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Through a multi-sited physical and virtual ethnography of Chinese migrant women's entrepreneurship in Taiwan, this paper illuminates the role of digital migrant entrepreneurship in the making of globalisation. In the digital age of gendered migrant entrepreneurship, it challenges the long-lasting dichotomy between 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' globalisation and contributes to the theoretical debate about migrant transnational entrepreneurship, elucidating how capitalism and globalisation can take multiple forms. Drawing on Chinese women's migratory biographies and the commercial geographies of the objects they trade between China and Taiwan, it shows how our global economic system is simultaneously forged by supply-chain capitalism and migrants' digitalised petit capitalistic practices. Chinese migrant workers firstly manufacture goods whilst working for multinational companies in China, then, after marriage-migration, they commercialise the products in Taiwan via WeChat. Findings illustrate the link between ICTs, migrant entrepreneurship, gendered social networks, and border transgressions in shaping a mutable globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinmen, located in Taiwan's remote border area, has become increasingly embedded in the global economy by opening its border for trade and tourism with China. Previous rural youth studies mainly focus on decisions and experiences of migration while neglecting the experiences of those who stay in their hometown. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the experiences and subjectivities of young people who stay in the periphery for adulthood transitions. Based on our ethnographic data gathered in Kinmen, it shows how the enlarged employment with the new markets supported by Chinese tourists bring hope for the youth. At the same time, our findings explore how the highly dependent tourism economy and the overdependence on a single source of tourists bring them worry and uncertainty. Analyses of the paper highlight spatial elements in the economic, cultural and political processes of structuring young people's lives and subjectivities under globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a fresh look at the global spread of the Chinese–Taiwanese new religious movement Yiguandao (一貫道; the emic transcription is "I-Kuan Tao") by directing attention to the concrete places where transnational connections and interactions actually transpire, i.e., temples, shrines, and other sites of worship. Emically known as "Buddha halls" (fotang 佛堂), these places range from large-scale temple complexes, to small niches of worship in people's private residences. Yet, they all share the potential of becoming venues of transregional interactions through processes of migration, the circulation of personnel, and local outreach. I argued that we need to take the distinct character of these localities more seriously, in order to fully understand the global networks of Yiguandao groups. Through their specific embeddedness in both local affairs and transnational projects, these temples are not simply local chapters of the (mostly) Taiwanese headquarters, but instead they are "translocalities" or even "portals of globalization"—two concepts developed in migration and global studies to help understand the significance of place in the recent phase of so-called globalization. By exploring Yiguandao temples across the globe, this paper critically evaluated these approaches, and their usefulness for the study of global religions. Empirically, it drew on both print and online material, as well as ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the author in Taiwan, Vienna (Austria), California, South Africa, and Japan from 2016 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the humanitarian work of Taiwan's Tzu-Chi in the U.S. and discusses how the work in the U.S. has facilitated Tzu-Chi in becoming a global humanitarian NGO. Founded in 1966 by a Buddhist nun and a group of women in Taiwan, Tzu-Chi is now the largest civil association working in Taiwan and a reputable humanitarian INGO. However, the internationalization of Tzu-Chi is often taken for granted. This paper problematizes the internationalization process and engages with two theoretical perspectives—resource dependence and structural opportunity. Both perspectives cannot properly explain Tzu-Chi's internationalization process. Drawing on historical materials and engaging with social movement theories, we argue that the U.S. experience has offered (1) cognitive liberation; (2) learning of new organizational forms. This study provides a rare case study on how a non-Western NGO becomes an INGO and offers a co-evolutionary angle to the internationalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature suggests that recent years have witnessed a fundamental shift in higher education internationalisation. This paper argues that a reorientation of policy, which is upheld through an initiative known as the Higher Education Sprout Project, indicates the fundamental shift in higher education internationalisation in Taiwan. The paper begins with an explanation of how the notion of world-class university induced elitism in East Asian higher education. Next, it reviews the last two decades of Taiwan's efforts on developing world-class universities. In particular, the paper explains how perceived domestic problems in higher education, such as an overemphasis on certain performance indicators and the resulting effects of homogenisation, and the phenomenon of emphasising research but neglecting teaching, are considered the consequences of emphasising global competition and the associated quest for building world-class universities. The paper argues that the recent policy change reveals an intention to uphold egalitarianism, thereby reaching a balance between fulfilling global ambition and addressing local needs in higher education. This intention highlights the political essence of internationalisation policy for higher education. It also reaffirms the significance of the global–local dynamics in higher education policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concurs with Hamilton-Hart and Yeung that in South Korea and Taiwan, the predominance of global production networks, growth of private enterprises, and democratization have placed developmental state institutions under pressure. However, despite the reorganization of the pilot agency and state bureaucracy, new institutions have emerged to take on the functions of policy consultation and coordination. These institutions continue to control ample financial and regulatory resources, which allow state elites to coordinate industrial transformation and mediate global engagement. South Korea and Taiwan, however, differ in their ability to appease sociopolitical conflict and find common ground to defy neoliberal tendency. Moreover, they differ in their preexisting industrial structures, modes of engaging with the global market, and security considerations with respect to mainland China. Given path dependency, the two cases differ in their success in launching new industries and facilitating defensive globalization. Due to this divergence, the two economies hold disparate positions in the global division of labor: lead firms in South Korea, contract manufacturers in Taiwan, and aspiring platform leaders in both cases. Enterprises from these two economies also weave disparate types of production networks, with those from South Korea exhibiting a higher level of functional diversity and geographical expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last twenty years and with the age of globalization, migration flows of populations have been increasing throughout the world. Migrants who enter into Taiwan for the purpose of international marriage currently stands at more than 450,000. The highest percentages of them are women, and most come from Mainland China (M.C.) and Southeast Asian countries (S.E.A.), such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. Many international marriage immigrant wives meet their Taiwanese husbands using commercial matchmaker agencies. In this paper, I will focus on the marketization of international marriage business's involving Taiwanese men and immigrant women from S.E.A. and M.C.. I will discuss the mechanisms and the processes by which commercial matchmaker agencies operate in order to bring both Taiwanese men and the immigrant women together. From some immigrant women's accounts, the commercial matchmaker agencies arranged immigrant women to stay in a 'brides-to-be' camp - where women take training courses to learn how to be Taiwanese wives- until women are chosen by Taiwanese men. I will use literature around body work to frame this paper and discuss how immigrant women may be trained to prepare themselves for marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a case study of Taiwan, this paper seeks to address recent debates surrounding the transformation of developmental states in East Asia. Whilst a number of authors have cited the Taiwanese state as being both cautious and resilient in the midst of global restructuring, this paper seeks to critically engage with such arguments by highlighting the dynamic and mutually constitutive relations between the forms of social relations that underpin late development and the wider geopolitical system in which such development occurs. Specifically, Taiwanese industrialisation can be viewed as an outcome of the US intervention in the Chinese civil war and subsequent exclusion of China from the regional political economy in the period between the Korean and Vietnam Wars. The Kuomintang (KMT)'s retreat to Taiwan established the basis for the autonomous developmental state, and the US underpinned this state through military protection, aid and access to its own domestic market. However, the relative decline of US hegemony and the readmission of China into the international system have posed significant challenges to Taiwan's developmental state. The US sought to redress its trade imbalance with East Asia by placing pressure on Taiwan to liberalise its political economy. Furthermore, the very process of development itself served to undermine the autonomy of the state as it came under pressure from new social forces. Taiwan has more recently been faced with a dilemma of closer integration with the mainland or the maintenance of its de facto economic and political independence at the risk of becoming isolated from the global trading system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The rapid development of information technology and the emergence of the Internet have created a borderless business environment and intensified market competition. Riding on the globalization trend, high-tech companies have been gradually leveraging information technology in order to shorten their manufacturing processes, enhance productivity with lower costs and prompt delivery to meet the customers’ needs. To achieve these targets and maintain competitive advantages, companies have been introducing enterprise resource planning (ERP) and knowledge management (KM). This paper finds, via literature review, that most scholars focus only on the deployment of ERP systems and improvement of flows. Few have introduced the KM concept into ERP systems. This paper collated the literature relevant to ERP and KM and integrates the findings to introduce the ERP KM concept. The most important thing is to establish a detailed introduction plan and a prior understanding of the critical success factors (CSFs) for ERP KM introduction. This paper summarizes the CSFs for ERP KM introduction via literature review and examines the influence of these CSFs on management performance. A questionnaire survey is conducted to collect the relevant data and SPSS 10.0 (statistics software) is run for statistical and multiple regression analyses. Among these CSFs, support from senior managers, corporate vision, reengineering of corporate flows and project management, selection of appropriate consulting firms and software suppliers, the identification of suitable employees to take part in ERP introduction and the proper training and education programs have positive influences on management performance. In the multiple regression analysis, all of the individual constructs are positively and significantly correlated. The explanatory power of individual variables is high. It is hoped that the research finding can serve as a reference for ERP KM introduction to corporations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Journal publication is a core avenue for sharing research in the LIS field. Effective scholarly communication is beneficial to the growth of a discipline. Bibliometrics research shows that articles in prestigious international journals are predominantly those of authors based in a few nations, however. Papers from authors outside the established nations are likely to be cited less often. This study analysed the longitudinal changes in geographical patterns of authorship, collaboration types, and factors affecting the citation impact of seven top LIS journals over a period of 29 years. In addition to data from all nations, this paper includes specific findings relating to Asian countries. Analysis of 8,140 papers shows that the internationalisation level in the sample set has increased in terms of number of nations represented and in a decreasing Gini coefficient. The presence of Asian nations such as Taiwan and Singapore as top contributing countries is particularly notable in the past 10 years. Domestic collaboration is found to be the dominant type of authorship pattern. In terms of citation impact as measured by citation counts, logistic regression was used to test the effects of author continent, country income level, collaboration type, publication year, and number of authors. Papers from lower-income countries or from Asian or European authors are found less likely to be 'more cited.' International and domestic collaboration had a positive relation with citation counts. A practical implication is that authors may consider international collaboration as a way to increase the visibility and impact of their research. Nevertheless, the reasons behind such differential citation impact require more exploration. Invisible colleges, the strengths of weak ties, and the geographic scope of a paper are some factors to be further examined. It is hoped that more research can help identify and overcome barriers in scholarly communication so as to achieve a genuine internationalisation of science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has three objectives: i) to empirically examine labor market transitions in deindustrializing Asian economies; ii) to study the character of labor market risks and how these risks are shifting by gender, by education level, and by age in the transitional period; and iii) to rethink the commonly accepted assumptions that deindustrialization and globalization are the main causes of new labor market risks and, thus propose the possibility of institutional legacy as an important factor for such risk shifts. This study focuses on the labor market risks in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Three steps are taken in this inquiry. First, this study commences by empirically examining the three labor market changes mentioned above. Second, it challenges the idea of the emergence of 'new risks,' arguing instead for the concept of 'risk shift': the feature of risk shifting to different demographic groups. Lastly, with the empirical evidence already used, this paper discusses whether deindustrialization or globalization is a sufficient cause for risk shifts in deindustrializing Asian economies, proposing that institutional legacy may be an important factor in risk shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper views seeking the optimal balance between state strengths and the scope of state functions for 'good governance' as the formation of a homogenization-heterogenization matrix of policy initiatives in different social settings. Homogenization refers to a global tendency for institutional changes and governance framework to change state capacity, while heterogenization refers to the local adaptation of these global transformations. The paper attempts to take educational decentralization as an example of policy initiatives to assess and analyse the significance of the two opposite poses in four East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan). The paper's position is that it may be useful to see these four NIEs as making up two clusters. It sees political democratic transitions in Korea and Taiwan as important local factors affecting the developments of educational decentralization in the two societies, while reforms in Hong Kong and Singapore seem to be more consequences of managerial and market values. However, the NIEs face the question of how to maintain sufficient 'stateness' in the decentralization process. To conclude, the paper considers that achieving the balance of 'stateness' is the key to success in state-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the possible framework for encouraging the presence of local dimensions in an internationalised and globally competitive system by using Taiwan’s higher education system as a case. It begins by discussing the notion of internationalisation and its implications for higher education. It then turns to look at Taiwan’s responses to these global developments. It also reviews different opinions on the position and importance of local dimensions in the world of globalised higher education. Based on these perspectives, the paper advocates promoting the concept of state-building in Taiwan’s as well as in other higher education systems for preserving or even strengthening the local dimensions of individual academic systems operating in the international knowledge network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores indigenization and globalization, the double issue of curriculum and identity as a dialectical contradiction that characterizes the ambivalence of “Taiwanese identity.” “Taiwanese identity” is treated as a social, political, and cultural construct rather than a fixed term in an essentialist sense. Curriculum, as culture''s medium of social identity construction, represents a struggle over who constructs whose identity and what is constructed. Therefore, when curriculum reform is called for, it is also a time when a society transitioning and redrawing its socio-political and cultural boundaries to resolve internal social conflicts and identity anxiety. Curriculum reform, in this paper, is analyzed not only as a question of shifting explicit ideas of educational practice but also a question of shifting configurations in power relations that signify a politics of identity. The historical context that brought about the question of identity in Taiwan is introduced first. The second section discusses how emerging curricula were politically, socially, and culturally implicated in the process of constructing a Taiwan-centric identity. The third section analyzes the political, social, cultural, and educational implications of new curricula on the formation of a Taiwan-centric identity. Finally, the paper discusses the effect of globalization on the practice of new curricula and points out an ambivalence of local–global identity construction and the conflicting roles of education, especially curriculum, in this ambivalence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The IT industry developed in the United States and was then transmitted to Japan and further to Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Adopting the 'Flying Geese development' model as its analytical framework, this paper examines the development of the IT industry and the changes in the exports and imports of the five economies. This paper estimated comparable time series data on the production, export, and import of IT goods and IT services separately for the five economies. It found that the US has already reached the reverse import stage for IT goods while East Asian economies are at the export stage. Furthermore, only the US exports IT services to the other four. It also provides an econometric analysis of the mechanism of international transmission of the IT industry. This paper also takes into account foreign direct investment, OEM, and mobility of IT specialists into the analysis and refers to the possibility of leapfrogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central question of this paper is whether China can go beyond simple technological transfer and toward innovation in this age of globalization. By adopting an institutionalist perspective, this paper argues that China has developed a dualist model during its economic transitional period in which the foreign sector has been isolated from domestic firms, while the domestic industrial sectors have also failed to develop organic linkages among themselves to facilitate technological learning and generate innovation. This paper discusses four major institutional arrangements that deeply influence China's technological development – the institutional logic of economic reform, the state's industrial policy, the financial system and the industrial structure. It suggests that, owing to these institutional elements, China has neither developed economies of scale, as compared with the South Korean case, nor has it built up a network-type of economy similar to its Taiwanese counterpart in order to generate the mechanisms needed for technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalisation is a central concept in this paper but it is important to note that 'globalisation' is a highly contested term. Strong globalisation theory argues that the global economy is dominated by uncontrollable global forces in which nation states are structurally constrained and therefore the capacity of modern states eventually declines. Unlike strong globalists, other scholars believe even though there may be similar trends and patterns in public policy and public management domain along the line of privatisation, marketisation, commodification and corporatisation, different governments may use the similar strategies to serve their own political purposes. Hence, modern states may tactically make use of the globalisation discourse to justify their own political agendas or legitimise their inaction. The present paper sets out in this wider context to reflect upon globalisation effects on national policy, with particular reference to how the selected East Asian societies such as the four Tigers, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea as well as mainland China have transformed their higher education systems. More specifically, this paper discusses the theme of 'similar trends, diverse agendas' by examining how the selected East Asian governments have reformed their higher education systems to cope with the growing impact of the global tide of marketisation and decentralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggests that pro-environmental groups in the Global South are strongly influenced by international organizations and monetary forces. However, scholars have not systematically examined the variety of transnational linkages that affect such nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Drawing from the experiences of Taiwan’s environmental NGOs (ENGOs), this paper theorizes four possible types of transnational linkages. Interviews with and archival data on a representative sample of 30 major ENGOs in Taiwan reveal only modest effects of international financial resources and direct connections to international organizational actors. Rather, Taiwan’s ENGOs are mainly influenced by (1) the universalistic knowledge and practices carried by experts and professionals and (2) horizontal organizational learning and modeling facilitated by common organizational identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a model that includes three sub-circuits, i.e. technology, culture, and market, this paper shows that the Asian online gaming market has its peculiarities, which are reflected in the case study of popular “cute” games in the Taiwanese market. Asian-oriented “cute” games are based on the themes of Japanese video game culture and Manga, thus creating an Asian-style amusement, which establishes friendly gameplay and an easy-to-use environment. Two types of “cute” games: girls’ games and children’s games, are well accepted by young females in their twenties and by children in the 10 to 15 age group, who are resident in Taiwan’s urban areas. Asian “cute” games present a form of cultural hybridity, a combination of American digital entertainment and Asian urbanized culture. They have become a form of cultural flow in the regional market, established on the basis of Asian modernity and consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper compares the status of women in Chile and Taiwan in order to examine two research questions: First, what can explain Taiwan's considerably better record in enhancing the status of women? Second, what are the implications for the ongoing debate among global feminists about the effects of globalization on the status of women? Case studies of the two countries suggest that they are fairly similar in terms of progress on women's education and health, but that Taiwan has a very significant advantage in terms of women's employment status and political representation. Taiwan's better performance in these areas reflects its distinctive development pattern and electoral institutions, while the implications of the case studies for the nature of globalization's effects on the status of women are more complex and nuanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the evolution of the cultural and creative industries (CCI) policy in Taiwan. Beginning with the early 1990s, when the ‘culturalization of industries, industrialization of culture’ represented the central theme of Taiwanese ‘cultural policy’, it traces the shift to the present day, in which Taiwan’s ‘CCI policy’ has been driven by the broader economic rationale of pursuing international competitiveness. By examining the recent discourse and development of Taiwan’s CCI policy, the paper reveals that Taiwan’s CCI policy has served to widen, rather than bridge the gaps between ‘localization and globalization’, ‘culture and creativity’, and ‘network system’ of the CCI development and more importantly, has overshadowed cultural issues. Consequently, tensions are emerging which are challenging to future CCI policy development, especially at a time when Taiwan is becoming increasingly incorporated into the fastest growing economy – mainland China, which brings threats and opportunities to the CCI development in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the past decade, many airports have shifted from being simple transfer ports to logistical transportation hubs and, more recently, into multi-functional airport cities. The emergence of the airport city provides evidence of advanced transportation development of a country or a region, as it serves as the impetus for national industry and a gateway to economic globalization. This paper explores the development trend of airport cities in Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore as a basis for analysis of outcomes in Taiwan. Using grounded theory-based qualitative research, this study analyses and conceptualizes thirty key factors and seven trends for airport-city development via interviews with focus groups and experts. These development trends are verified by a contingency analysis with airport cities development intelligence. In addition, this study conducts an industrial matrix analysis and verb-term coding to propose action items for industrial categories in the case of Taiwan Taoyuan international airport. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Financial holding companies in Taiwan play an important role in the process of economic development. Facing the financial globalization and market liberalization, competition between financial holding companies is growing. In data envelopment analysis (DEA) studies, the efficiency measurement can have a two-stage structure. A common approach to the two-stage problem is to apply a standard DEA model separately in each stage; such approaches treat the stages in a two-stage process as operating independently of one another. Different from previous studies, this paper takes the series relationship of the two individual stages into account in measuring the profitability and marketability efficiencies of the Taiwan financial holding companies. It is found that the overall efficiencies of all financial holding companies are inefficient and the low efficiency score of the whole process is mainly due to the low efficiency score of the marketability process. Decomposing the overall efficiency into the component efficiencies helps a company identify the stage that causes inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common for academic institutions in latecomer countries to emulate the Western model. The recent wave of neo-liberal globalization has only intensified the Western impact. This paper examines this process, in particular, of how methods of conducting academic evaluation were adapted and the implications for local knowledge production, using the field of economics in Taiwan as an example. It is shown that some kind of pseudo 'globalized' evaluation criterion, such as inclusion in SSCI journals, was adopted to judge the 'global competitiveness' of local knowledge production. It often leads to devoting academic resources to follow issues raised in the West, and neglecting studying local problems. It is argued here that the latecomers can only make contributions to the world by theorizing our own development experiences. And that is the right way to globalize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasingly various demands on the infrastructure and industrialization for global competition, vocational education in Taiwan is facing the turning point of renovation for its competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical structure and curriculum features of vocational education in Taiwan with the former comprised by the cluster-based curriculum and the latter by the school-based curriculum. Cluster-based curriculum not only strengthens students' capability on core courses but also provides more opportunities to allow students to switch their interests. Nevertheless, school-based curriculum has been confronted with several barriers, such as traditional expectation of school functions, the instructional routine, rigidly fixed instructional patterns, and lack of internal and external evaluation mechanism. Finally, the future research focus should dwell more on experimental design in comparing teachers' and students' perspectives toward the curricular changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan has entered the age of global householding. The social processes leading to this new era can be partly attributed to heightened difficulties in forming and sustaining households solely within Taiwanese society. Rates of marriage among Taiwanese are falling due to increasing difficulties in finding suitable partners. Late marriage and divorce rates are rising, both of which also contribute to declining birth rates and a shrinking labour force. In response, over the past two decades cross-border marriages have dramatically increased, and hundreds of thousands of foreign workers are being brought to Taiwan as domestic workers and caretakers for the elderly. All of these processes are highly related to shifts in social, political and economic linkages among Taiwan, mainland China and Southeast Asia. This paper details the rise of global householding and the conflicts it encounters with both Taiwan's society and its immigration policies. How the state and Taiwanese people respond to these conflicts is of critical importance to the multicultural society that is already emerging through global householding in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalisation trend has significantly expanded the overall trading market leading to increased competition and changes in the global structure of manufacturing activities. As a result, we have witnessed the rapid flow of foreign direct investment into mainland China since it adopted its open market strategy in the 1980s. This paper sets out to combine regional and industrial concepts to form an innovation system based on a global view of the development strategy for the ICT industry under the triple dimension structure of interaction between markets, technology and institutions. The competition amongst multinational corporations for the mainland Chinese markets has been of equal importance, with strategic industrialists' adoption of `co-opetition' strategies which have contributed to significant growth in the Chinese economy. The development of the ICT industry on the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, under such cooperative but competitive strategies, highlights the simultaneous development of an industrial innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses Taipei's status as a regional global city within the context of the theoretical framework of Hill and Kim. The discussion is based on both theoretical and empirical considerations. On the one hand, theoretical discourses revolving around global cities tend to ignore the possible variations between global cities, so much so that the type based on New York has been regarded as a standard global city and the politico-economic peculiarities of Tokyo and Seoul have tended to be downplayed. On the other hand, Taipei, a Third World city that might gain the status of a regional global city, has not hitherto received extensive examination and observation. Resorting to the binary framework formulated by Hill and Kim to emphasise the salient features of Tokyo and Seoul, the author describes and underscores Taipei's development experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on globalisation and the literature of democratisation of society and education cannot explain the complicated interplay between democratisation, localisation and the pursuit of 'national' identity in both education and the broader society of Taiwan between the late 1980s and 2000. The paper argues that these three processes are indivisible in Taiwan. They involve not only the reallocation of power between the state, society and education, but also the redefinition of the territorial and social components of Taiwanese 'national' identity in relation to the Chinese mainland. In particular, social pressure groups, teachers and parents are empowered in policymaking processes at various levels, whilst the power of school principals and education officials to respond to these pressure groups is limited. The role of the school curriculum is now reversed from suppressing to promoting ethnic cultures and identities as points of a new collective identity: 'Taiwan people' with Taiwan as their ultimate homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far as Taiwan's foreign relations are concerned, in parallel to the state's diplomacy and state-blessed Track-II maneuvering, there has emerged a more natural and meaningful phenomenon: i.e. grassroots solidarity between Taiwanese activist NGOs and their foreign counterparts, as a result of the joint pursuit of common social justice goals. It is high time that voluntary transnational activism was studied for a more comprehensive understanding of Taiwan's foreign relations in the era of democratization and surging activism of transnational social movement campaigns. This paper discusses the internationalization of Taiwan's social movement NGOs: their background, motivations, activities, and roles in transnational politics. Special attention is paid to the fact that while Taiwanese NGO activities in the transnational NGO community by nature ignore and disregard the state's diplomatic interests, both the quality and quantity of such activities have been severely restricted by Taiwan's poor diplomatic status in the inter-state community. This is a unique paradox not studied in the mainstream discourse on transnational civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In stark contrast to the Western experience, policy rationales for internationalization of higher education (IoHE) in Taiwan were taoriginally more related to non-economic considerations. • The Taiwan case can be explained by the island's nascent political openness. Local politics have heavy impacts on the development of IoHE, even in an era of globalization where market principles, performance metrics, and university autonomy are valued. • The subsystem actors'orientation of national identity, which has a connection to their affiliation to political parties, has played a prominent part in driving and shaping IoHE policy in Taiwan. • The influence of Taiwan's inward-looking political climate is more apparent in policy rationales, than in policy strategies per se. • The dynamics of the policy subsystem, in which actors often exploit IoHE as an instrument for various domestic purposes, are the key to explaining the features of IoHE policy in different country contexts. Nationalism's rise represents a potential harbinger of doom for the internationalization of higher education (IoHE). Space exists for research to amplify our understanding of the interplay between internationalization and nationalism from a public policy theory perspective. The study identified and classified policies and policy ideas pertinent to IoHE, and furthermore, explored how political rivalries in Taiwan have influenced IoHE's development under globalization. Analysis of documentary data from an online national database reveals how IoHE policy changes reflect the machinations of political actors to advance domestic political agendas and provoke controversy. The advocacy coalition framework informs our explanation of how the aforementioned changes reflect Taiwan's inward-looking political climate, unique geopolitical circumstances, and longstanding controversy over national identity. The paper discusses the implications of context for IoHE development across three consecutive government regimes to provide insights for further comparisons with other localities and contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]