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Understanding the causality between energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth is helpful for policymakers to formulate energy, environmental and economic policies. For the first time, based on nonlinear dynamics, this paper employs multispatial convergent cross mapping (CCM) to revisit the energy-carbon-economy causation for China, India and the G7 countries using both aggregate data and per capita data. The findings indicate that there are significant differences between developing countries and developed countries. A bidirectional nexus between energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth is found in China and India, but various causal relationships are identified in the G7 countries, including bidirectional, unidirectional and neutral nexus. The results confirm that the decoupling phenomenon is common in most G7 countries. By leveraging a variety of samples and a new approach, this study provides new evidence for policy authorities to formulate country-specific policies to obtain better environmental quality while achieving sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • India's emissions and intensity are driven by private consumption, followed by investment and exports. • India's emission increase comes from final demand and production structure changes. • India's increase of household indirect emissions mainly comes from per capita income increase. • India's aggregate embodied intensity by final demand category all increased. • India's aggregate embodied intensity changes mainly determine by production structure changes. Abstract India is the second largest developing country and fourth largest carbon emitter in the world. It has registered the rapid economic growth (7–9%) in the last decade. However, both its total carbon emissions and emission intensity (CO 2 emissions per GDP) kept increasing during period 2007–2013. There are few studies using input-output (I-O) analysis for India's energy/emissions in the literature. This paper tries to fill in the gap by using I-O framework to study India's total emissions and intensity changes and its driving forces with the latest data available and newly proposed techniques. The results show that India's carbon emission were mainly driven by private consumption (50–55%), followed by investment (25–26%) and exports (14–19%). During period 2007/08–2013/14, India's total emissions increased by 56.6%, where total final demand change resulted in emissions increasing and the shift of demand from raw material industry to high-value added manufacturing industry helped to reduce the emissions. When measuring India's relative emission efficiency, its aggregate embodied intensity (AEI) indicator in aggregate was mainly determined by private consumption (47–49%), followed by investment (23–24%) and exports (15–18%). From 2007/08 to 2013/14, the AEI values in aggregate and by final demand category all increased except the AEI of inventory change, mainly caused by production structure change. The emission efficiency improvements helped to reduce India's total emissions and carbon intensity, but the contributions were small. The policy implications of our findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal power plants in India emit around 500 Mt of CO 2 annually. All of it is released into the atmosphere untreated. Microalgae, a third generation feedstock for bio-fuel emerges as a viable option for partly sequestering the emissions. Moreover, its carbon capture capacity of 4.8 kg CO 2 /kg biomass, which is very much as compared to terrestrial substitutes like Jhatropa curcas , enables to produce bio fuel hence adding value to the entire process. This paper intends to build upon this idea and come up with strategies to integrate bio fuel production and CO 2 sequestration with the existing thermal power plants. The raw materials needed for algal growth are available in the plant as elaborated in the paper. Thus the bio fuel produced can be routed back to power the plant consequently lowering the dependence on coal. This would help in putting a check on the carbon emissions thus making the existing systems more environmentally benign and suitable for long haul. This paper reviews currently employed carbon capture technologies and methods and comes up with a strategy to subsume carbon capture through microalgae with power plants of a certain capacity. 3 t/day is taken as the basis for calculations in the proposed flow sheet. An alternative of the above is also provided which substitutes the biofuel production with co-firing. This escalates the nitrogen content of flue gas but deescalates the investment. This brings down the capital investment in the plant but enhances N 2 content of flue gas. Carbon leakage is accounted for in a table of atomic balance. It takes care of input and output of carbon. The paper is inclined towards the conclusion that the Microalgae possess incredible potential and if tapped efficaciously could prove to be extremely helpful in these days of power and environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions is a critical research gap for space cooling and refrigeration applications in Indian commercial buildings. This is especially relevant as these services are expected to grow rapidly in future driven by economic growth and urbanisation. This paper focuses on these two applications which are highly energy and emission intensive, and quantifies their carbon dioxide (CO) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions through soft-linking a top-down model with a bottom-up approach. An integrated assessment modelling framework Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM)-IIM is used for modelling energy-related emissions under a business-as-usual scenario. In addition to CO emissions occurring from electricity use, cooling and refrigeration in commercial buildings emit another set of highly potent greenhouse gases, emanating from application of HFCs as coolant. HFCs substitute their ozone-depleting precursors in these applications. Countries across the world have agreed to phase down HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. Before we can analyse cost-effective options to bring down these emissions, it is important to quantify and assess the amount of emissions that could be avoided in the future. Our research sets up a baseline for carbon dioxide and HFC emissions from India for the commercial air-conditioning and refrigeration sectors and finds the potential HFC emission mitigation due to the Kigali Amendment. A detailed bottom-up modelling of these emissions is undertaken and it is found that, if unabated, the HFC emissions from commercial sector will surge from mere 1.8 million tonne (Mt) COe in 2015 to 211 Mt COe in 2050, whereas energy-related CO emissions from commercial air-conditioning and refrigeration will rise from 37 to 297 Mt COe in the same period. We also highlight the role of management practices and regulation for curbing HFC emissions which is especially relevant for the commercial building sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes 14 indigenous tree/shrub species of Eastern India for fuelwood production. A fuelwood value index (FVI) was the criteria for screening of the species. Fuelwood consumption, on a decreasing trend, was high in the state of Uttar Pradesh (19.06 m/t), followed by West Bengal (14.16 m/t), Bihar (11.48 m/t), Assam (11.42 m/t), Odisha (8.89 m/t), Jharkhand (4.84 m/t), and Chhattisgarh (4.37 m/t). Similar trends were shown by the states in case of the emission of carbon dioxide. For instance, CO2emission was higher in Uttar Pradesh (31.4 t CO2) and lowest in Chhattisgarh (7.19 t CO2). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The paper investigates the causality relationships among energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and income in India using a dynamic modeling approach. The paper also utilises an innovation accounting method to investigate profiles of the macroeconomic variables persisting from an unanticipated shock in innovation. Our results provide evidence of the existence of bi-directional Granger causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the long-run but neither CO2 emissions nor energy consumption causes movements in real income. There is no causality relationship between energy consumption and income in any direction in the long-run implying that India could follow energy conservation and efficiency improvement policies without impeding economic growth. This will allow India to reduce CO2 emissions without affecting its economic growth and contribute significantly towards combating global warming as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: India’s aspiration for economic growth has consequences for energy growth and CO2 emissions. This paper examines India’s need for energy with 20 year perspectives. From an earlier paper by K. Parikh et al. (2009), demand scenario are examined from the supply perspectives ranging from coal, hydrocarbon, nuclear, hydrogen, hydro and other renewable etc. None of these are substantial and India will have to rely on imports. The need for energy has to be reduced by a drive for energy efficiency and renewable energy. Government programmes for the above are also commented upon. Though India’s CO2 emissions are unlikely to grow very much due to energy scarcity and energy mix the article examines the potential to reduce CO2 emissions and the associated costs involved in various options. It finds that 30% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030 is feasible but would involve additional costs. The most promising option is to reduce energy demand by various measures to increase energy use efficiency in production and consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Water-fluxed melting leads to the development of amphibole + biotite migmatite. • Muscovite dehydration melting leads to formation of sillimanite-bearing migmatite. • Peak P–T conditions of 770–790 °C, 9.3–10.5 kbar for the amphibole + biotite migmatite. • Necking, hook, and stretching inclusions developed during isothermal decompression. • Selective leakage of the H 2 O phase from the H 2 O-CO 2 inclusions. Migmatites exposed within the North Himalayan Domes result from the reworking and partial melting of different structural levels of the Indian continental crust during a major Himalayan tectonic event. Although their petrologic investigation is potentially a powerful method to unravel the anatectic and tectono-thermal processes related to the Himalayan orogeny, petrological studies of the migmatites from North Himalayan Domes are virtually lacking. This paper presents the results of a petrological and fluid inclusion study in order to understand the partial melting processes, the P–T conditions of migmatitization, and the fluid evolution of the migmatites from one of the North Himalayan Domes, the Leo Pargil Dome, exposed in central Himalaya. Phase equilibria calculated in the MnO–Na 2 O–CaO–K 2 O–FeO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –TiO 2 –H 2 O (MnNCKFMASTH) system suggest peak P–T conditions of 770–790 °C, 9.3–10.5 kbar for the amphibole + biotite migmatite and of 780–820 °C, 9.3–9.8 kbar for the sillimanite-bearing migmatite, followed by an early nearly isothermal decompression. The formation of these migmatites was related to water-fluxed melting and muscovite dehydration melting. At peak metamorphic conditions, aqueous-carbonic (H 2 O-CO 2) fluids were present in the system. Subsequently, the H 2 O phase was preferentially leached out from the biphase aqueous-carbonic inclusions to form primary CO 2 inclusions and directly went into the anatectic melt during migmatization. The exhumation of LPD followed an early nearly isothermal decompression path and a later isochoric cooling driven by the Kaurik-Chango normal fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate opportunities to mitigate CO 2 emission from the power and industry sectors of India by carbon capture and storage. Results show that the total CO 2 emission from 630 power and industrial plants is 1.7 Gtpa. Of this, 0.9 Gtpa comes from power plants and 0.8 Gtpa from industry plants. There is 416.2 Gt of CO 2 storage capacity (mid case scenario) in India, enough to store 237 years of emission. Of this, 412.7 Gt (99%) comes from saline aquifers in 22 sedimentary basins, 1.9 Gt (0.44%) from six major gas fields, and 1.7 Gt (0.41%) from 37 major oil fields. The total mid CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery potential in India is 500 × 106 m3 with the biggest potential found in the following oil fields: Mumbai High (231 × 106 m3), Gandhar (13 × 106 m3), Mangala (17 × 106 m3) and Nahorkatiya (24 × 106 m3) in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Assam, respectively. Results of a CO 2 source-sink mapping exercise show that in most cases, CO 2 source-sink distance is less than 500 km, and many cases less than 100 km. • India's CO 2 emission is 1.7 Gtpa from the power and industry sectors. • There is 416.2 Gt of subsurface CO 2 storage capacity in India. • There is a total of CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery potential of 5.01 × 108 m3. • A CO 2 -EOR pilot is recommended for the offshore Mumbai High oil field. • Most CO 2 sources can be stored in sinks within a 500 km distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports for the first time upon the effects of increasing CO2 concentrations on a natural phytoplankton assemblage in a tropical estuary (the Godavari River Estuary in India). Two short-term (5-day) bottle experiments were conducted (with and without nutrient addition) during the pre-monsoon season when the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water is quite low. The results reveal that the concentrations of total chlorophyll, the phytoplankton growth rate, the concentrations of particulate organic matter, the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates, and the total bacterial count were higher under elevated CO2 treatments, as compared to ambient conditions (control). δ13C of particulate organic matter (POM) varied inversely with respect to CO2, indicating a clear signature of higher CO2 influx under the elevated CO2 levels. Whereas, δ13CPOM in the controls indicated the existence of an active bicarbonate transport system under limited CO2 supply. A considerable change in phytoplankton community structure was noticed, with marker pigment analysis by HPLC revealing that cyanobacteria were dominant over diatoms as CO2 concentrations increased. A mass balance calculation indicated that insufficient nutrients (N, P and Si) might have inhibited diatom growth compared to cyanobacteria, regardless of increased CO2 supply. The present study suggests that CO2 concentration and nutrient supply could have significant effects on phytoplankton physiology and community composition for natural phytoplankton communities in this region. However, this work was conducted during a non-discharge period (nutrient-limited conditions) and the responses of phytoplankton to increasing CO2 might not necessarily be the same during other seasons with high physicochemical variability. Further investigation is therefore needed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The micrometeorological technique of eddy covariance is a powerful tool for characterizing the carbon (C) budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Eddy covariance method was used for estimating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide between atmosphere and revegetated manganese mine spoil dump at Gumgaon, India. In this paper, we analyzed the diel CO flux pattern and its response to various physical environmental conditions. The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes. Study of diel pattern of CO flux showed that carbon uptake was dependent on sunlight. Effect of temperature and latent heat on the CO flux showed that rate of CO uptake increased proportionally, but later declined due to various factors like stomatal response, high evaporative demand, circadian rhythm and/or a combination of all three. Net ecosystem production of revegetated land was found to be 28.196 KgC/ha/day whereas average net carbon release by the ecosystem, through respiration was observed to be 5.433 KgC/ha/day. Thus, quantifying net carbon (C) storage in degraded land is a necessary step in the validation of carbon sequestration estimates and in assessing the possible role of these ecosystems in offsetting adverse impacts of fossil fuel emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the investigation of the performance from different biomasses in a fluidized bed gasifier where steam has been used as gasifying as well as fluidizing agent. An experimental setup is fabricated to study the gasification performance of rice husk, which is of special relevance to rice-producing countries like China and India. An equilibrium modeling approach is deployed to predict the gas composition which has been compared with the experimental results. Calibration of the model with appropriate modeling coefficients was necessary to achieve close resemblance with the experimental values. Further, the model is used to predict the gas compositions from other biomass and benchmarked with the performance of coal. In this study, the gasification temperature is varied from 650°C to 800°C, whereas the steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B) is varied from 0.75 to 2.00. As the gasification temperature increases, the production of H2 and CO increases but the generation of CH4 and CO2 reduces. The steam-to-biomass ratio was again found to influence the production rates. With increasing steam input, H2, CO2 and CH4 were found to increase while CO reduces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents projections of motor vehicles, oil demand, and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions for India through the year 2040. The populations of highway vehicles and two-wheelers are projected under three different scenarios on the basis of economic growth and average household size in India. The results show that by 2040, the number of highway vehicles in India would be 206-309 million. The oil demand projections for the Indian transportation sector are based on a set of nine scenarios arising out of three vehicle-growth and three fuel-economy scenarios. The combined effects of vehicle-growth and fuel-economy scenarios, together with the change in annual vehicle usage, result in a projected demand in 2040 by the transportation sector in India of 404-719 million metric tons (8.5-15.1 million barrels per day). The corresponding annual CO emissions are projected to be 1.2-2.2 billion metric tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Due to the growing energy needs along with increasing concerns towards control of greenhouse gas emissions, most developing countries are under pressure to find alternative methods for energy conversion and policies to make these technologies economically viable. Most of the energy is produced from fossil fuel in India which is not a sustainable source of energy. In this paper Indian power sector has been examined by using MARKAL model for introduction of clean coal and advanced nuclear technologies with implementation of energy conservation potential. The result shows that application of clean technologies gives energy security but not significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. When clean technologies apply with energy conservation a huge amount of CO2 can be reduced and also economically viable. Three scenarios including base case scenario have been developed to estimate the resource allocations and CO2 mitigation. The clean technologies with maximum savings potential shows 70% CO2 reduction in the year 2045. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of environmental condition on the desired performance of trans-critical CO2 refrigeration system in typical Indian conditions. Environmental concerns and enactments of Montreal and Kyoto Protocol for sustainable growth enforce research for ecologically safe and natural refrigerants and cost effective designs of refrigeration systems. Carbon dioxide is one of the rediscovered sustainable options, as CFCs and HFCs are now in the list of regulated substances and are gradually to be phased out. Success of CO2 as a refrigerant demand, cost effective and widely acceptable technology operatable at various environmental conditions. In this work various issues of gas cooler design is analyzed for Trans-critical CO2 refrigeration system for major cities of India with their outside design conditions. An idealized steady state energy model is developed to predict and analyze the performance of the system for different temperature zones in major cities across India. This study leads to formulate the guidelines for design of commercial and large capacity trans-critical refrigeration systems which need to be tuned to region wise varying environment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Establishment-level analysis to put a price on greenhouse gas emission in freight transport sector. • Latent class analysis to divide establishments based on fleet-ownership patterns. • Examines the determinants of freight transport emission disaggregated by fleet segments. • Gross emitters in each fleet ownership segment are modeled for targeted policy interventions. • Implications for designing carbon tax and trading programs in developing economies like India. Concerns over transport energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have lately prompted significant attention towards vehicle ownership patterns and the distributional implications of climate mitigation policies. This paper contributes to freight transport literature by examining how establishments can be meaningfully grouped using their fleet ownership pattern (size and composition) and how these segments vary in their freight travel pattern and CO 2 emission levels. The analysis performed using an establishment-based freight survey dataset from Kerala, a coastal state in India, revealed five latent classes of fleet ownership. The determinants of freight transport emissions and the gross emitters in fleet segments are presented subsequently by analyzing how the establishment-level characteristics (employment, business age, industry sector, value density, and relative location) explain the variation in CO 2 emissions. The study findings offer insights for designing effective carbon policy instruments and incentive schemes to regulate the establishment-level freight travel pattern and control transport emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed during the "First Awareness and Capacity Building Programme on Carbon Capture and Storage (ACBCCS-2009)" held in New Delhi, India is presented. Topics include energy disparity, objectives of the ACBCCS-2009, and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Presenters include former Department of Science and Technology (DST) Secretary V. S. Ramamurthy, DST former Adviser Malti Goel and National Environment Science Academy chairman S. Z. Qasim.