control scientifically, and realizing unified prevention and control, in order to provide a scientific basis for the control of wheat scab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the surface conditions and boundary-layer climate of regional haze events and heavy haze in southern Jiangsu Province in China. There are 5 types with the surface conditions which are equalized pressure (EQP), the advancing edge of a cold front (ACF), the base of high pressure (BOH), the backside of high pressure (BAH), the inverted trough of low pressure (INT), and saddle pressure (SAP) with the haze days. At that time, 4 types are divided with the regional haze events and each of which has a different boundary-layer structure. During heavy haze, the surface mainly experiences EQP, ACF, BOH, BAH, and INT which also have different boundary-layer structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To adapt to rural and agricultural economic development, Jiangsu Province adjusted main task of comprehensive development of hiily and mountainous areas to supporting a d promoting agricultural structural adjustment of hilly and mountainous areas and promoting increase of agricultural benefits and farmers' income. Through typical survey, this paper made a objective evaluation of effect of agricultural comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas in Jiangsu Province from increasing famers' income. Results indicated that aricultural comprehensive development investment projects in Jiangsu hilly and mountainous areas are closely coupled with local aricultural production structure; financial funds promote social capital input to construction of economic forest, fruit and grass planting, and livestock raising. Through demonstration and guidance of farmers, it promoted adjustment of agricultural production structure and increased farmers' income. Finally, it came up with pertinent policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important parameter in blasting design, charging structure directly influences blasting effect. Due to complex conditions of this blasting and excavating engineering in Jiangsu, China, the authors carried out comparative researches with coupling structure, air-decoupling structure, and water-decoupling structure. After collecting, comparing, and analyzing produced signals on blasting vibration, the authors summarized that when proportional distances are the same, water-decoupling structure can reduce instantaneous energy of blasting vibration more effectively with more average rock fragmentation and less harm of dust. From the perspective of impedance matching, the present paper analyzed influence of charging structure on blasting vibration energy, demonstrating that impedance matching relationship between explosive and rock changes because of different charging structures. Through deducing relationship equation that meets the impedance matching of explosive and rock under different charging structures, the research concludes that when blasting rocks with high impedance, explosive with high impedance can better transmits blasting energy. Besides, when employing decoupling charging, there exists a reasonable decoupling coefficient helping realize impedance matching of explosive and rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper examines the evolution of Chinese rural industry since the rural reform in the late 1970s and revisits the debate on the role of ownership. Based on a case study of W county in southern Jiangsu province as well as drawing on national data, the author shows that the community-based market dynamic had been a key factor in the expansion of rural enterprises and that its weakening in recent years has led to the closing of village enterprises and deindustrialization of the countryside. Large-scale land expropriation, sponsored by local government, is the principal factor responsible for the change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced a massive rural-urban migration process since the mid-1980s. During the period, a new generation of rural migrants has increasingly accounted for a large segment of the total floating population. The younger generation differs from its predecessors with respect to certain characteristics, exhibiting improved human capital, less farming experience and a stronger desire for urban settlement. This generation prefers to settle in urban areas rather than return to rural hometowns to farm. Although the topic of permanent migration and urban settlement is an issue confronting China and other countries, research focussing on cohort differences in urban settlement decisions is limited. The paper, which reports the results of a 2010 survey of rural migrants in Jiangsu Province, China, provides an in-depth comparison of the determinants of urban settlement for younger and older generations for different types of urban destinations. Survey respondents were divided into two cohorts based on birth year, and both geographic and socioeconomic factors were examined. Binary logit regression models found that disparities between the two generations were related to differences in the life-cycle stages of the two cohorts, attitudes and behaviours, and recent economic and social transitions in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the utilization of clean energy has been identified as one potential solution to addressing environmental pollution and achieving sustainable development in many countries around the world. Evaluating clean energy alternatives includes a requirement to balance multiple conflict criteria, including technology, environment, economy and society, all of which are incommensurate and interdependent. Traditional MCDM (multi-criteria decision making) methods, such as the weighted average method, often fail to aggregate such criteria consistently. In this paper, an improved MCDM method based on fuzzy measure and integral is developed and applied to evaluate four primary clean energy options for Jiangsu Province, China. The results confirm that the preferred clean energy option for Jiangsu is solar photovoltaic, followed by wind, biomass and finally nuclear. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to evaluate the values of clean energy resources for Jiangsu. The ordered weighted average method is also applied to compare the method mentioned above in our empirical study. The results show that the improved MCDM method provides higher discrimination between alternative clean energy alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the background of global warming, carbon emission reduction has become a topic of global importance. Land use change not only influences carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems directly, but it also indirectly affects anthropogenic carbon emissions, which occur more frequently in coastal regions. Based on data of energy consumption, industrial products, waste, soil organic carbon, and vegetation, together with land use images of five typical years, this paper calculated the total carbon emissions in coastal Jiangsu, China, assigned the detailed carbon emission items to different land use types, and optimized land use structure to low carbon emissions using the Linear Programming Model. It was found that carbon emission intensity in coastal Jiangsu was much higher than the average for China as a whole, and that energy consumption contributed most to local carbon emissions with the contribution from animals second. Urban land accounted for the most concentrated and highest intensity of carbon emissions. Between 1985 and 2010, the transfer of cropland to built-up land accounted for the largest percentage of the total transferred area and contributed most to the increase of carbon emissions. In particular, the limitation of urban land will play a key role in carbon emission reduction. Our optimized land use structure can control and decrease carbon emissions effectively and thus, it is an important tool worth the consideration of land managers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is currently undergoing the most influential urbanization phase in its history, and this process will probably last for a few decades to come. Along with the accelerated urbanization, the quality of development has been elevated to an equal position with the quantity. Being one of the most developed and best urbanized provinces in China, Jiangsu has achieved an urbanization rate of 57%. Dealing with large construction scales, Jiangsu is presently striving to improve the quality of its urban space, and to elevate human settlements to a higher level. By contextualizing Jiangsu's urbanization within a certain development stage and a specific historical era, the paper proposes the overall idea and action strategies for improving the quality of urban space, on the basis of the analysis on contemporary cultural pursuits. It aims at changing the current situation of "one outlook for thousands of cities," improving the quality of urban space and the competitiveness of urban culture, and eventually creating better human settlements and a harmonious society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has undergone economic and political restructuring in the post-socialist era under the background of globalization. At the same time, its provincial governments have mobilized various forms of booming North–South City-to-city (C2C) cooperation within their respective jurisdictions during the last ten years. This paper investigates the dynamics behind such cooperation through a case study of the Suzhou-Suqian Industrial Park in Jiangsu, with the aim of enriching and diversifying debates about the changing roles and functions of China’s provincial government and introduction of market in the North–South C2C cooperation. Several scholars argued that the roles and functions of the provincial government have weakened with China’s neoliberal shifts, whereas others insist that they have maintained a strong role in local governance. The findings of this study do not support an absolute distinction between these two sides. A diverse trend is identified when look into this argument in terms of goals and approaches. It is found that the regulation power of provincial government continues to have strong goals, but its approaches are changing from a direct to a market-oriented one. The debate about the balance between market power and government intervention under China’s context has been receiving attention as well. It is found that in discussing which driving force is more important in the local cooperation programme, the conclusion varies in different stages of the cooperation process. Results support the importance of introducing market in the North–South C2C development cooperation under China’s context. Although the booming North–South City-to-city cooperation mobilized by China’s provincial government is derived from the national slogan of reducing regional disparity, local governments are also seizing the opportunity and using the top-down scheme to solve local development bottlenecks and crises as well as to reposition the jurisdictions amidst the yardstick competition. Such cooperation prevents interprovincial industrial relocation to a certain extent; thus, it has considerable influence on China’s industrial transfer paths and its economic restructuring pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution flashover has been a serious threat to the operation safety for the power system. Online monitoring is one most important way for the operation and maintenance of power system. The leakage current on insulator surface is a comprehensive reflection of the insulator surface contamination, environmental conditions and other affecting factors. The purpose of outdoor insulation state on-line monitoring could be achieved by measuring and monitoring the leakage current on insulator surface. This paper showed that close relationship existed between leakage current in both low humidity and saturated moisture conditions. A negative exponential relationship exists between pollution flashover voltage and a new parameter I* which could reflect the insulator shape and the maximum leakage current under saturated humidity. The flashover voltage under saturated humidity could be predicted through current obtained under low humidity conditions. A contamination pre-warning system was constructed in accordance using this mathematical model combined with some hardware system. Pilot systems were established in some typical polluted area in Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the system could achieve online monitoring purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Prior scholarships have documented that green human resource management practices have performance enabling effects on a firm's green performance. However, there is a dearth of studies that empirically model the extent to which green innovation culture moderates the relationship between green human resource practices and the firm's green performance. To address this gap, this paper established two-fold objectives. First, to examine the effects of green human resource practices and green innovation culture on firm green performance. Second, to model the extent to which green innovation culture moderates the relationship between green human resource management and manufacturing firms' green performance in China. This was done using data obtained from an extensive scale survey of 300 employees in Chinese manufacturing firms located in the Jiangsu Province. The study suggests that green human resource management practices which include recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management and appraisal, reward and payment, and employee involvement and leadership have a significant effect on green or environmental performance. The study also suggests that green innovation which includes green product innovation culture and green process innovation culture enhances firm green performance. Our paper further suggests that firms that integrate green human resource management practices and green innovation culture are associated with higher green performance than firms that practice green human resource management only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An age-structured mathematical model on mumps outbreaks in Jiangsu, China is proposed and analyzed. • Three different stages of no vaccine, effectively controlled and resurgence stages are considered. • Patterns of mumps dynamics are simulated and compared based on data in Jiangsu from January 2005 to May 2019. • The time average basic reproduction number may be lower or over estimated the real one. • Changes in seasonal transmission patterns and demographic structures may be reasons of mumpsre-emerging. Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine program was introduced in Jiangsu province of China in May 2008 and has been greatly contributed to decreasing of mumps cases. However, mumps has been resurging since May 2015. A number of studies have put forward that the resurgence of mumps is due to vaccine failure. In this paper, we investigated the other reasons for the resurging of mumps, such as the changes in seasonal transmission patterns and demographic structures, by using an age-structured mathematical model. We divided the history (January 2005 to May 2019) of mumps epidemics of Jiangsu province into three different stages: No vaccine stage (January 2005 to December 2008), effectively controlled stage (January 2009 to December 2014) and resurgence stage (January 2015 to May 2019). The features of mumps epidemics in three stages are compared under different demographic structures with same physical contact rate. The mumps transmission rate was increased in summer and dropped in November in stage III compared with that in stage I. The changes in demographic structures give a good explanation why the mumps outbreaked among children around 10 years old in stage I and around 5 years old in stage III. We have a conclusion that the vaccine failure, changes in seasonality and demographic structures were associated with the mumps outbreaks in recent years in Jiangsu province, China. We give the patterns of mumps dynamics considering age, vaccine, seasonality and demographic structures, which can help health program planners to implement more preventive interventions in mumps control during the period of higher risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O 3) pollution poses health risks and premature mortality, and gas stations are one of the largest sources of urban volatile organic compounds (VOCs, the main precursor to O 3). This paper investigates whether the government's call for night refueling, which can be regarded as a green nudge, can guide changes in consumer behavior and consequently improve environmental quality. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) estimation and weekly monitoring site air quality panel data, we analyze the effect of the Night Refueling Preferential Policy on O 3 concentrations. We find that the policy can reduce O 3 concentrations by 10% by encouraging consumers to refuel at night. The reduction in O 3 has brought great benefits to human health, leading to a 4–5‰ reduction in non-accidental mortality and a 6–8‰ reduction in cardiovascular mortality in Jiangsu province. The economic benefits of this policy would be approximately 62–189 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY) if it were implemented nationwide. The findings of this study suggest that the government can influence consumer behavior to promote environmental quality. [Display omitted] • The government's call for night refueling can reduce O3 concentration by 9% by drawing consumers to refuel at night. • The Night Refueling Preferential Policy can reduce non-accidental and cardiovascular death rates by 3–4‰ and 5–7‰. • The Night Refueling Preferential Policy can bring 57–174 billion CNY in economic benefits if it is implemented nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-objective energy-water nexus optimization framework is established. • The provincial economic trade's impact on energy and water stress is quantified. • The economic development level is the key to optimize the resources reallocation. • The rapid trade growth among provinces may aggravate the risk of resource scarcity. With China's vast territory and high regional heterogeneity in the spatial energy and water resources distribution, provincial-level embodied energy (EE) and virtual water (VW) reallocation are critical to regional energy and water recourse management but unfortunately, remain far from completed. In this paper, considering the heterogeneity of energy and water resources endowments among provinces, we constructed a dual objectives optimization framework to minimize national energy stress and water stress. Also, we evaluated the EE and VW flows' synergy impact on mitigating energy and water stress. We found that the spatial resources reallocation has a significant role on mitigating energy and water stress in high-stress regions. The results show that the net energy inflow can increase by 33.5%, and the net water inflow can increase by 42.1% in high-stress regions. The EE and VW flows' impact on mitigating resource stress is affected by the spatial resource endowments' heterogeneity. The flows that have the most positive impact on mitigating regional energy and water stress are Shanxi-Jiangsu and Jiangxi-Shanghai, respectively, while the most negative flows are Jiangsu-Henan and Xinjiang-Heilongjiang, respectively. The EE and VW flows among provinces have synergy in mitigating energy and water stress. Policy makers should not only focus on the local resources' consumption, but on the inter-provincial recourse flow and spatial resource endowments' heterogeneity. Inter-provincial cooperation is recommended, with reducing the scale of EE and VW trade that has negative impact, which can mitigate regional energy and water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new type of wide-shallow composite bucket foundation (WSCBF) for offshore wind turbines, which can be adapted to the characteristics and development needs of offshore wind farms due its special structural form. Several field tests on the horizontal bearing capacity of WSCBF were carried out in saturated clay off the coast of Jiangsu. The deformation mechanism, the soil–structure interaction and the ultimate bearing capacity of the WSCBF are determined depending on the tests. Based on the position of the rotation center, analytical expressions of soil pressure and ultimate bearing capacity for the WSCBF are presented. The accuracy of the test results and analytical expressions is validated and supplemented by numerical simulation with a finite element method. Moreover, by means of numerical simulation, the envelope curve of ultimate bearing capacity of the WSCBF is described in H – M load space, clarifying the load-bearing characteristics of the WSCBF under combined loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation of intercepted weeds from wool in Jiangsu port during 2004 to 2012 was introduced in this paper, and the corresponding countermeasures were then proposed. The results showed that a total of 38 families, 138 genera, 268 species and 13 868 species-times of weeds were intercepted, including 3 families, 11 genera, 20 species and 2 094 species-times of quarantine weeds. The weeds were intercepted from the wool introduced from 19 countries and regions, among which, Australia had the highest species-times, accounting for 71.0% of the total. Bases on the analysis of interception situation of weeds, some countermeasures were proposed from the perspectives of risk assessment, quarantine supervision, quarantine treatment and epidemic surveillance, providing some reference for establishing a perfect system for preventing the invasion of exotic weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a close relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization. the objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces in costal areas. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the modern econometric methods by panel unit root test, cointegration test, random effects models and fixed effects models, and the data of FDI (2000-2012), urbanization rate, industrial structure and regional GDP of Nanjing, Xuzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi and other 13 cities in Jiangsu Province, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other 19 cities in Guangdong province, researches the relationship between FDI and urbanization rate. Findings: Models show, FDI was closely correlated with urbanization rate in Jiangsu province and Guangdong province, the highly correlated with industrial structure, while it negatively correlated with the growth of GDP, and the degree of correlation is not high in Jiangsu province, but the high negative correlation in Guangdong province. The results shows the industrial structure and the urbanization rate mainly cause FDI growth. Research limitations/implications: There are many provinces in costal areas of China, this paper just research the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in Jiangsu province and Guangdong province, there are some limitations in the study areas and results. Originality/value: The study was the first to successfully apply on random effects model and fixed effects model to study the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in coastal areas by competitive analysis. Guangdong and Jiangsu province are the most developed regions, they are the most representative provinces in costal areas of China. Taking these two province as an example, we can analyze the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in central and western regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By statistical research on the occurrence pattern of severe convective weather in Jiangsu province under the influence of tropical cyclones within a 10-year period (from 2001 to 2010), this paper discovers that among different severe convective weather, the occurrence frequency of short-range heavy precipitation is the highest, thunderstorms and gales come in second, and general thunderstorms rarely happen, while hailstorms and tornadoes never occur. The statistical results also showed that within the research period there are 21 tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting the Jiangsu area and most of them are in the stage of weakening to tropical depressions. Moreover, through studying indices for relevant cases of severe convection, it is discovered that their thresholds are lower than that of previous research, which indicated that convective instability and energy accumulation can easily lead to severe convective weather eventually due to the influence of TCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green transformation has become the epoch-making needs of Chinese cities to break through the bottleneck of development. Drawing lessons from the urban development experiences of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces in China, this paper provides a practical reference for the urban green transformation in Northeast China. According to the theory of urban metabolism, the paper systematically develops a measurable framework of urban green transformation that covers social, economic and environmental dimensions, and uses a super hybrid model with a window analysis to estimate the dynamic efficiency of urban green transformation. The results present opposite trends between Southeast and Northeast cities in China. Afterwards, the generalized method of moments is used to analyze the impacts of spatial agglomeration and science and education supports on the efficiency of urban green transformation. By contrast, a self-weakening trend of urban green transformation occurs in Northeast China, where the urban size is too small to optimize the industry layout by means of urban value chain, and the return on the investment in science and education is not significant enough, which leads to the lack of impetus for a continuous urban transformation. Therefore, the urban development strategy in Northeast China should center on the urban value chain, and then promote urbanization and industrial restructuring and integration, improving the talent adsorption effect, as well as achieving urban complementary advantages and a differential development. • The coexistence of low speed and poor quality is the main situation of current urbanization in Northeast China. • The Matthew effect of sustained self-weakening in the Northeast is significant. • City scale and brain drain become the fetters of the development in Northeast China. • The key to solve the problem in Northeast China lies in reintegrating the city value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates regional inequality, spatial polarization, and places mobility in provincial China through a case study of Jiangsu province from a multi-scale and multi-dimensional framework. Based on policy changes and inequality indices, we divide the development trajectory of Jiangsu since the reform into three sub-periods: 1978–1993, 1994–2004, and 2004–2014. The analysis reveals that regional inequality and polarization have a similar pattern: fast growth during 1978–1993, fluctuating during 1994–2004, and stable decline after 2004. Place mobility stays low after 1994, mainly because of the growing accumulation of the developed area. After 2004 we can observe higher mobility, which, however, is not strong enough to change the core-periphery structure. The spatial measurements reflect the spatial agglomeration process, and the core-periphery structure has become clear and stable since 1994. Such findings are also confirmed by the clustering of self-organizing maps (SOM), which reveals local development trajectories in Jiangsu. This paper shows that a strong core-periphery structure increases spatial polarization and reduces place mobility, even though regional inequality does not intensify. More policies are needed to address the serious problems of spatial exclusion, the tremendous core-periphery gap, the persistent polarization among geographical regions and populations, and the decreasing place mobility. Our study calls for a more in-depth investigation of the multi-scale and multi-dimensional nature of spatial inequality and further analysis of the complexity of spatial inequality and the development of poorer regions. • The linkages among regional inequality, polarization, and place mobility are less studied. • Regional inequality and polarization have a similar pattern: growth, fluctuation and decline. • The spatial agglomeration process leads to a strong core-periphery structure. • The core-periphery structure increases spatial polarization and reduces place mobility. • The recent convergence trend cannot reduce the core-periphery gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]