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Network theory is a valuable tool for understanding how transnational human rights advocacy emerges and develops; how norms become salient; and how nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) gain prominence within networks. This article evaluates political network theory through the case study of the transnational lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) advocacy network. Through interviews with key figures at human rights and LGBTQ NGOs, I suggest that the transnational LGBTQ network emerged through contestation with the human rights gatekeeper, Amnesty International, and its US section, AIUSA. This process of contestation would produce a specific type of gatekeeper activism that would become a defining feature of the network. Over time, the network would evolve from a collection of national groups engaging in direct action to a highly professional and international network with a dual focus on movement building in the Global South and the advancement of LGBTQ rights at the United Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the passage of a citizenship law that pass down rights to around 10,000 to 25,000 stateless individuals of the Roma community in 1993 in Czech Republic. The citizenship law provides guidelines to individuals who wanted to gain or maintain Czech citizenship. The requirements include verification of a five-year period of residence, unobjectionable criminal record and unwieldy fees and administrative processes. Key information regarding the factors that triggered the 1999 amendment with emphasis on the role of local nongovernmental organizations, human rights activists, international pressure and economic policy are also discussed.