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This article aims to understand the limits on the expansion of the public space that is occurring through democratic innovations, and to investigate strategies for overcoming these limits. With an approach rooted in standpoint epistemology, this article studies the participation experiences of sixteen women belonging to a feminist subaltern counterpublic in fifteen apparatuses in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country. The study considers that this expansion of the public space has taken place with three limits, related to the de-legitimisation of the private, the undervaluation of relational aspects and the naturalization of a universal idea of participation. Opposing this, the article states that the practice of counterpublics facilitates greater inclusion in the designs of democratic innovations due to those parallel publics’ subaltern position in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the results of an online experiment conducted in two ethnically fragmented societies in Spain: the Basque Country and Catalonia. It tests the effect of co-ethnicity on trust and reciprocity. Ethnicity was manipulated in the experimental context using three ethnic attributes: ancestors' origin, language and name. Additionally, the article reports a comparison of general levels of trust in the two regions. No co-ethnicity effect on trust is found, but there is significantly more reciprocal behaviour between Catalan speakers in Catalonia. Higher levels of trust and reciprocity are found in the more homogeneous society of the Basque Country. The lack of co-ethnicity effect on trust is especially significant given that the Basque Country has experienced decades of terrorism along ethnic lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the political, social, and environmental situations in the Autonomous Communities of Catalonia (Cataluña) and the Basque Country (País Vasco) in Spain. The authors analyze the relationship between socio-environmental conflict and the process of democratization as evidenced by these regions. They also examine the role of the citizen, with particular emphasis on their environmental impact. Several socio-environmental conflicts in Catalonia and the Basque Country from 2000-2007 are also explored.

El artículo discurre sobre la historia de la relación entre el gobierno español y la organización terrorista del País Vasco de España Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) hasta su declaración de un alto de fuego. El autor comenta sobre las condiciones sociales peligrosas y describe los intentos del gobierno para luchar contra la ETA antes de la declaración. También habla sobre el optimismo en el país y la oportunidad para la convivencia a causa del alto de fuego.