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Abstract Wells equipped with flow control devices are a proven method of improving sweep efficiency by controlling the influx of fluids into the well by the addition of a flow restriction at each completion joint. Autonomous Flow Control Device (AFCD) technology has recently achieved the milestone of being approved for full field, commercial application to reduce (1) gas influx in light oil reservoirs and (2) water production in heavy oil reservoirs. Autonomous Flow Control Completions (AFCC) are frequently designed using steady-state well production simulators. The more realistic approach of using a dynamic, reservoir simulator often reduces the exaggerated, single well, production improvement by allowing the reservoir's flow dynamics to be understood in the context of the total field recovery and reservoir's uncertainty. The modelling of AFCCs, as currently implemented in reservoir simulators, is in an early stage of development and requires further improvement. AFCC modelling options in a dynamic, reservoir simulator are discussed in this paper. New workflows for AFCC single-phase performance parametrization with a more reliable, physically realistic model of their performance are presented. It is shown how reservoir simulation of an Advanced Well Completion (AWC) containing ICDs and AICDs can be used to evaluate the control of water production in a heavy oil field. The performance of multiple AWC designs is compared for a range of reservoir simulation models that illustrate various production challenges. New comparison methods are introduced that provide a fundamental understanding of their differences. An oil/water flow modelling workflow for reservoir and well engineering studies for the selection of the optimal (A)FCD completion is provided. Our finding aid engineers to reliably model, and evaluate the "added value", of AFCC technology on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma/delta T lymphocytes cells recognize the antigen in a non-classical way and are considered the third branch of the immune system devoted to defend the integrity of the body. Ageing is characterized by an impairment of the main way of protection (the adaptive branch) but, successfully aged people show compensatory mechanisms of defense such as proneness to inflammation. Moreover, very old subjects show an increased number of NK cells. We have previously demonstrated that γδT lymphocytes are reduced in elderly. In the present paper we have studied some characteristics of these cells to evaluate the possibility that these cells might balance the decreased action of the adaptive branch in successfully aged people. Cytofluorimetric analysis of cells collected from young, old and centenarian subjects has been used to evaluate the ability of these cells to expand in vitro. Here we demonstrate that γδT cells are impaired in the ability to proliferate to different stimuli such as isopentenyl pyrophoshate, that select γδT lymphocytes bearing δ2 chain, other than to phytohemagglutinin and anti-CD3 that are polyclonal activators. Moreover, we demonstrate that γδT cells in aged and centenarians show an enhanced sensitivity to undergo apoptosis induced both by α-Fas and TNF-α. All together these data suggest that γδT lymphocytes are impaired in elderly and suggest that the reduced ability to proliferate and the reduced number of circulating γδT lymphocytes is due to the proneness to apoptosis. Finally on the basis of these data, we conclude that γδT lymphocytes, do not participate in the remodeling of the immune system due to the reduction of classical T cell response and replacement by NK cells in elderly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]