Search

Large-scale high-rise architecture projects have been central to the rise of the construction industry in Turkey in recent years. This vertical escalation, however, has not been received without dissidence. Scholars, activists, journalists and officials with different viewpoints have participated in media debates regarding the reasons and consequences of this transformation. In these discussions, stakeholders have raised various environmental, cultural and ethical concerns that the vertical organisation of cities generate. Focussing on juxtapositions of Izmir and Istanbul in debates on urban verticality in the city of Izmir, Turkey's third most populated city, the paper examines how such comparisons with Istanbul, where the recent urban neoliberal transformation is experienced most intensely, have been mobilised to oppose vertical expansion. The paper argues that as a result of the recent centralisation of the Turkish economy around construction, the hyper-visibility of skyscrapers and the concentration of the urban transformation generated by the Turkish construction industry in Istanbul, skyscrapers have become materialised symbols of Istanbul's integration into global capitalism, neoliberal urbanisation, and the difference between Istanbul and other urban centres in Turkey. This example establishes urban verticality as a discursive axis at which urban centres outside of the Global North establish their difference from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss how the earthquake risk is exploited by 'disaster capitalism', in order to convert Istanbul to a massive construction site. The shock of the 1999 Marmara Earthquake has been effectively used by the neoliberal market and government as 'a shock therapy' to implement a construction‐led development model for Turkey and to favour the construction sector by introducing new incentives, exceptional rights and interventions, which otherwise might be challenged. The current Turkish government justify the ongoing massive urban transformation and new mass housing projects as an improvement of the housing stock to make residential buildings stronger and more resilient to earthquakes. However, areas actually under earthquake risk do not match the areas that are officially declared under disaster risk by the government. The Disaster Law #6306 that granted the government the absolute right to expropriate land based on the justification of 'protecting residents against earthquakes and other natural disasters' was applied in a selective way to seize valuable land in Istanbul. In the paper I explore how the disaster was quickly converted to an opportunity for economic growth. To do that I introduce stories of three different neighbourhoods in Istanbul, namely Moda, Tozkoparan and Fikirtepe, each of which experience the ongoing massive urban transformation differently based on the land value of the neighbourhoods, class position of the residents, and residents' capacity to organise in order to protect their rights. I describe, how disaster capitalism is lived and experienced differently in these three neighbourhoods. Although the massive construction projects are indifferent to life's sustainability, those projects are justified as interventions in terms of public health and safety through making housing resilient to earthquakes. I critically discuss how in each case biopolitics presents disaster capitalism's massive urban transformation projects as a manifestation of liveliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of forced repatriation, this study investigates the conditions under which Syrian refugees face the spectacle of detention and deportation in Türkiye. As the largest group of Temporary Protection holders within a single country (currently 3.7 million), this case provides a unique lens to examine how asylum policies' increased emphasis on the temporariness of protection and the eventual return leads to the production of illegality , and consequently of the deportable refugee. Based on qualitative data collected between September and December 2019 in Istanbul, Türkiye, this paper argues that the escalating fear of deportability is built on three pillars: (1) exploitation in the informal labour market, (2) quotidian police surveillance and factory raids, and (3) discrimination in public life. The study contributes to the discussion of temporality and deportability in refugee studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do nonstate organizations carry out their programs in political contexts hostile to civil society activity? This paper examines the case of refugee-supporting organizations in Turkey, which hosts over 3.6 million Syrians under a temporary protection regime. While the Turkish state has taken a central role in refugee reception, nonstate organizations have played a sizeable role in refugee support. Analyzing interviews with key personnel across 23 organizations in Istanbul, the paper finds that organizational capacity and organizational identity together explain variations in CSO-state relations. While high-capacity organizations that adopt a variety of "rights-based" and "needs-based" identities will cooperate with state institutions, lower-capacity organizations use comparable signifiers to justify selective engagement or avoidance of state institutions. The paper argues that analyzing how organizations negotiate their identities can help explain variations in CSO-state relations in restrictive contexts without relying on a priori assumptions about CSO alignment with or opposition to the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this opinion paper, I trace children's access to play in the urban context against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the news, civil society organizations' reports and conversations with experts working in Istanbul, Turkey during the last year, I show how children's access to public places in the city gets constrained by urban governance that neglects young people's needs. Examples from the neighborhoods of Istanbul, Turkey, indicate the importance of having in mind the whole community while thinking about bringing play opportunities in public spaces and at the same time raise questions about children's participation in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the whole world struggles with the COVID-19 pandemic, there are many different measures taken by countries. In this sense, the distribution of free masks to citizens between the ages of 20–65 in Turkey is one of the important measures taken against to spread of the pandemic. This distribution process is carried out through pharmacies and people can obtain their masks from any pharmacy in their area of residence. However, this situation may cause some pharmacies to be very busy, and thus social distance cannot be maintained and health and safety of the people may be threatened. In this paper, we aim to prioritize pharmacies so that only determined pharmacies in certain regions perform mask distribution process to prevent virus transmission. For this purpose, Esenler district is taken into consideration for a pilot study which is one of the risky regions in terms of virus spread in Istanbul, Turkey. Multi-criteria decision-making approach (MCDM) is used because of the necessity of handling many factors in decision-making process and the contradiction of evaluation factors in the prioritization of pharmacies. In order to best model the uncertainty in the decision process, the MCDM approach is applied in a fuzzy environment. In addition, spherical fuzzy AHP and VIKOR MCDM approaches are used as novel hybrid method in this paper. As a result of spherical fuzzy multi-criteria analysis, the pharmacies that need to provide free mask distribution in the Esenler region have been successfully identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses issues pertaining to the future of work and sustainability through the lens of a case study of ecological deterioration and how it destroys and creates green jobs in a forest village of Istanbul. As elsewhere in major urban centres of developing countries, the hyper-expansion of city regions due to authoritarian developmentalism fosters the state-led construction sector in Turkey. Growth-driven economic policies continue to have adverse effects on the environment, resulting in deforestation among an array of ecological damage. Based on a qualitative analysis of oral history interviews and observations informed by a larger interdisciplinary research project, we observe resilience in the forest village under scrutiny as certain types of work are abandoned, and new forms are created by adaptation to the ecological and social conditions. The perceptions of changing conditions by locals vary across existing ethnic, gender, and class hierarchies in the local community. Moreover, our findings indicate that the types of work available in the village prior to urban transformation were not all decent or green. In face of ongoing ecological deterioration in a (formerly) forest community, participatory micro-initiatives, and grassroots, utilizing local community projects emerge that nevertheless pursue a green and just transition. We focus on one such initiative, the Community Fungi platform, to demonstrate the possibility of working towards a collective imagination of a green future inspired by past but unforgotten sustainable communal practices, in the context of the forest village under scrutiny in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, logistics is one of the most important tools in disaster relief operations. The logistic planning is essential and a key component in covering the initial needs in the immediate aftermath of any disaster. Planning is both necessary and practical, as it is generally possible to predict the types of disasters that should affect a given location and the needs that such disasters will be likely to cause. Transport planning, reception and distribution of emergency supplies, type and quantity of the resources, the way of procurement and storage of the supplies, the tools of the tracking and means transportation to the stricken area, the specialization of teams participating in the operation and plan of cooperation between these teams, are some vital life-saving coordination roles after natural disasters are connected directly to logistic planning. Turkey is located in one of the most active earthquake and volcanic regions which causes to many major earthquake-prone, in the world with a majority of the population living in these earthquake-prone areas. Earthquakes are one of the major disasters that require emergency logistic planning strategies due to their devastating effects, the large-scale natural disasters could cause major problem on commodities such as food, medicine etc. In this paper, a game theoretical model for emergency logistic planning is developed. To do this a cooperative game model is constructed from a flow problem which occurred after an earthquake in Istanbul. Several solution concepts for maximizing the transferred commodity are given. The paper ends with a conclusion and outlook to future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Istanbul Zone (NW Turkey) forms the eastward extension of Avalonia and was subjected to deformation, uplift and erosion for a time period of 40–50 Ma following the collision with the Sakarya Zone during Early to Late Carboniferous. This paper deals with the petrology and age of the volumetrically minor basic and acidic volcanism at the lowermost horizons of Middle Permian continental red beds, which are overlain by Lower Triassic marine sedimentary rocks in the Kocaeli Peninsula. The volcanic activity is represented mainly by amygdaloidal basalt, rhyolite and minor trachydacite. The amygdaloidal basalt was derived from near-primary middle-K calc-alkaline mantle melts with negligible crystal fractionation. On the other hand, the rhyolite and trachydacite compositionally resemble A2-type rhyolites and underwent low-pressure crystal fractionation as indicated by the presence of a significant Eu anomaly. Initial ɛNd values of amygdaloidal basalt range from 0.0 to 1.5 and those of rhyolite-trachydacite are between −0.4 and −3.4. Amygdaloidal basalt and rhyolite-trachydacite are not directly related to each other by crystal fractionation. Amygdaloidal basalt probably represents the product of the near-primary mantle melts from low-degree melting of a spinel peridotitic source, and the rhyolite-trachydacite originated from highly-fractionated products of basic magmas that are slightly more alkaline than amygdaloidal basalt. However, basic and intermediate products of alkaline basic magmas are unknown in this region to date. U-Pb dating of zircons from a rhyolite sample yielded an igneous crystallization age of 261 ± 3 Ma (2σ), suggesting that the date of deposition of the continental red beds goes back to the latest Middle Permian. Based on the transgressive nature of the Permian-Triassic sequence that starts from the Middle Permian continental red beds and grades into Lower Triassic marine deposits, we suggest that the volcanism likely occurred in an extensional setting. This extension was concurrent with the northward subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys beneath the Sakarya and Istanbul zones after the Variscan orogeny. Therefore, the latest Middle to Late Permian volcanism might have occurred during the initial stage of a back-arc extensional setting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global economic restructuring since the 1970s, and the rollback of the welfare state in the Global North has been a major contributor to a reduction in the affordable housing stock. Similarly in the so-called Global South recent economic development has been accompanied by a lack of sustainable affordable housing and housing policies. In this short paper, I aim to analyse important policy papers from the central government of Turkey and local government of Istanbul focusing on the housing policies. I will use content and policy analysis to examine the legal and policy framework in the city of Istanbul and compare this with what is happening on the ground. These policy papers include Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Strategical Plan (2020–2024), Turkey 11th 5 year Development Plan Housing Politics (2019–2023), Urban Development Strategy (2010–2023) and Istanbul Regional Plan (2014–2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City walls have played a significant role in the history of many cities in both Europe and Anatolia in the Middle Ages. Following the development of war technology, the city walls lost their importance as defensive structures, which led to changes in the urban patterns of walled cities. In the case of Istanbul, the city walls began to lose their defensive role after the Ottoman takeover of the city in the fifteenth century. However, the walls have continued to play new roles beyond defense, such as forming the city's physical, legal, and fiscal boundaries. The Ottoman authorities repaired and conserved the city walls in line with their changing roles, values and meaning for the city. Nevertheless, the city walls in Istanbul were damaged by earthquakes, city fires and particularly urban planning practices in the nineteenth century, as was the case in many walled cities. This paper discusses the intertwined history of preservation and demolition of the city walls by analyzing a cost estimate, dated 1894 and located in the Ottoman State Archives, which was prepared by the modernizing administration of the Ottoman State for the repairs of the Istanbul Land Walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should we understand the relationship between artistic practice and religious devotion? This paper answers that question through a close engagement with the archive of the artist, teacher, doctor, and writer Ahmet Süheyl Ünver (b. 1898–d. 1986). Working from notebooks and archival files produced about Eyüp, Istanbul's most important Muslim district, I offer the concept of 'conjunctions of Islam' to develop two linked arguments. First, Ünver's work challenges essentialist invocations of 'Turkish' or 'Islamic' art. Instead, his work shows us how these terms are historically and geographically specific, embedded within networks of people, places, objects, and histories. Second, Ünver also shows us how definitions of Muslim identity trace geographies other than the territorial nation. Indebted to discussions of relational place-making and topology, my use of conjunction helps us see the making of an urban Muslim self in a new way. In doing so, this article extends recent cultural geographic discussions about skill and creativity, provides a new perspective on the geographies of Islam, and enriches our ability to explain how complex forms of the past are articulated in contemporary Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research on geographies of creativity have proliferated in the last few years, there has been scant attention to religious cultural and artistic practices, particularly in the context of the Middle East. This research seeks to address such gap with a focus on the Islamic and traditional visual arts scene which has flourished in Istanbul in the past decade and a half along with the rise of political Islam in Turkey. Rendered obsolete through the Western-oriented and secular cultural politics since the early republican era, art forms such as Arabic calligraphy (hat), miniature (minyatür), and illumination (tezhip) have now found currency as 'authentically Turkish and Islamic' in an art scene that emerged alongside Islamist politics. This paper examines the trajectory of Islamic and traditional visual arts through the lens of cultural and creative industries starting from the cultural politics of Islamic urban governance through the 1990s and 2000s, and to the emergence of an Islamist-nationalist authoritarianism in the past decade. In doing so, it aims to situate Islamic and traditional visual arts on the map in studies on geographies of creativity, particularly in the Middle Eastern and Islamic context, where limited attention has been paid to cultural and artistic practices. With ethnographic reflections from the field, it highlights the internal dynamics of an art scene and the potential it bears in unsettling the core concepts of Turkish Islamic nationalism from within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is possible to encounter the name of Emine Semiye in various studies conducted on the last periods of the Ottoman history, e.g., works on the Ottoman bureaucracy, Union and Progress Party, and Ottoman Democratic Party. The name of Emine Semiye, who contributed to education as a teacher in different periods, cities, and environments and participated in voluntary activities, particularly those on women's rights, is included in studies conducted in this regard. As she is the author of articles published in various newspapers and journals and literary works, Emine Semiye draws the interest of the literary world and the press. The letters written by Emine Semiye, who lived an extraordinary life considering the period in which she lived, have been significant documents to shed light on her biography and ideas. "Letters to Ms. Guzin", which is also the subject of this article, was published in Yarin (Tomorrow) journal. It is understood that these letters were not seen in independent works written on Emine Semiye. Her "Letters to Ms. Guzin" was published between October-December 1921. These letters are also important in that they were sent from Istanbul, which was occupied then, to Anatolia, where there was a national struggle for independence. In this paper, Emine Semiye's Letters have been examined under 7 headings, excluding "Introduction" and "Conclusion". These headings are: "The Journal Where the Letters Were Published, Yarin", "Emine Semiye's Letters and Articles Published in Yarin", "Ms. Guzin, the Addressee of the Letters", "The Contribution of the Letters to the Biography of Emine Semiye", "Letters to Ms. Guzin in Terms of Reflecting Emine Semiye's Intellectual World", and "Apostille". In this study, Emine Semiye's biography and intellectual world have not been rewritten. Rather, attention was drawn to the articles published in Yarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriages are not historical issues or a thing of the past. This issue, which has legal, social, economic, psychologic, and anthropological roots and should be examined in this context, stands as a global and burning problem that awaits a solution not only in Turkey but also in all parts of the world including developed countries. Moreover, child marriage did not exist only in Ottoman-Islamic legal regulations but also in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Roman, Egyptian, and Athenian civilizations. It has also been part of Hebrew or Christian traditions. Therefore, this phenomenon should not be reduced to a single society, culture, civilization, or religious tradition. Child marriage is related to the meaning associated with the concept of marriage and rather than an application that takes religion as a reference. Thus, it is necessary to accurately understand the meaning associated with the concept of child in Ottoman-Islamic law in order to comprehend this phenomenon in the Ottoman history. Those who are considered children in the 21st century was considered adults in the 19th or early 20th century. They were treated as individuals who claimed social and legal responsibilities. Therefore, one should pay attention to historical meanings of childhood in order to understand the teen marriages in the past rather than looking at the present meaning of the term. Otherwise, a contextual understanding of practices of previous centuries will be obscured. In the Ottoman Empire, Hanafism, the official Islamic school of law, had not set an age limit for the eligibility of marriage until 1917 when reformists passed a new regulation, i.e., the Family Law. Again, according to the Hanafi perspective, extended family members or relatives had been empowered to marry off younger members of the family, which is called "velâyet-i icbâr." Consequently, it allowed grandfathers, fathers, or other senior members of an extended family to marry off children. In the Ottoman society marrying off young women was already a custom and it was usual to marry off young girls as well. Various factors played a role for child marriages. Economic considerations were part of familial motivation but there were also considerations of "sexual purity" before marriage or family reputation. In some cases, grooms did not want to miss an opportunity to marry a girl whom they wanted to unite their lives with. In other cases, families simply wanted to ease their "financial burden" on their family budget. The number of orphans among the early marriages in the Ottoman society amounted to a significant rate and it should not be underestimated in general evaluation of the subject. In order to secure the welfare of the orphan girls their guardians usually married them off at an early age with a noble intention. However, ill-tended relatives also involved in marrying orphan girls and abused their legal powers. This paper examines such an abusive case on Nesibe's marriage in the 19th century. When young Nesibe's father passed away, a legal guardian was assigned a legal while her mother Hayriye hanim was alive. When Nesibe was visiting her older sister in Beykoz, her sister married off Nesibe. When her mother and legal guardian were informed about this marriage, Hayriye hanim went to Zaptiye Nezâreti (Ottoman Police Department) along with the guardian Hafiz Halid Efendi to petition about the marriage. In their petition they expressed that they had also married off Nesibe to a "honorable and moral" man three months ago. In this situation, Nesibe was thirteen years old when her mother and legal guardian married off her three months before her sister married off her to another man again. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that how "velâyet-i icbâr," the power of an extended family members or relatives to marry off young members of the family, had been abused in the Ottoman empire as the case of Nesibe's marriage provides some evidence. Islamic jurisprudents, especially those of the Hanafi school of law, drew a very broad framework for the velâyet-i icbâr, which provided the basis of many teen marriages in the Ottoman history. In this regard, this article presents a useful case study to the Ottoman practices of teen marriage. The paper examines the story of Nesibe, a thirteen-years-old girl, who had been married off twice by her elders, and analyzes the subsequent complaints made by petitions to the Ottoman police department. The issue is traced from the official correspondence between Ottoman administrative institutions. Relevant documents are located in the President's Ottoman Archives in the Council of State section by the 782nd file and 26th cover comprising eleven documents in total. Teen marriage is the subject of religious studies because of its direct relation to Islamic law and social history of the Ottoman Empire. The question of teen marriage has already been the subject of detailed discussion among the jurisprudential corpora and books. For instance, the texts on teen marriage constitute a great extend among the published works of Islamic jurisprudence such as "Ahkâmu'l-Tıfl" (Regulations on Minors) and demonstrates the significant relevance of the topic for religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper foregrounds the state–corporate alliance in real estate development in Istanbul since the early 2000s. Employing a geo-coded sample of 294 private housing development projects built since the early 1980s and in-depth interviews with the private development companies, the paper focuses on how the construction industry and the massive commodification of urban land produced a new state–space nexus. The underlying question here is the nascent shape of urban political-economy, the trends of housing construction, the cycles of boom and bust and the mechanisms of capital accumulation concerning the state's centralising control over space. In this sample, a few critical aspects of the production of concrete space became apparent. Seven findings are discussed. First, the developers of Istanbul followed the clientelistic patterns in the urban built environment. The second aspect is that the state is the sole supply-side actor that determines Istanbul's built environment. The third point in this analysis of urban development initiated by the private sector is focused on the fact that the real estate speculation is state-led. The fourth and fifth points are related to the Turkish real estate developers' inability to procure financing for the duration of the construction process. The sixth factor in the evaluation of the private real estate sector in Istanbul is the geographical and class dispersal of active development projects. The seventh factor in understanding those real estate developers is their novel approach to marketing and advertisement and the way they employ architecture as an extension of public relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper evaluates the effect of charging plastic bags on consumer behavior. • The demand by the consumer for plastic bags, bin bags, and own bags is analyzed. • Face-to-face questionnaires are applied to 821 consumers reside in Istanbul. • There has been a change of using plastic bags in shopping. • There has been a change of using plastic bags keeping it as domestic waste. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the plastic bag fee (that was implemented in Turkey recently) on the consumer behavior. For this purpose, a face-to-face consumer survey with 821 respondents was conducted in Istanbul. A paired sample t -test was carried out in order to compare consumers' average frequency of using plastic bags, bringing their own bags for shopping, using plastic bags obtained in shopping for domestic waste and purchasing bin bags for domestic waste before/after the implementation of the policy of charging for plastic bags. Two different multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine which factors affect the change in plastic bag demand by the consumers for when the plastic bags were free of charge and for when they were paid. The results suggest that there has been a statistically significant change in consumers' behaviors towards using plastic bags in shopping and the means of keeping domestic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods help researchers in solving many problems in terms of numerical analysis. However, MCDM methods have not been very popular in the health sector. In this study, five ones of Turkey's most intense and highly populated cities were selected and the risk of the spread of Covid-19 disease was evaluated on the basis of seven criteria. The PROMETHEE and the ELECTRE methods were conducted to rank the cities in terms of the spread of Covid-19. The PROMETHEE method correctly ranked the most risky city as Istanbul, but ELECTRE ranked Istanbul the second most risky. The results of the methods are compared with real data. PROMETHEE gave more convenient results than ELECTRE. Also, this paper offers a new field of study to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines eight marble samples from the architectural elements and liturgical furniture of the ecclesiastical complex of Santa Giustina in Padova (Italy), founded by the Rufus Venantius Opilio before AD 524. The provenance determination of the marbles was carried out by means of a multi-analytical approach combining mineralogical–petrographic investigations, performed by microscopic observations of thin sections, and the measurement of the ratios of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. The results obtained were compared with up-to-date petrographic and isotopic databases (Antonelli and Lazzarini 2015), and they showed that the analyzed marbles come from the quarries of the island of Proconnesus in Asia Minor, modern Marmara Adası (Turkey). Archaeometric evidence, together with the stylistic and functional analysis of the pieces, suggests the direct importation of a complete set of sculptures, shipped at different stages of workmanship from the workshops of Constantinople and expressly ordered by a single patron, who can be identified as Opilio, founder of the basilica of Santa Giustina and praetorian prefect at the court of King Theodoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, the transportation industry's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased by 147.1% between 1990 and 2019. Today, this transportation industry (i.e., freight and passenger) is among the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey's megacities. Moreover, 65.43% of short-distance trips between home to work and home to school have been made by private automobiles in Istanbul and increasing concerns about environmental pollution have led practitioners to seek practical, robust, and effective solutions to reduce GHG emissions. Shared electric scooters have rapidly become popular for end-users and practitioners in megacities, depending on their valuable advantages. However, the rapid spread of micro-mobility, characterized by e-scooters, has also raised questions about this system's sustainability, suitability, and applicability. Thus, there are some critical and noteworthy gaps in this issue. This study investigates the factors affecting the suitable e-scooter selection for a sustainable urban transport system. Besides, it aims to develop a methodological framework for assessing the available e-scooter alternatives. For this purpose, a novel negotiation approach, a new form of the Delphi technique, was developed with the help of Fermatean fuzzy sets to identify the influential criteria. Also, the current paper presents a consensus-based MULTIMOORA (Multiple Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form) decision-making model based on Fermatean fuzzy sets to address the appraisal problem concerning e-scooter selection. The current paper indicated that economic measures such as acquisition price and upkeep costs affect the e-scooter selection processes. In addition, an optimization model based on cross-entropy and dispersion measures is utilized to compute criteria weights. It highlighted that the costs of e-scooters are still high, and operators consider these criteria instead of the technical and operational features of the e-scooters. Finally, the validity check executed to test the robustness and trustworthiness of the model affirms the model's firmness and trustworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the life stories of three unaccompanied asylum seeking youth residing at a state care shelter in Istanbul in 2015 and 2016. Through its intervention, the research follows an engaged anthropological approach to reveal the hidden aspects of the youth's emotional and intellectual worlds. The in-depth life stories shared here illuminate Homi Bhabha's Third Space Theory (1994) and are amplified by a methodological approach we call affective multimodalities. As we seek to understand the various ways the youths navigate survival and learning to be freed from institutional categories, we explore a few concepts of Third Space Theory: extraterrestrial territories, paradoxical worlds, afterliferebirth, and a displaced angle of vision. Through the practice of a collaborative radio show and photography elicitations, the youth were asked to share their dreams as they were encouraged to realize their potentials. During this co-creative approach, one of the youth even became a co-author of this paper. The ethnographic insights produced through this approach allows us to explore the third space theory with a poetical reflection through words and images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water supply has been a chronic challenge in Istanbul since its foundation. Authorities have sought alternative methods since the Roman and Byzantine periods. Cisterns, channels and wells surveyed in urban heritage sites in Istanbul provide evidence of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as a working solution in the past. However, RWH systems have only been utilized in contemporary plans and policies very recently, particularly since the climate change crisis entered the political agenda in Turkey. Taking this as a point of departure, this paper investigates the challenges of widespread implementation of RWH systems in Istanbul through a participatory inquiry with water management actors. Challenges and needs are explored through a set of in-depth interviews and participatory workshops with representatives from water management institutions. The findings reveal that current challenges are related to planning and development, legislation and governance, financing, society, infrastructure, installation and operation of systems. The potential solution is the establishment of a governance mechanism that enables collective action among relevant actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of intangible assets by testing their relationship with the earnings of Turkish listed companies over the period spanning from 1998 to 2017. This period relates to a number of substantial occurrences including Turkey's convergence to IFRS and global financial crises. Dynamic panel data results reveal that the effect of intangible assets on earnings is statistically significant and positive during the 2008 financial crisis and significant and negative during the adoption of IFRS in 2005. The findings demonstrate the role of intangible assets on earnings in an emerging market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is having a positive impact on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effects of meteorological parameters on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are a matter of curiosity. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the association between air quality indexes (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and weather parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, dew, and wind speed) with the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges. In this paper, we also focused on determining the impact of air pollution and weather parameters on the number of daily hospitalizations and daily discharges. It is gleaned daily cases, hospitalizations, hospital discharges, meteorological, and air quality data in Istanbul from Turkey between July 15, 2020, and September 30, 2020. We performed the Pearson correlation analysis to evaluate the effects of meteorological parameters and air quality indexes on the variables related to SARS-CoV-2. It is determined a statistically significant positive relationship between air quality indexes such as CO, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. We also observed a negative association between weather parameters such as temperature and pressure and the number of daily confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases. Our study proposes that high air quality could reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. The empirical findings of this paper might provide key input to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Number of tall buildings in metropolitan areas such as Istanbul increased dramatically in recent years. On the other hand, it is crucial to conduct condition assessment of such structures after an earthquake due to public safety and owner-need reasons. Structural health monitoring (SHM) enables condition assessment of structures before, during and after earthquake rapidly, remotely and objectively. SHM systems are mandatory to be installed on tall buildings in Turkey since 2019 because of their significant contribution to our understanding of dynamic behavior of tall buildings and our capability of condition monitoring. With the motivations and reasons mentioned above, three tall buildings in Istanbul have been monitored continuously by the research team led by the second author. In the first part of this paper, results from long-term monitoring of Building-3 are presented and also, identification of modal parameters before, during and after Mw 5.7 earthquake by different methods are discussed. Afterwards, a unique methodology on the development and updating of Timoshenko beam model of the building based on identification results is given. This methodology is able to estimate the accelerations of non-instrumented floors from instrumented floors; therefore, condition assessment of the building during an earthquake can be precisely performed by computing inter-story drift ratios. In addition to tracking modal values and calculating inter-story drifts, determination of wave propagation is explained as an alternative condition assessment tool. Lastly, in-house developed software platform for real-time monitoring of tall buildings is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to create a new fuel flow rate model using cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) for the descending stage of the flight. Design/methodology/approach: Using the actual flight data record data of the B737-800 aircraft, a new fuel flow rate model has been developed for this aircraft type. The created model is to predict the fuel flow rate with high accuracy depending on the altitude and true airspeed. In addition, the CSA fuel flow rate model was used to calculate the fuel consumption for the point merge system, which is used for combining the initial approach to the final approach at Istanbul Airport, the largest airport of Turkey. Findings: As a result of the analysis, the correlation coefficient value is found as 0.996858 for Flight 1, 0.998548 for Flight 2, 0.995363 and 0.997351 for Flight 3 and Flight 4, respectively. The values that are so close to 1 indicate that the model predicts the real fuel flow rate data with high accuracy. Practical implications: This model is considered to be useful in air traffic management decision support systems, aircraft performance models, models used for trajectory prediction and strategies used by the aviation community to reduce fuel consumption and related emissions. Originality/value: The importance of this study lies in the fact that to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first fuel flow rate model developed using CSA for the descent stage in the existing literature; the data set used is real values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, cities have been experiencing neoliberal urbanization processes since the 1970s, while also contributing to the production of the neoliberal condition per se. The neoliberal state plays a core role in such processes, which have deepened the commodification of urban space via various mechanisms such as the privatization of public land and key urban infrastructure. This article critically investigates the direct involvement of the neoliberal state in the commodification of urban space by focusing on its triple role as a restructuring mechanism, a land developer and a volume housing developer in Turkey. The research develops and applies a theoretical framework based on Lefebvre's production of space and Gramsci's theory of hegemony. The paper examines the development of branded housing projects, which are private neighbourhoods, by analysing national legislative and organizational changes leading to the production of this type of development and illustrates this using four example projects in Istanbul. The paper contributes to the international evidence of the variegated characteristics of the neoliberal state in relation to urban development, and the neoliberal state's role in the accumulation of capital in contemporary capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the 'social conflict' theory to analyse the challenges to combatting violence against women in Turkey. It argues that these obstacles that are grounded in unequal social power relations are structured in the political landscape where decisions over who gets what are made. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP)'s 'male biased' political decisions such as withdrawing Turkey from the Council of Europe's Convention on Preventing and Combatting Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) reflect the current conditions of the balance of societal interests in the political order. Turkish women's struggle for equality requires a shift in existing conditions of power in favour of pro-gender equality forces that would enable the representation of their preferences and interests in the political landscape, which is always tilted towards certain groups and their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-led urban renewal has been a "modus operandi" for transforming city parts to serve various objectives, including the reproduction of the built environment, maximizing returns to real estate, or changing the socioeconomic profiles of neighborhoods. However, large-scale urban renewal agendas do not necessarily unfold as projected. This paper introduces the term 'detransformation' to define the socio-political nature of this multifaceted and complex process of urban change that diverges from the intended outcome and intensifies the politics of waiting. By conducting a comparative analysis of three extreme cases of urban renewal operations from three major metropolitan cities in Turkey (Fikirtepe-Kadikoy in Istanbul, Karabaglar in Izmir, and Akdere-Mamak in Ankara), we explore the inherent institutional, political, and administrative mechanisms that impede the intended redevelopment outcomes. We identify the socioeconomic and legal dynamics that lead to the institutional bottlenecks in redevelopment planning and conclude that the reckless urban renewal implementation generates exceptions to the order of formal urbanization that is mainly shaped around the politics of waiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A considerable evidence base has been produced in recent years highlighting the effectiveness of brief scalable psychological interventions for people living in communities exposed to adversity. However, practical guidance on how to scale up these interventions to wider populations does not exist. In this paper we report on the use of Theory of Change (ToC) to plan the scale up of the World Health Organization's flagship low intensity psychological intervention "Problem Management Plus" (PM+) for Syrian refugees in Turkey. Methods: We conducted a one-day ToC workshop in Istanbul. ToC is a participatory planning process used in the development, implementation and evaluation of projects. It is similar to driver diagrams or logic models in that it offers a tool to visually present the components needed to reach a desired long-term outcome or impact. The overall aim of ToC is to understand the change process of a complex intervention and to map out causal pathways through which an intervention or strategy has an effect. Results: Twenty-four stakeholders (including governmental officials, mental health providers, officials from international/national non-governmental organisations, conflict and health researchers) participated in the ToC workshop. A ToC map was produced identifying three key elements of scaling up (the resource team; the innovation and the health system; and the user organisation) which are represented in three distinct causal pathways. Context-specific barriers related to the health system and the political environment were identified, and possible strategies for overcoming these challenges were suggested. Conclusion: ToC is a valuable methodology to develop an integrated framework for scaling up. The results highlight that the scaling up of PM+ for Syrian refugees in Turkey needs careful planning and investment from different stakeholders at the national level. Our paper provides a theoretical foundation of the scaling up of PM+, and exemplifies for the first time the use of ToC in planning the scaling up of an evidence-based psychological intervention in global mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the formation of authoritarian populism in Turkey by analysing mass mobilization and its repercussions in the symbolic and imaginary realms as authoritarian right-wing populisms have gained global popularity. It scrutinises the AKP government's mobilization of the masses in the so-called 'democracy watches' after the coup attempt on 15 July 2016. During the demonstrations that took place in various locations in Istanbul, authors carried out participant observation fieldwork and field interviews. The paper concludes that democracy watches constitute a significant means of constructing and consolidating a new authoritarian regime, thereby endowing this consolidation process with a popular legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer a framework for the gradual transition to cycling as a sustainable mode of transport in developing megacities having low or non-existent cycling modal share. By drawing on multi-level perspective, the paper first establishes a socio-technical transition framework incorporating the multi-actor, multi-level and multi-dimensional aspects of the cycling systems. The paper then argues that the transition to cycling is contingent on integrating the multiple dimensions of the cycling socio-technical system. A case study of cycling in Istanbul, a rapidly growing developing megacity in Turkey with a population of nearly 15 million people, is given to illustrate how the proposed framework can be applied. The paper concludes that significant progress towards the introduction of cycling in Istanbul depends on integrating a variety of socio-technical elements including infrastructure, technology, policies and regulations, culture and social meanings. This perspective informs the analysis of the socio-technical transition to cycling for the cities aiming to introduce cycling for the first time. The paper contributes to both sustainable urban mobility and socio-technical transition literature by developing a novel framework for cycling systems. • Proposes a socio-technical transition framework for the adoption of cycling in developing megacities • Adapts the multi-level perspective (MLP) approach for cycling systems • Provides a multi-level, multi-dimensional and multi-actor analysis of the cycling systems • Gives an empirical application of the proposed framework for Istanbul's urban mobility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prominence of managing municipal solid waste (MSW) in an efficient and effective manner is increasing from day to day. In this paper, the solid waste management (SWM) system of İstanbul is analyzed by applying the techniques from mathematical programming methodology. In this manner, the solutions of the two optimization problems which aim to minimize the total cost and the environmental effects of SWM, respectively, are presented in this study. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is performed and a multi-objective problem that combines two problems is presented. In this regard, the application of five MSW management technologies which are currently in use in İstanbul on six waste components is analyzed; and the optimal solution regarding the best mixture of these technologies is developed on a given waste composition. Besides, this optimal solution is compared with the current practice in İstanbul; and recommendations are presented about possible future investments for the policymakers. The results of the study emphasize the importance of material recovery and incineration facilities to improve profitability and to minimize environmental side effects. In particular, material recovery facility (MRF) should be expanded to be able to treat all of metal, paper and plastic from a cost management perspective. Incineration (INC) facility should also be expanded in order to treat plastics or organic waste from a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) minimization perspective. In addition to this, landfill appears to be the most prominent treatment technique according to the current problem parameters. However, regarding the waste composition, the amount of organic waste must be decreased by more than 37% for other waste streams to be treated in different facilities other than landfill. Anaerobic digestion and composting facilities need to be more cost-effective for becoming economically feasible. The methodology represented in this study can be extended and generalized to other cities around the world once the correct problem parameters are specified. Image 105510 • Applying multi-objective optimization to solid waste management problem. • Importance of material recovery and incineration to improve profitability. • Landfill appears to be the most prominent treatment technique. • Must decrease the operating costs of composting and anaerobic digestion processes. • Applicable method to other cities after specifying the correct problem parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the precarisation of journalistic work by looking at the case of Syrian exiled journalists in Turkey, whose professional and personal lifeworlds are underpinned by multiple layers of precarity. The article builds on data collected during a 3-month-long period of participant observations at the newsroom of Enab Baladi, a Syrian news outlet based in Istanbul, Turkey. It develops a relational notion of precarity through insights from the growing body of work on precarity in the journalistic field, as well as research on precarity and migration. It proposes a multidimensional understanding of the 'precarious newsroom' that takes into account the people, organisation and place, as a way to map how different layers of precarity, and responses to them, are articulated, experienced and negotiated. Our research underlines the complex anatomy of the precarious newsroom as a paradoxical place and an amalgamation of precarity and agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alevi-Sunni relations in Turkey are the result of a relational process constructed from contributions of each side rather than each groups' perceptions of the other. Boundaries between Alevis and Sunnis in Turkey have been constructed relationally with the contributions of many complicated socio-political factors. This article aims to answer the question of what the symbolic boundaries between the two groups are, seeking to understand how Sunnis perceive Alevis. This aim will cast light on the nature of the two groups' relations, help us recognize forms of Alevism and Sunnism specific to Turkey, and advance existing literature on the issue. This paper's findings are based on ninety semi-structured and two focus group interviews with Sunnis living in Istanbul. Results show that the concept of 'two-dimensional symbolic boundary,' which runs along dimensions of not-knowing and not-accepting, is the answer to the question of how Sunnis perceive Alevis. The main components of these dimensions are perceptions, which seem to relate to the interpretations of group norms and values. This study, as a group-based analysis, reveals that perceived group norms – whether religious, cultural, social, or political – determine the perceptions of Sunnis towards Alevis and create dimensions of the boundary between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain the work permit process of immigrants within a particular city, Istanbul. The research sample consisted of 825 immigrants who applied to the consultancy company for work permits between 2012 and 2019. The information collected by the consultancy company includes immigrants' demographic information and their work permit applications. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the data analysis, displaying descriptive statistics to outline the character of the work permit process of immigrants. In addition to the field research findings, Turkey's immigration policy which determines the frames of work permit was integrated with quantitative findings to explain the work permit process. The most important outcome of this study is that the work permit process has gained importance among immigrants and this trend is much more common among women, a particular result in the Istanbul sample. Another significant outcome of this study is that work permit applications are concentrated in the service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychoanalytic Group Therapy started with the original work of Siegmund Heinrich Foulkes and Wilfred Ruprecht Bion in the 1940s. It is a treatment method that originates primarily from psychoanalytic theories and is compatible and integrated with other psychotherapeutic theories. Designed to provide an intensive and in-depth study, it aims to understand the individual's encounter with his inner world and its relationship with the other. Today, group analysis training is given in many countries and group analysts are trained. For the first time in Turkey, based in Istanbul, under the name of "Istanbul Group Analysis Association (IstGA)" psychoanalytic group therapists are being trained in cooperation with IIGA (Israeli Institute of Group Analysis) EFPP (European Federation for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy), GASI (Group Analytic Society International) and EGATIN (European Group Analytic Training Institutions Network). This article is the first research paper in Turkey written about the group analysis. In this article, the history, establishment, founders and theories of group analysis will be discussed in the foreground. It is aimed to develop and spread group analysis in our country and eventually pave the way for our people to access this valuable treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The aim of this paper was to determine the general tendencies of urology patients and effect of COVID-19 pandemic on daily urological practice at tertiary centers located in the most affected area in Turkey. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 39,677 patients (group 1) that applied to 6 different large-volume tertiary centers in İstanbul for outpatient consultation, surgery, or other procedures in the 3-month period between March 16 and June 14, 2020. The distribution of the number of patients who applied to subspecialty sections of urology outpatient clinics and inpatient services were recorded by weeks. That data was compared to data obtained from 145,247 patients that applied to the same centers in the same period of the previous year (group 2). The reflection of worldwide and Turkish COVID-19 case distribution on the daily urological practice was analyzed. Results: There was a decrease in the number of patients in all subspecialty sections the in group 1 compared to group 2; however, there was a significant proportional increase in urooncology and general urology admissions. A decrease of approximately 75% was observed in the total number of surgeries (p < 0.001). We detected a negative correlation between the numbers of admission to all outpatient clinics and COVID-19 cases or deaths in Turkey (p < 0.05). The same negative correlation was present for all surgical procedures and consultations (p < 0.05). The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the number of cases in Turkey, and the number of deaths worldwide affect the number of outpatient clinic admissions (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.028) and urological surgery (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.020) in Turkey negatively. Conclusion: This novel pandemic has implications even for urology practice. Urological surgical procedures were more affected by COVID-19-related deaths in Turkey and worldwide. Outpatient admissions and urological surgeries decreased significantly by increasing COVID-19 case numbers in Turkey and worldwide deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental guidelines in the automotive industry greatly emphasize the recycling, remanufacturing, and recovering of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Given the principle of extended producer responsibility, developing an effective reverse logistics network is the most significant digit ahead of the industry. However, initial attempts addressing the reverse logistics network design (RLND) problem were short-sighted, focusing on cost minimization. Undoubtedly, the whole concept of recycling was founded on the pillars of sustainability. Accordingly, reverse logistics network design must be motivated by long-term environmental and societal benefits. This fact has become even more prominent in the current pandemic environment as COVID-19 has added serious uncertainties and risks to the supply chain processes. This paper reiterates the essence of sustainability goals and proposes a multi-objective fuzzy mathematical model to RLND problem for ELVs under such a fragile and fuzzy environment. The coverage of the proposed model is to optimally determine the locations and numbers of the facilities and the flows among them concerning environmental, social, and economic aspects. Hence, the model aims to reach a robust compromise solution that leads to a resilient network design. A real case study on the ELV market in Istanbul/Turkey proves the merit of the developed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are one of the devastating geohazards that cause extensive socio-economic and environmental damages on local, regional, and global scales. Previous studies based on digital media sources have attracted attention to the high fatal landslide rate in Turkey, at a continental or global scale; however, the preparation of a comprehensive and long-term database for Turkey has been neglected until today. To examine this data gap, we present a new database of fatal landslide events resulting in fatalities from 1929 to 2019, which has been compiled using Turkish national and local printed and digital media reports, academic papers, disaster, and city annual reports. The fatal database of Turkey (FATALDOT) shows that, in total, 1343 people were killed in 389 fatal landslide events. The spatiotemporal distribution of the fatal landslides highlighted increasing trends with reference to two distinct hotspot zones throughout the Eastern Black Sea and Marmara Region, mostly around Istanbul megacity. Our results show that there has been a significant uniformity between the number of fatalities and fatal landslides triggered by anthropogenic and natural factors over the past decade, indicating an increasing dominance of human activities in fatality rates. Our findings also, for the first time, remarked the potential signatures of the economic crisis and political steadiness on fatal landslide trends. Nevertheless, we conclude that the increasing rate of anthropogenic disturbances in urban and mountainous areas, together with regional variances in topography and climatic setting, is essential in governing the pattern of fatal landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The effects of electric vehicle (EV) parking lots and solar power plants (SPPs) are considered in this paper. • The system is analyzed from applicability point of view, investigating the effect of seasonal weather changes. • The SPP power generation is calculated in accordance with solar radiation data of Istanbul, Turkey. • The study consists of the design and calculation of EV parking durations and SPP power generation. • This paper also reviews the key factors for the EV parking lot equipped with SPP. Abstract In this paper, the integration of a solar power plant to an electric vehicle (EV) Parking Lot is analyzed in terms of reduction of power consumption and losses for various scenarios and operating conditions in a distribution system. The parking lot is designed for EVs and is fed by both grid and roof mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels. The energy management system is designed for charging EVs for various scenarios combined with solar radiation data varying during daytime and the seasons. The energy transactions are simulated in accordance with daytime Solar Power Plant (SPP) generation and EV energy response on Electrical Power System Analysis Software (ETAP) environment. EVs based power consumption is calculated by considering the variation of charging sequences of different car brands. The study represents the results for daily change of power consumption for summer and winter conditions along with the reduction of power consumption, reduction of power losses, decreased main feeder ampacity, restoration of voltage level during SPP operation, and comparison of different scenarios and operation sequences. Finally, the effect of the SPP is presented in terms of reducing the peak and continuous power demand of the parking lot for various EV operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the case of Turkey and using qualitative and quantitative analyses, this paper challenges the ungendered accounts of the state and extends gender regime scholarship (1) by differentiating two major forms of the patriarchal state character, and (2) by investigating the significance of the multiple state agendas, (3) de-democratisation, and (4) cis-gender heterosexual family in upholding the patriarchal character of the state. By focusing on the case of Turkey's withdrawal from the İstanbul Convention, the paper shows that the patriarchal collective subject successfully adopts the racist state agenda - as exclusively Turkish and Sunni-Muslim. Furthermore, under the conditions in which the de-democratisation process has excluded women from public decision making, a particular group of elite men increases the influence of the patriarchal collective subject over the state. Meanwhile, the biological essentialist accounts of sex and gender divide the feminist struggle as well as weakening its capacity to reveal the significance of the cis-gender heterosexual family for state formation. • The domestic patriarchal character of the state needs to be differentiated from its public patriarchal character • The gendered patterns of de-democratisation give rise to a group of powerful men who shapes the patriarchal state character • The patriarchal actors increase their political power by adopting the racist state agenda • The biological essentialist accounts of sex and gender obscure the significance of the cis-gender heterosexual family [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is vulnerable to disasters such as earthquakes, flood, and landslides. Millions of housing units are planned to be demolished and rebuilt in the next 15 years within the scope of urban transformation. The existing legal framework and implementations are hardly participatory and thus cause conflicts. The aims of this study are: 1) to address the weaknesses and strengths of urban transformation practices in Turkey critically with a focus on Istanbul, and 2) to develop a new participatory design model for urban transformation processes by making use of contextualised ICT-based participation tools and techniques. This paper critically maps and discusses urban transformation processes in Istanbul by tracing how these practices take place on the ground and considering the different perspectives of stakeholder groups. We present an applicable model that consists of a system of participatory actions, interaction environments such as an expert collaboration platform developed specifically for Istanbul's urban transformation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early twenty-first century, tall building construction has gained significant momentum in the urban cities of Turkey as a result of the population and economic growth. Accruing more than 1500 buildings by year 2015, the majority of the country's exposure now clusters across the seismically active landscape of the Istanbul metropolitan area. As such, the underlying earthquake risk calls for the investigation of the seismic performance of these structures. While hazard studies for Istanbul are available, the literature is still devoid of studies related to the seismic risk assessment of tall buildings located there. As an attempt to fill this gap, this paper focuses on the characterization and quantification of the existing exposure to allow risk assessment both at single building and portfolio levels. To this end, an extensive tall building inventory containing the structural drawings of 94 buildings is compiled and thoroughly examined to make a projection of the design practice. After establishing statistically representative archetypes, we quantified their dynamic response to 1999 Düzce and Kocaeli earthquake ground motions. We notice a maximum difference of 100% in the maximum interstory drift ratios (equaling a 2% increase in absolute value) between two different tall building archetypes. Moreover, the analysis results indicate that the incident angle of the applied ground-motion can be a discriminant factor between structural collapse and survival. The outcome of this study puts forward a robust basis for prospective structural analyses, collapse risk assessment as well as loss estimation analyses of tall buildings in Istanbul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieback and trunk canker symptoms were observed on centenarian plane trees (Platanus orientalis) in Gezi Park and Dolmabahçe Avenue in İstanbul province of Turkey in August 2015. Reddish‐brown canker lesions covered approximately half of the tree trunk, from roots to top of the trees. The external symptoms were chlorosis, defoliation and dieback, and most of the affected trees were leafless. Three fungal species were isolated from necrotic root and stem tissues and identified as Botryosphaeria parva (Anamorph Neofusicoccum parvum), Neopestalotiopsis clavispora and Diaporthe foeniculina (Anamorph Phomopsis theicola) by morphological characteristics and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the β‐tubulin (β‐tub) gene regions. Inoculations on two‐year‐old P. orientalis seedlings demonstrated that all three species were pathogenic, but B. parva caused the largest lesions on stems of plane seedlings. Dual inoculations did not show any synergism in pathogenicity. This paper is the first report of B. parva, N. clavispora and D. foeniculina causing root rot and stem canker of plane trees in Turkey, and probably worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown spot needle blight, caused by Lecanosticta acicola, is a serious disease of pines worldwide and has become of great concern in Europe over the last decade, with significantly increased outbreaks in pine forests. We examined native and non‐native Pinaceae taxa (four Cedrus and 24 Pinus) in the Atatürk Arboretum, Istanbul, Turkey, for the presence of L. acicola. Needles were sampled from 37 trees at least twice between March 2017 and July 2018. Symptomatic occurrence of the disease was confirmed by isolations, followed by molecular identification via sequencing of the ITS region. Lecanosticta acicola was isolated from symptomatic needles of 10 trees from seven host taxa (Cedrus and six Pinus). Molecular diagnostics of isolates confirmed the identification of L. acicola on Cedrus libani, Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. nigra subsp. pallasiana, P. nigra subsp. pallasiana var. fastigiata and P. nigra subsp. pallasiana var. pallasiana f. şeneriana in the arboretum. This paper is the first report of L. acicola on C. libani and also the first report of the pathogen infecting a genus other than a Pinus spp. under natural conditions. Additionally, it is also the first report of L. acicola occurring in Turkey. The pathogen was clearly able to cause severe damage on native Turkish Pinus taxa, including P. sylvestris and P. nigra subsp. pallasiana, and endangered endemic forms of the host in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the social function of historical public space in Turkey that has been transformed with rise of modernism. Before that, it functioned as a suburban recreational area. The increasing demand for urban lands has been led to its transformation and its function as an urban component. The historical pattern of urban space can be conserved to protect and strengthen social interactions as the key issue of urban social sustainability. With a focus on the urban design through literature review, the aim is to identify the role of social interactions on social sustainability of historical urban street in Turkey. A field survey study was conducted to observe and in-depth interviews to locally evaluate the socio-spatial design principles in Bagdat street, as a research case. Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) and Cognitive Spatial Map (CSM) were used to investigate the spatial experiences of the respondents. Results indicated that the historical continuity of socio-spatial activities through the time in respect to the socio-cultural values and user satisfaction has led to enhance the sense of belongings for citizens. As a conclusion, all data were integrated to propose a socio-spatial framework for designing and developing of Turkish public street, to enhance the urban social sustainability in future communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]