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Optical imagery has been proven to be an effective tool for measuring earthquake deformation in continental regions since its first application in the 1999 Izmit earthquake. In this article, we compile and analyze all the earthquakes that have been investigated with optical image matching by 2019, based on which we comment on various issues regarding measuring earthquake deformation with optical imagery. New generations of very high-resolution (VHR) data are effective for earthquake studies, but orthorectification of the VHR images is the major source of error, which is often ignored. We found that the displacements derived from the WorldView images strongly correlate with the errors in the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) that was used in orthorectification. Based on the observed correlation between displacements and topography, we propose a new DEM-based method using the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3-D DEM to reduce the orthorectification errors. Combining the published optical data of earthquake deformation, we re-analyze the coseismic slip distribution and shallow slip deficit (SSD). The SSD model states that the coseismic slip in many strike-slip earthquakes decreases in magnitude toward the surface, but this model remains arguable because the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)-derived slip is usually not well-constrained at shallow depths due to decorrelation. Because optical matching directly measures the surface slip, we re-examine the slip distribution of 11 strike-slip earthquakes and find that the SSD model may primarily be artifacts in the InSAR measurements. It is therefore of great importance to include the optical data in earthquake studies to constrain coseismic slip inversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In foreland thrust systems, the complex structural geometry creates greater difficulties in constraining the seismotectonics of moderate magnitude earthquakes without pronounced surface ruptures and in assessing future seismic risk. The 2013 M 5.1 Urumqi earthquake was a moderate event that occurred in the Urumqi foreland thrust system. Based on surface investigations, geological mapping, and interpretations of deep seismic reflection profiles, we suggest that the Urumqi foreland thrust belt is a typical active wedge thrust system. Two connected fault segments of the gently south-dipping blind fault ramp and the north-dipping Xishan back-thrust fault merge at a depth of ~11 km and bound the wedge-shaped fault block. Analyses of the focal mechanism and aftershock distribution indicate that the seismogenic fault responsible for the M 5.1 Urumqi event is the south-dipping Xishan fault ramp with a dip angle of ~10–30°, which highlights the potential seismic hazards of the unruptured north-dipping Xishan back-thrust ramp. The four fault branches on the hanging wall of the Xishan fault are interpreted as flexural-slip thrusts. Our results indicate that multiple surface ruptures over a 6 km-wide area may form if a large earthquake occurs along the Xishan fault system. • The seismogenic fault of the 2013 M 5.1 Urumqi event is the south-dipping blind Xishan fault ramp. • Four north-dipping fault branches on the hanging wall of the Xishan fault are flexural-slip thrusts. • Potential seismic hazard of the Urumqi foreland thrust system is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southern Liupanshan fault zone (SLFZ) has been active during the Holocene and accommodates complex deformation between the compressional Liupanshan Mountain and the extensional Weihe Graben. We characterized the active faulting of the SLFZ using interpretations of high-resolution satellite images, digital elevation models derived from structure-from-motion models, combined with field investigations. The presence of well-preserved linear fault troughs, scarps, knickpoints, offset streams and ridges, and landslides along the SLFZ indicate that surface-rupturing earthquakes have occurred along the SLFZ in the Holocene. Evidence from paleoseismic trenching indicates that the most recent earthquake occurred between 1607 ± 77 BCE and 1070 ± 90 CE, and thus may have been the 600 CE historical earthquake. The estimated magnitude of this earthquake is Mw 6.7. Radiometric dating of an offset fluvial terrace indicates a late Pleistocene to Holocene left-lateral slip rate of ~1.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. Our geologic and geomorphic observations show that the SLFZ may extend into the Weihe Graben where the slip is transferred onto other active faults within the Weihe Graben. • The southern Liupanshan fault zone is a major block-bounding fault in NE Tibet. • Remote sensing and fault trenching were used to analyze paleoseismic activity. • Faulting spans the late Quaternary, including the 1607 BCE–1070 CE earthquake. • Late Quaternary faulting is left-lateral with a slip rate of ~1.5 mm/yr. • The fault zone accommodates deformation along the Liupanshan Range and Weihe Graben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]