9 results
Search Results
2. Local Energy Efficiency Policy Implementation in China: Bridging the Gap between National Priorities and Local Interests.
- Author
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Kostka, Genia and Hobbs, William
- Subjects
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ENERGY policy , *GOVERNMENT policy on energy consumption , *FEDERAL-county relations , *GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *LOCAL government , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TWENTY-first century - Abstract
This paper analyses Chinese sub-national governments' implementation strategies to meet national energy efficiency targets in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). Previous research has focused on the ways governance practices and decision-making structures shape implementation outcomes, yet very little attention has been given to what strategies local leaders actually employ to bridge national priorities with local interests. To illustrate how local leaders work politically, this paper highlights specific implementation methods officials use to strengthen formal incentives and create effective informal incentives to comply with energy efficiency mandates. The analysis is drawn from 53 interviews conducted in June and July of 2010 in Shanxi, a major coal-producing and energy-intensive province. Findings suggest that local government leaders conform to national directives by "bundling" the energy efficiency policy with policies of more pressing local importance or by "bundling" their energy efficiency objectives with the interests of groups with significant political influence. Ultimately, sub-national government officials frame policies in ways that give them legitimacy at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Natural Resource Diplomacy and Energy Security in East Asia: Prospects for Cooperation and Conflict.
- Author
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Garrison, Jean A.
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY policy , *CONSERVATION of natural resources , *SUSTAINABLE development , *ENERGY development , *POWER resources - Abstract
Many scholars and policymakers alike argue that securing scarce energy resources is the single most important challenge facing a countryâs national security today (Klare, 2004; 2002). In the United States, much of the energy security dialogue focuses on the scarcity of oil (see Deffeyes, 2001; Goodstein, 2004; Mitchell, 2001), and specifically the threat posed by Chinaâs recent efforts to buy up energy reserves around the world (Ebel, 2005). Yet this narrow (and one-sided) security focus misses the larger development and environmental issues that are linked to a countryâs energy security policy. This project proposes to rectify this problem by completing a multi-state analysis of the emerging competition over a variety of energy and natural resources in East Asia in order to understand prospects for cooperation and competition in natural resource diplomacy. This work builds upon first-hand evidence collected in interviews with U.S. government personnel and field work in East Asia which indicate that there is a need to put energy security into its broader regional, economic, and environmental contexts. This work extends the research featured in my recent book focusing on the U.S.-China bilateral relationship, Making China Policy: From Nixon to G.W. Bush (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), by taking a new turn principally to address the foreign energy policy orientations of multiple states within East Asia in comparative perspective. This study proposes to make two major contributions from previous scholarly studies. First, it moves beyond the narrow U.S.-China competition rubric in the energy security debate to take a broader comparative and substantive approach which evaluates the politics over the development of energy and natural resources in Asia. Second, by focusing on the nexus between national security policy, development strategies, and economic policymaking, this study looks beyond traditional national security issues and bridges the âhighâ (or national security focus) versus âlowâ (or economic policy focus) divide to wholistically evaluate the domestic and international consequences of a countryâs energy policy. The working premise of this study is that energy security and competition for natural resources more broadly need not be cast in deterministic terms that anticipate conflict among states. In fact, focusing on the formulation of the national energy strategies of various states and thus how the energy security policy debate is framed and proceeds in each context (i.e., the internal policymaking processes) provides a way to contextualize the energy security policies of multiple states. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
4. The future of bioenergy and rural development policies in Africa and Asia.
- Author
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Amezaga, Jaime M., Bird, David Neil, and Hazelton, Jennifer A.
- Subjects
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BIOMASS energy , *ENERGY policy , *SUSTAINABILITY , *POWER resources , *RURAL development - Abstract
Abstract: This special issue has presented some of the specific findings of the RE-Impact Project which was commissioned and funded by the EuropeAid Cooperation Office from 2007 until its conclusion in 2010. The project aimed to provide impact assessment frameworks and influence relevant policies through direct involvement in bioenergy projects and policy analysis in South Africa, Uganda, India and China. The papers summarised here have covered issues related to Jatropha curcas and forest-based bioenergy in these countries. Taking an overall look at the project findings we can identify a number of general conclusions relevant for the future of bioenergy and rural development in Africa and Asia. First, only local and context-specific sustainability assessment can identify the risk and responsibilities of the different groups and the exact impact on the environment. Second, many initiatives both in biofuels and forest-based bioenergy are marred by a lack of understanding of the life-cycle financial analysis. Third, careful consideration of local physical and social conditions and the economics of the production chain can identify real opportunities for rural development using bioenergy. The current global impasse in bioenergy policies could actually be advantageous to the development of bioenergy in developing countries. Without the pressure from America and Europe to develop bioenergy systems for climate change mitigation, countries in Africa and Asia may have the breathing room to shape bioenergy systems for their own internal energy supply in an orderly fashion. However, in order to avoid environmental and social impacts it will be necessary to articulate together elements of a number of measures including market-based certification, national policy formulation, national legislation, impact assessments, sustainability planning, land use planning, research, monitoring and evaluation taking into account country and project specific sustainability criteria. Unfortunately, many of the countries in Africa and Asia where bioenergy can play an important role still lack institutional structures able to articulate this sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Understanding the Energy Diplomacies of East Asian States.
- Author
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DENT, CHRISTOPHER M.
- Subjects
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ENERGY security , *ENERGY policy , *DIPLOMACY , *STATES (Political subdivisions) , *ECONOMICS , *ENERGY development , *ENERGY industries , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMIC forecasting , *POWER resources ,ECONOMIC conditions in East Asia - Abstract
Energy security is one of the major global challenges of the twenty-first century. Intensifying competition for ever scarcer forms of conventional energy resources is causing significant tensions in the international system. East Asia will have a more profound impact on global energy security than any other region as its burgeoning demand for energy fuels, spurred principally by China, is expected to continue growing at over twice the world average in the next few decades. This paper examines the reasons why we may expect the energy diplomacies of East Asian states to become an increasingly salient feature of East Asian states’ foreign policy and international relations in the foreseeable future, and thereby significantly shape the nature of the region's international political economy. It presents a framework of energy diplomacy analysis in order to better understand how East Asian states are formulating their energy diplomacy strategies and actions. The four prime elements of this framework comprise: empirical perspectives and generic task-oriented terms; agential influences on the formation and organization of energy diplomacy practice; the energy–development nexus; and transaction mechanisms of energy diplomacy. The main conclusions are first, mercantilist approaches to energy diplomacy will persist but continue to gradually give way to market institutionalism; second, energy diplomacy will become increasingly linked to other forms of diplomacy, such as trade, environment and development assistance; third, we may expect East Asian states to afford greater priority to multilateral energy co-operation both regionally and in a wider international or global sense as energy security interdependencies deepen; and fourth, East Asia's growing reliance on sourcing energy fuels from outside the region will make it more dependent on stable international energy markets—these markets are becoming increasingly internationalized and globalized, which will broaden the future options of East Asian states developing new international energy partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A dangerous synergy: energy securitization, great power rivalry and strategic stability in the Asian century.
- Author
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Phillips, Andrew
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption , *ENERGY security , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *GREAT powers (International relations) , *ENERGY policy , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,JAPANESE foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of India - Abstract
This paper analyzes the current and prospective implications of Asia's energy consumption revolution for regional stability. Adopting a comparative and historical approach, I argue that Japanese energy security anxieties worked to reinforce regional alignment patterns in East Asia for nearly two decades following the Shanghai communiqué, thereby strengthening regional stability. Conversely, the post-Cold War period has seen in China and India's rise the emergence of Asian energy super-consumers that are not formally aligned with the United States, but that are increasingly dependent on imported energy supplies to fuel their industrialization. This newfound dependence on energy imports has seen both countries follow Japan's longstanding example in securitizing energy as a policy issue. In the context of an already more contested Asia, this trend towards energy securitization has aggravated regional tensions and will continue to do so unless greater efforts are undertaken bilaterally, regionally and globally to foster more effective forms of energy cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Promoting an Energy Community in Northeast Asia.
- Author
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Fallon, Karla
- Subjects
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ENERGY policy , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *ENERGY development , *ENERGY management , *INTERNATIONALISM - Abstract
Are we witnessing tentative steps towards an energy partnership or energy community in Northeast Asia? Is such an energy partnership possible? This paper traces and analyzes recent dialogue, negotiations, agreements and proposed projects for energy cooperation among Russia, China, Japan, and South Korea. It addresses the implications of ChinaÂ’s growing energy demand and implications of RussiaÂ’s attempts to move from a lost position as a political and military superpower to an energy superpower. The paper concludes that reports of competition over Russian energy resources among Japan, China and South Korea are exaggerated and that there is much opportunity for cooperation among these countries. However, a failure to devise and articulate clear and long-term national energy security policies and strategies, particularly by Russia, may lead to the closing of this window of opportunity for cooperation. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
8. BUILDING A NORTHEAST ASIAN REGIONAL COMMUNITY: THE CHANGING POLITICS OF FINANCE AND ENERGY.
- Author
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Calder, Kent E.
- Subjects
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INTERNATIONAL economic integration , *FINANCIAL institutions , *ENERGY policy , *FINANCIAL crises , *ENERGY industries - Abstract
This paper argues that economic crisis, rather than state strategy, is the most important catalyst for formal East Asian political-economic integration. Detailed chronological evidence from two divergent issue areas is used to demonstrate this proposition. The cases of financial institution building and energy policymaking between 1995 and 2005 are considered in particular detail. The Asian financial crisis is found to have catalyzed formation of inter-personal policy networks within Northeast Asia, and to have played strategic agenda-setting roles. Those indirect functions apparently complement and transcend the impact of crisis in creating formal policy structures. In the energy sector, comparable, although less elaborate, integrative processes have been called into motion by sharply rising energy prices-a different sort of economic crisis-especially during the 2002-2005 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
9. The development of biofuels in Asia
- Author
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Zhou, Adrian and Thomson, Elspeth
- Subjects
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BIOMASS energy , *ENERGY development , *ENERGY policy , *ECONOMIC impact , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Abstract: Asia’s largest biofuels producers are currently Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, China and India. This paper first examines the current status of biofuels in these countries, including the national development targets, strategies, incentives and policies. It then identifies the fundamental driving forces behind the development and promotion of these industries and considers their economic, social and environmental impacts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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