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The rapid detection and characterization of megathrust earthquakes is a difficult task given their large rupture zone and duration. These events produce very strong ground vibrations in the near field that can cause weak motion instruments to clip, and they are also capable of generating large-scale tsunamis. The 2011 M 9 Tohoku-oki earthquake that occurred offshore Japan is one member of a series of great earthquakes for which extended geophysical observations are available. Here, we test an automated scanning algorithm for great earthquakes using continuous very long-period (100–200 s) seismic records from K-NET strong-motion seismograms of the earthquake. By continuously performing the cross-correlation of data and Green's functions (GFs) in a moment tensor analysis, we show that the algorithm automatically detects, locates and determines source parameters including the moment magnitude and mechanism of the great Tohoku-oki earthquake within 8 min of its origin time. The method does not saturate. We also show that quasi-finite-source GFs, which take into account the effects of a finite-source, in a single-point source moment tensor algorithm better fit the data, especially in the near-field. We show that this technique allows the correct characterization of the earthquake using a limited number of stations. This can yield information usable for tsunami early warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to investigate the continuous volcanic tremor of Aso Volcano in Japan, we performed a series of temporary short-period seismic array observations near the Nakadake first crater (the active crater) during five years from 1999 to 2003. We deployed in all of the temporary observations a seismic array at the same location about 700 m west of the active crater, in order to investigate long-term changes in the tremor activity. In 1999 and 2003, another array was simultaneously deployed at a different location 700 m north of the crater to help locate the tremor sources. We developed a frequency domain semblance method and applied it to the waveform data of the frequency range where the continuous tremor is dominant (3–6 Hz). We measured arrival azimuths and slownesses of the continuous tremor signals as functions of frequency, which are then used to locate the epicenters of the tremor signals corresponding to the principal peaks of the power spectra. For the observations in 1999 and 2002, the continuous tremor amplitudes are relatively small, and the slowness of the tremor signal observed at the west array takes a local minimum (0.5 to 0.6 s/km) near the frequency (∼4.7 Hz for 1999 and ∼4.8 Hz for 2002) which corresponds to the highest spectral peak. This implies that body waves dominate the tremor signals at the west array around the frequency. The tremor epicenters corresponding to 4.7 Hz for the observation in 1999 are located at the west rim of the currently active crater. While the surface crater activity of Aso remains low and the tremor activity is not clearly linked with the surface activity until early 2003, a close link between the tremor and crater activity appears in the middle of 2003, when a small phreatic eruption occurred a month before the array observation (July 10, 2003). Tremor signals of the observation in 2003 show a large spectral peak (4.2 Hz) where the slowness measured for the west array is very large (1.1 s/km), clearly suggesting that surface waves are dominant. The epicenter is again located at the western rim of the active crater. We interpret these observations as follows: in 1999 and 2002 when the surface activities of Aso were low, the continuous tremor excitation was deep and inactive. In the middle of 2003 when Aso Volcano became active with a series of phreatic eruptions a shallower tremor source was activated, possibly masking the deeper sources. This shallowing of the dominant tremor source could be due to the increase in the volcanic gas flow rate triggered by the phreatic eruptions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]