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Kain's spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) (1968) highlights the segregation of Black population in the inner city as well as the decentralization of jobs, both of which played a role in the poor labor market outcomes for Black residents in the inner city. Demographic and economic changes in U.S. metropolitan areas since the late 20th century have transformed the urban spatial structure. This paper aims to revisit the SMH and investigate whether the spatial pattern of mismatch has changed as a result of geographic shifts in the Black population. This paper specifically examines how the suburbanization of the Black population has affected the geographic patterns of mismatch and whether the mismatch is disappearing in the major U.S. metropolitan areas. Using spatial measures of mismatch, this paper presents intra‐metropolitan spatial mismatch patterns that capture the clustering of jobs and the Black population based on their relative distributions, showing that the overall level of spatial mismatch declined in major U.S. metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2015. However, geographical evidence reveals that the spatial mismatch has shifted to the outer suburbs, replicating city‐suburb spatial inequality, implying that although mismatch may have declined in the inner city due to Black suburbanization, spatial mismatch continue to persist in U.S. metropolitan areas in Black suburbs. The findings also demonstrate that although spatial mismatch generally declined in the inner city, it increased in cities with high inner city polarization, particularly New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Seattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paper examines the role of community-based participatory research (CBPR) within the context of social justice literature and practice. Methods: Two CBPR case studies addressing health inequities related to Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease were selected from a national cross-site study assessing effective academic-community research partnerships. One CBPR partnership works with African Americans in rural Pemiscot County, Missouri and the other CBPR partnership works with African American and Latinos in urban South Bronx, New York City. Data collection included semi-structured key informant interviews and focus groups. Analysis focused on partnerships' context/ history and their use of multiple justice-oriented strategies to achieve systemic and policy changes in order to address social determinants of health in their communities. Results: Community context and history shaped each partnership's strategies to address social determinants. Four social justice approaches (identity/recognition, procedural, distributive, and structural justice) used by both partnerships were identified. These social justice approaches were employed to address underlying causes of inequitable distribution of resources and power structures, while remaining within a scientific research framework. Conclusion: CBPR can bridge the role of science with civic engagement and political participation, empowering community members to become political agents who integrate evidence into their social justice organizing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We conducted 2 studies to determine the impact of text message immunization reminder-recalls in an urban, low-income population. Methods. In 1 study, text message immunization reminders were sent to a random sample of parents (n=195) whose children aged 11 to 18 years needed either or both meningococcal (MCV4) and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunizations. We compared receipt of MCV4 or Tdap at 4, 12, and 24 weeks with age- and gender-matched controls. In the other study, we compared attendance at a postshortage Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) immunization recall session between parents who received text message and paper-mailed reminders (n=87) and those who only received paper-mailed reminders (n=87). Results. Significantly more adolescents with intervention parents received either or both MCV4 and Tdap at weeks 4 (15.4% vs 4.2%; P<.001), 12 (26.7% vs 13.9%; P<.005), and 24 (36.4% vs 18.1%; P<.001). Significantly more parents who received both Hib reminders attended a recall session compared with parents who only received a mailed reminder (21.8% vs 9.2%; P<.05). After controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and language, text messaging was still significantly associated with both studies' outcomes. Conclusions. Text messaging for reminder-recalls improved immunization coverage in a low-income, urban population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Strong economy, large population and rapid urbanizationare three basic conditions to open a subway. • It is best for thefirst subway line to be straightto connect the city center and suburbs. • A stronger correlation between line length and t urban population did emerge as the lines grew. • The length of the subway lines in the first year was related to the built-up area of the city. The number of metro lines increases every year, with most new projects being located in developing countries. Metro construction costs a huge amount of money, and it is, therefore, worthwhile to consider if the decisions related to and direction of metro construction are justified. Adopting a historical perspective, this paper selects nine global cities that constructed metro systems prior to 1913. It considers the economic and social background at their time of opening and summarizes the optimal conditions for their opening. It compares and analyzes the location, form and length of the lines in the first year, and, taking Berlin, London, New York and Paris as examples, looks into the relationship between the urban land and the expansion of the metro network. This provides insights into the key characteristics of early line networks that will help other cities to reconsider the construction of their own metros and in the future, this will help to prevent blind development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]