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Intuitionistic fuzzy PROMETHEE is a method that provides us numerous advantages thanks to its benefits such as allowing the researcher to observe the positive and negative rankings simultaneously, expressing the degree of hesitation, changing the significance weights of the criteria and using different methods when identifying the significance levels for each criterion, putting the degree of hesitation of significance weights into action, and enabling decision makers, who are given the opportunity to use different criteria types and different criteria types for alternatives and criteria, to establish a unique system. In line with the aims of this paper, an original application has been made and an innovative approach has been proposed in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the intuitionistic fuzzy PROMETHEE method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, properties of the two modal operator (□, à ) defined on intuitionistic fuzzy sets were investigated. Afterwards, some intuitionistic fuzzy operations (®, @, È,Ç,$,#,*) were researched with modal operators (□, à ) . New equalities were obtained and proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to determine farm characteristics and production traits on dairy farms in Kars. A 2-stage stratified random sampling strategy was used to select localities (7) and farms (45). The study involved an interview with the farmers and regular visits to the farms. The survey identified important farm characteristics including demography, production and management practices. The results describe (a) farm demographics (number of family members, education of farmers, animal caretakers employed, types of herds, herd sizes, breeds, and age categories), (b) farm management practices; management at feeding (type, source, storage of feedstuffs, feeding, water supply and use of feed supplements during the indoor and outdoor periods, and pasture management), management at calving (use of maternity pens, colostrum feeding, and grouping of calves) and management at housing (period of housing, types of buildings, use of bedding, ventilation systems, and building cleanliness), and (c) production traits (breeding methods, dry period, calving rate, milk yield and processes). Some identified practices (period of housing, dairy breeds, dry period, milk yield and calving rate) differ from those in previous reports and others (use of crumbled dung as bedding, rare use of maternity pens, water from streams during the outdoor period, and common use of pastureland) require serious attention in terms of cattle health. The results may be of use in designing strategies to overcome drawbacks that are detrimental to feasible and profitable farming and also in forming bases for future epidemiological studies in Kars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood pressure (BP) is an important parameter to be measured for the evaluation of cardiovascular system function. Measuring BP in farm animals does not require routine use of medicine. However, due to diarrhea peripheral circulatory disorders, hypovolemia and collapse may cause abnormalities in BP values of calves. In addition, BP values can be a helpful factor in diagnosing and predicting prognosis of conditions with poor general condition in calves, such as sepsis due to diarrhea and various infections, SIRS and septic shock. In this study; It was aimed to compare the BP [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP)] values obtained from healthy calves with and diarrheic calves by indirect oscillometric method. For this purpose, a total of 40 calves, 20 diarrheic calves with diarrhea and 20 calves with healthy). BP were measured from 3 different regions: right forelimb [SBP (mmHg) (87.07±27.32), DBP (mmHg) (100.33±26.55), MAP (mmHg) (95.07±21.02)], left forelimb [SBP (mmHg) (82.80±22.50), DBP (mmHg) (94.47±20.62), MAP (mmHg) (90.27±19.69)] and tail [SBP (mmHg) (56.73±12.38), DBP (mmHg) (75.60±12.21), MAP (mmHg) (91.20±22.73)]. In conclusion, indirect oscillometric BP measurement is a fast and useful technique in clinical practice. SBP (87.07±27.32 mmHg) and MAP (95.07±21.02 mmHg) values measured from the right forelimb of calves with diarrhea were statistically significantly lower than healthy calves (SBP; 158.80±13.12 mmHg, MAP; 123.67±21.70 mmHg) (P<0.001). The findings of this study show the importance of including the therapeutic agents to increase BP should be among the treatment strategies in life-threatening conditions such as low arterial BP due to diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a common, highly contagious viral disease characterized by severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs. Leukopenia and neutropenia in dogs with parvoviral enteritis are considered negative prognostic indicators. This study aimed to investigate the effect of filgrastim [recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF)] on leukocyte counts in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The animal material consisted of thirty-seven owned dogs with parvoviral enteritis from various breeds, which were brought to the Small Animal Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University. The dogs included in the study were divided into two groups. The first group received standard treatment (ST=18) and the second group received Filgrastim (ST+Filg=19) in addition to the standard treatment. For the assessment of leukocyte counts, blood samples were taken on day 0 (before starting treatment), day 3, and day 5 after treatment. It was observed that 16 out of the nineteen dogs treated with Filgrastim in addition to standard treatment (84.21%) showed improvement. In the ST+Filg group, the median WBC and neutrophil values on the 5th day after treatment were significantly higher than on the 0th day (P=0.001, P=0.006, respectively). In addition, the median WBC, lymphocyte and neutrophil values of the dogs in the ST+Filg group on the 3rd and 5th days after treatment were found to be significantly higher than the same day measurements of the ST group (P<0.001). As a result, this study determined that filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) contributed positively to the improvement of leukopenia in dogs with CPE, in conjunction with clinical recovery. It was concluded that filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) may be included in treatment protocols as one of the immunostimulant drugs to increase leukocyte counts in the treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The causative agent of Chlamydiosis, also called enzootic abortion of sheep, is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium called Chlamydia abortus. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Chlamydiosis and changes in oxidative stress levels in sheep abortions in the Black Sea Region. Method: PCR analysis made from aborted fetuses of 393 sheep from 8 provinces between 2019–2021; Presence of C. abortus detected in 65 aborted fetuses (16.5%). In the study, oxidative stress parameters such as CP, MDA, TOS, TAS and OSI levels were investigated. Result: CP, MDA, TOS, TAS and OSI values were respectively as 6.92 ± 2.29 mg/mL, 28.8 ± 4.79 µmol/g, 14.01 ± 7.25 µmol H2O2 Eq/L, 2.19 ± 0.67 mmol Trolox Eq/L, 6.94 ± 4.31 AU in the control group. In the chlamydia infected group, CP, MDA, TOS, TAS and OSI values were 10.96 ± 6.75 mg/mL, 92.31 ± 73.08 µmol/g, 36.04 ± 28.31 µmol H2O2 Eq/L, 1.91 ± 1.02 mmol Trolox Eq/L, 22.39 ± 19.5 AU was determined. Conclusions: CP, MDA, TOS and OSI levels were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the C. abortus infected group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). It was determined that the TAS level decreased in the infected group compared to the control group, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). As a result, it was determined that C. abortus was found at a substantial rate in small ruminant abortion cases in the Black Sea Region. In addition, it was determined for the first time in Türkiye that the oxidative stress increased in abortions caused by C. abortus and infected small ruminants could not produce enough antioxidants. It is thought that this result may be useful in the diagnosis of C. abortus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; temp oral intuitionistic fuzzy negation, temporal intu itio nistic fuzzy triangular norm and tem poral intuitionistic fuzzy triangu lar conorm have been researched. The aim of this study is to define negator, tnorm and t-conorms, which is the generalization of negation, conjunctions and disconjunctions in the temporal intuitionistic fuzzy sets and to examine the De Morgan relations between these concepts. The thing to note here is that conjunctions generalized with t--norm and t--conorm is changed depending on time. We will carry concept of implication and coimplication to temporal intuitionistic fuzzy sets. With the new implication definitions, a causal structure will be established which will match the variable structure of the systems depending on the position and time variables. It is evident that successful results will be achieved in this type of system, which is being dealt with by this new structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to find out the etiology and predisposing factors of calves having diarrhea from Kayseri province and its neighboring cities between January 2016 and September 2019. A total of 270 neonatal diarrheic calves were included to this study. Comprehensive information was obtained by face-to-face interviews with the animal owners about administrative practices such as the vaccination status of the dams, farm type, colostrum intake status. The etiological agents were determined using the lateral flow immunochromatographic test kits. As a result of this investigation, out of 270 diarrheic cases; 21.9% (59) Cryptosporidium spp., 15.6% (42) E. coli K99+, 14.1% (38) bovine coronavirus (BCoV), 10.4% (28) bovine rotavirus (BRV), 9.3% (25) Cryptosporidium spp.+BRV, 8.5% (23) BRV+BCoV were found. Interms of shelter type; 85.2% (230) were traditional and 14.8% (40) were modern type. Regarding the colostrum intake situation; 7.4% (20) received no colostrum, 11.1% (30) received insufficient colostrum and 81.5% (220) received colostrum adequately and on time. Additionally, 36.7% (99) calf mothers were vaccinated and 63.3% (171) were unvaccinated. Compared to those born in autumn, calves born in winter; 6.5-fold, in the spring season; 3.6-fold and in summer; 5.2-fold more likely to develop diarrhea caused by E. coli K99+. These findings may generate valuable information not only for the clinicians and researchers but also animal health experts, policy makers, farmer etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study aimed to determine the incidence rates of BRV, BCoV, E. coli K99+, Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardia spp. in calves with neonatal diarrhea brought to the Erciyes University, Animal Hospital from farms in Kayseri and its surrounding provinces between 01 August 2019 and 31 August 2021. It was determined that a total of 1839 calves were brought to hospital between the periods above. Of the 1839 calves, 863 were brought to the Ruminant Clinic of Internal Medicine, and 560 of 863 calves (65%) had clinical signs of diarrhea. From the stool samples, BCoV (21.7%) were the most diagnosed single enteropathogen followed by; Cryptosporidium spp. (18.3%), ETEC K99+ (F5) (14.3%), BRV (11.4%) and Giardia spp. (0.6%). As for more than one enteropathogen, Cryptosporidium spp. +BRV (8.0%) were the mostly diagnosed and followed by; BRV+BCoV (7.4%), Cryptosporidium spp. +BCoV (6.3%), BRV+ETEC K99+ (1.1%), BRV+BCoV+Cryptosporidium spp. Diarrhea caused by ETEC K99+ (34.7%) was the most common at 1-7 day-old calves and Cryptosporidium spp. (23.9%) was the most common at 8-14 days calves. In spring and winter seasons, BCoV (22.5%, 25.5%, respectively) was diagnosed mostly and in summer and autumn seasons mostly Cryptosporidium spp. (26.9%, 31.8%, respectively) was diagnosed. As a result, it was revealed that calf diarrhea caused by BCoV was the most common in calves with neonatal diarrhea brought to Erciyes University Animal Hospital from Kayseri and its surrounding provinces between 2019-2021 years. It was concluded that the prevalence of enteropathogens may vary depending on various factors such as sampling place, time, season and the findings obtained from this study may be useful in taking necessary prophylactic and managerial measures for the prevention of calf diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to determine the health status of neonatal calves on dairy farms in Kars district. It involved retrospective questioning (2001 calving season) and prospective follow up (2002 calving season). The localities and farms were selected from a list using a 2-stage stratified random sampling method. Farms were weekly visited by authors during the 2002 calving season for clinical problems. A total of 624 calves, born on 45 farms from 7 different localities, were followed up in the 2002 calving season. On the same farms data were collected regarding 582 neonatal calves in the 2001 calving season by questionnaire. The overall morbidity in 2002 and 2001 was 51.1% and 36.3%, respectively. The morbidity of diarrhoea, omphalitis, pneumonia, premature birth, omphalitis-enteritis complex, and pneumonia-enteritis complex were 24.4%, 13%, 3.4%, 2.4%, 2.4%, and 1% in 2002, and 17.4%, 1.4%, 6.2%, 0%, 2.7%, and 6% in the 2001 calving season, respectively. Clinical problems of trauma, umbilical hernia, complicated hernia, and an unknown reason were also diagnosed at low proportion. The overall mortality determined in 2001 and 2002 was 10.5% and 6.7%, respectively. The most common causes of mortality were diarrhoea (2.2%), premature birth (2.1%), and trauma (0.8%) in 2002 while diarrhoea (7.7%), pneumonia (0.7%), and Foot and Mouth Disease (1.4%) were most common in 2001. Additionally, deaths due to pneumonia, omphalitis, congenital deformation, and an unknown reason were also experienced. Age distribution of cases revealed that diarrhoea and omphalitis were common in the first 2 weeks of life while pneumonia was more frequent in the 4th week of neonatal life. A positive association between group size and disease existence was determined. Of the cases examined, 12.9% (12/93) had the failure of passive transfer while all controls had adequate colostrums (0/45). The study revealed that a considerable proportion of calves suffer from at least 1 clinical problem during neonatal life and around 1 in tenth die, resulting in detrimental effects on farm profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the possible differences between two different oscillometric devices measured blood pressure. Additionally, it was carried out to determine the range levels of blood pressure measured in healthy cats admitted to a small animal clinic. In different breeds, healthy 50 cats, the median age was 8.75 months, and ranged between 3 to 36 months were included in this study. Blood pressure values and pulse measurements of the cats were measured using the wall mounted (WMD) and mobile (MD) BP monitors. BP measurements were taken from the right front leg, arteria radialis on the mid of the antebrachium and tail root over the arteria coccygea medialis on the median line. Mean SBP measurements taken from right forelimb (135.90±16.34 mmHg) and tail (145.32±21.20 mmHg) by WMD were statistically different (P=0.020). Mean DBP (mmHg), MAP (mmHg) and Pulse (bpm) measurements were not different on different sites by each device (P>0.05). Mean SBP, DBP, MAP and pulse values of the right front forelimb using the mobile device were 136.10±16.37 mmHg, 83.74±17.0, 101.62±16.13 mmHg and 167 (134 -227) bpm respectively. As a result, oscillometric blood pressure mobile devices and wall-mounted devices are compatible and can be used interchangeably in measuring the blood pressure in healthy cats. It is recommended to use the right forelimb for measuring blood pressure in cats. The reference ranges derived from in this study can be used by veterinary clinicians or technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to determine the health status of dairy cattle, and the rates of and reasons for culling on dairy farms in Kars. A 2-stage stratified sampling strategy was used to select localities and farms. The study involved an interview with the farmers and regular visits to the farms. The farm prevalence levels of abortion, foot- and -mouth disease (FMD), respiratory problems, leptospirosis, blackleg, hardware (TRP), bloat and anthrax were 46.7%, 57.8%, 4.4%, 13.3%, 4.4%, 11.1%, 8.8% and 0% in 2001 and 53.3%, 62.2%, 17.8%, 17.8%, 4.4%, 11.1%, 11.1% and 8.8% in 2002, respectively. Incidence rates (animal-years/100) for abortion, leptospirosis, blackleg and anthrax were 7.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0 in all herds and 20, 3, 8.7, and 0 in affected herds in 2001, and 6.7, 2.1, 0.2, and 0.4 in all herds and 12.5, 11, 6.1, and 1.9 in affected herds in 2002, respectively. Vaginal discharge (84.4%), infertility (40%), mastitis (55.6%), retained placenta (42.2%), dystocia (31.1%), weight loss (46.7%) and anorexia (31.1%) were the most common clinical problems encountered at farm level and animal level in the postpartum period. Around 11% of the farmers reported culling of their animals. The most common reasons for culling were old age (34.7% and 30.5%), abortion (22.6% and 19.5%), FMD (14.5% and 7.6%), infertility (1.6% and 14.4%), respiratory problems (4.8% and 5.1%), TRP (5.6% and 2.5%) and leptospirosis (0.8% and 3.4%) in 2001 and 2002, respectively. It is concluded that more detailed epidemiological studies addressing each disease are a prerequisite if profitable farming and preventive measures are planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to determine carnitine concentrations in newborn calves with suspected septicaemia, healthy calves, and colostrum samples as well as to detect alterations in blood carnitine concentrations after colostrum intake. Carnitine concentrations were detected in both neonatal calves with suspected septicaemia (n = 195) and healthy calves (n =10) as well as in colostrum/milk samples from their dams (n = 20). The mean carnitine concentration on the 2nd day after colostrum intake (32.61 μmol/L) was significantly higher than that measured before colostrum intake (17.61 μmol/L) (P < 0.05). The striking result was significantly lower mean carnitine concentration detected in calves with suspected septicaemia (17.11 μmol/L), compared to healthy calves (24.92 μmol/L) (P < 0.001). Apart from a sudden increase on day 7, no significant alteration was observed in colostrum/milk carnitine concentrations throughout the postpartum period. The results indicated that colostrum contained carnitine, which passed into the bloodstream of the calf by passive colostral transfer, and that a dramatic reduction in blood carnitine concentrations of calves with suspected septicaemia existed. The results might be of help in dealing with septicaemia suspected neonatal calves through both measurement of blood carnitine and, in response, to supplement such cases with carnitine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of medical ozone and L-carnitine therapy on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced kidney damage by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and GSHPx levels. In this study, 56 rats were randomized into 8 groups with 7 rats in each group. Kidney injury was induced by the administration of a single dose N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (1 g/kg) orally. Therapeutic ozone (0.7 mg/kg) and L-carnitine (500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. After the therapy, the rat kidneys were homogenized, and the tissue MDA, GSH, and GSHPx levels were measured. Compared to the control groups, there were higher MDA levels in the kidney tissues only in the “APAP,” “APAP + Ozone,” and “APAP + Ozone + L-carnitine” groups (P<0.001). Besides, the decrease in the GSH and GSHPx levels of the kidney tissues in the study groups were significant compared to the control groups, and the highest decreases were observed in the “APAP,” “APAP + Ozone” and “APAP + Ozone + L-carnitine” groups (P<0.001). Findings obtained from this study revealed that acetaminophen toxicity caused oxidative damage in the examined kidney tissues, and L-carnitine and/or ozone applications for protective purposes decreased MDA levels, a product of lipid peroxidation, and increased tissue GSH levels thru GSHPx antioxidant enzyme activity. In this context, the most important protective effect was observed in the group where L-carnitine and ozone were administrated together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at the determination of the serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), ceruloplasmin (Cp) and albumin (Alb), and the salivary levels of Hp and Cp in neonatal calves with diarrhoea. Male and female neonatal Simmental calves, 15 of which were sick and 10 of which were healthy, constituted the study material. Five mL blood samples from the jugular vein and saliva samples absorbed with swabs were collected once from all animals. While serum SAA (P<0.001), Hp (P<0.001) and Cp (P<0.001) levels were found to be significantly higher in the sick calves, compared to the healthy calves, no significant difference was detected for the serum Alb levels (P>0.05). Furthermore, the salivary Hp (P<0.05) and Cp (P<0.001) levels of the sick animals were higher than those of the healthy animals. In result, it was ascertained that serum Hp, SAA and Cp levels and salivary Hp and Cp levels significantly altered in diarrhoeic animals. Thus, it is suggested that in studies involving the measurement of Hp and Cp levels, saliva samples could be collected non-invasively as an alternative to blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pica, or "depraved appetite", is defined as ingestion of non-nutritive substances. Many factors influencing pica in animals have been identified , but the etiology is controversial. This study was conducted to evaluate haematological and biochemical parameters, trace element concentrations, the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in beef cattle with and without pica. Ten beef cattle with pica (group I) and another ten healthy beef cattle (Group II) were used in the study. Serum TAS and TOS were measured by a colorimetric method. In group I, haemoglobin value and serum iron, copper and selenium concentrations were significantly lower than those of group II (p <.05). Cortisol level and the other biochemical parameters were not statistically different between the groups (p >.05). Compared to the healthy controls mean TAS values were significantly decreased in the group I (p <.05), whereas the TOS and OSI values did not differ statistically between the two groups (p >.05). Parasitological analysis revealed that Trichostrongylidae spp eggs were more common in group I. In conclusion, serum iron, copper and selenium deficiency with decreased antioxidant capacity may cause the symptoms of pica in beef cattle. Prophylactic use of trace mineral supplement containing iron, copper, selenium and antioxidants in beef cattle may be beneficial in preventing deviated appetite and in strengthening the antioxidant defence system. Pica or is defined as the ingestion of non-nutritive substances As a result of this several disorders may occur such as reticuloperitonitis traumatica, poisonings, toxications or digestive system obstructions. Serum iron, copper and selenium deficiency with decreased antioxidant capacity may cause the symptoms of pica disorders in beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, presence of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in sheep brought to Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine between 2011 and 2013 with a suspicion of pneumonia was studied by immunohistochemical and bacteriological methods. Study materials were 100 sheep lungs. After routine histopathological investigations lungs were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies prepared against both of the agents. In bacteriological investigations, tissue samples were inoculated into 7% sheep blood agar and Mc Conkey agar and incubated for 24-48 h in aerobic conditions, and the suspected colonies were evaluated for Mannheimia and Pasteurella species. In histological investigations, pneumonias were classified as 28% fibrinous bronchopneumonia, 21% prulent bronchopneumonia, 20% acute-catharal bronchopneumonia, 18% interstitial pneumonia, 11% verminous pneumonia and 2% adenomatous pneumonia. In bacteriological investigations Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida was detected in 19 and 3 cases, respectively, these numbers were 17 and 2, respectively in immunohistochemical investigations. The results of PCR analysis for both Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida paralleled with the findings of microbiological culture. The results of the study showed that Mannheimia haemolytica is an important cause of pneumonia in sheep in Kars, and Pasteurella multocida, although with lesser importance can cause pneumonia in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine changes in total sialic acid (TSA), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels on sera and CSF and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels on blood in cattle with Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF). For this purpose 17 cattle which clinically diagnosed "head-eye form" of MCF and clinically healthy 10 cattle were evaluated. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken from the animals on the MCF diagnosed group MDA, GSH, NO, eNOS, iNOS, and TSA values were 25.65±0.42 µmol/L, 37.21±1.12 mg/dL, 30.61±0.41 µmol/L, 4.05±0.09 U/L and 10.98±0.35 U/L, 88.33±1.03 mg/dL, on the control group 13.77±0.55 µmol/L, 60.06±1.73 mg/dL, 11.27±0.4 µmol/L, 3.12±0.18 U/L, 5.55±0.3 U/L and 63.60±1.86 mg/dL respectively, and all parameter changes between the groups were determined to be statistically significant (P<0.001). On the CSF, no statistically significant difference between taken from MCF diagnosed group and healthy group. NO value and iNOS activity obtained from control groups CSF were relatively higher than the same group's serum whereas eNOS activities were found to be low. The study group consisting of MCF diagnosed cattle's serum were found to have NO value, eNOS and iNOS activities relatively higher than the same group's CSF values. As a result, it was concluded that there is a need for more comprehensive studies for better understanding the reason of failure to obtain the significant changes of animals diagnosed MCF that determine in blood but not in CSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the protective effects of L-carnitine (LC) against Lead (II) acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2) toxicity in Capoeta capoeta were investigated by means of histopathologically, via electrophoretic and biochemical methods. Fish caught from Kars creek were divided into four groups, which include 10 fish each in 500 L tanks. Lead and liquid LC were added to water. Fish in the first group were adjusted as control. Fish in the II. group were applied 1 mg/L lead (as Lead (II) acetate) for 10 days. Fish in the III. group were administered 100 mg/LLC. Fish in the IV. group were administered 1 mg/L lead and 100 mg/L LC. Degenerations in liver, gill, intestine and kidney tissues were observed to reduce LC administration against the toxic effects of lead acetate. Electrophoretically, inhibitions of some protein bands in the group, which was applied lead acetate, were caused, and increases in protein expression in the group, which was applied L-carnitine, have occurred. While high a level of total protein in the group that was administered lead was found; in the group that was treated lead + LC, it was found to be lower (P<0.05). Levels of globulin in the group that was administered LC + lead were observed to be significantly lower (P<0.05). Total oxidant capacity (TOC) in lead treatment group were higher than the control group, TOC levels in lead + LC treatment group were determined to be between the control and lead group. LC was concluded to show a protective effect on Capoeta capoeta that were exposed to lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study comprised of 12 bulls, aged between 18-36 months, determined severe symptoms of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and 10 clinically healthy bulls of similar age. Serum and saliva total sialic acid (SA), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. In this study were determined acute fever, anorexia, vesicular lesions in the mouth and feet of infected animals with consequent excessive salivation, lameness and reduced productivity as clinical signs. Mean serum SA MDA, GSH and NO levels were 503.96±21.43 mg/L, 31.82±3.43 umol/L, 63.43±2.92 mg/dL, and 6.49±0.36 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 862.01 ±17.35 mg/L, 82.49±9.90 umol/L, 24.96±2.32 mg/dL, and 13.89±0.53 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. Mean saliva SA, MDA, GSH and NO levels were 75.98±10.25 mg/L, 1.06±0.17 nmol/L, 0.67±0.05 mg/dL, and 1.44±0.14 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 156.49+14.07 mg/L, 1.81+0.15 µmol/L, 0.34±0.03 mg/dL, and 2.44±0.16 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01). Mean serum and saliva GSH level was lower in FMD while all other parameters were considerable high. As a result, showing signs of foot and mouth disease in bulls, serum and saliva in sialic acid and oxidative stress parameters are affected very significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study consisted of twenty-five dermatophytotic cattle, aged 1.5-11 months obtained from Kars province and its surrounding, diagnosed as dermatophytosis following clinical and microbiologically. All animals were divided into two groups; trial group (n=15) and control group (n=10). The skin lesions of the trial animals were treated using a pomade containing 1% tioconazole once daily for a period of 5 days. In 12 of the trial animals the amount of keratinized tissue found in the dermatophytosis lesions decreased significantly following the 3rd application and had disappeared completely after the 5th application. On the other hand, the remaining 3 animals in the trial group were applied the medicament seven times due to the persistence of keratinized tissue in the lesions. In all of the animals administered with tioconazole, new hair growth in the site of the lesions resumed in the 3rd-4th weeks and complete recovery occurred within 7-8 weeks. In conclusion, 1 % tioconazole, used for the first time for the treatment of bovine dermatophytosis in this study was found to be rather effective owing to its ease of application and strong therapeutic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to examine the effect of birth weight, gender, birth type, lambing season, and dam parity and health status on lamb morbidity and mortality during the neonatal (first four weeks of life) and post-neonatal (first 5-12 weeks of life) periods in lambs born in two flocks in the 2009 lambing season in Kars, Turkey. EPI INFO 6 was used to determine differences in morbidity or mortality rates and risk according to risk factors including birth weights, genders, type of birth, lambing seasons, and parity and health of dams. The significance level was set at P<0.05 for all comparisons. The neonatal morbidity and mortality rates (48% and 33.3%, respectively) and risk of the lambs in the low birth weight group were significantly higher than those of the lambs in the medium birth weight (18.9%, χ2=10.4, OR=3.9 for morbidity and 1.6%, χ2=32.5, OR=30, for mortality) and high birth weight (9.8%, χ2=26.9, OR=8.5 for morbidity and 1.2%, χ2=46.5, OR=42.7 for mortality) groups (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The neonatal mortality rate and risk of lambs born in the winter season (9.2%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of lambs born in the spring season (1.8%, χ2=9.6 and OR=5.5). Lambs born to primiparous ewes had a neonatal morbidity rate (29.6%) and risk significantly higher than those of ewes at second parity (13.9%, χ2=6.4, OR=2.6) and third parity (11.1%, χ2=7.8, OR=3.3) (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Similarly, lambs born to primiparous ewes had a neonatal mortality rate (14.8%) and risk significantly higher than those of ewes at second parity (2.9%, χ2=9.3, 0=5.7), third parity (0%, χ2=14.1) and >4 parity (2.4%, χ2=4.2, OR=6.9) (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Lambs born to ill ewes had a neonatal morbidity rate (64.7%) and risk significantly higher (P<0.001) than those of lambs bom to healthy ewes (13.8%, χ2=30.38, 0R=11.4). In the present study, it was concluded that the most significant risk factors for lamb morbidity and mortality were season of birth, parity, birth weight and health status of dams. Therefore, timely implemented health and management measures targeting these factors are required to reduce disease and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: We assessed the antioxidant activity of dexmedetomidine (Dex) administered during the ischemic period in a rabbit model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using biochemical and histopathological methods. Methods: A total of 24 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2.5 and 3.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (Group S, n = 8), the I/R group (Group I/R, n = 8), and the I/R plus Dex treatment group (Group Dex, n = 8). In the I/R group, ischemia was achieved with 60 min of mesenteric occlusion. The sham group provided normal basal values. The rabbits in Group I/R were operated to achieve I/R. Group Dex received intravenous Dex 30 min after the commencement of reperfusion (10 μg/kg Dex was infused within 10 min, and then a maintenance dose of 10 μg/kg/h Dex was infused intravenously). For the measurement of tissue malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxide levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and myeloperoxidase activity levels in the renal tissue samples of animals, the rabbits in each group were sacrificed 3 h after reperfusion. The histopathological examination scores were determined using the intestinal and renal tissues. Results: The mean malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, myeloperoxidase, and lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher in Group I/R than in Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). There also were significant decreases in the mean total antioxidant status, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). The histopathological examination scores of the intestinal and renal tissues were significantly higher in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Dex treatment may have biochemical and histopathological benefits by preventing I/R-related cellular damage of intestinal and renal tissues as shown in an experimental mesenteric ischemia model. The preference to use Dex for anesthesia during the mesenteric ischemia procedure may attenuate I/R injury in intestinal and renal tissues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

White muscle disease (WMD) is a world-wide nutritional disease of all animal species characterised by degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles. In the present study we determined the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in hearts of the lambs with WMD (n = 15). Eight clinically healthy lambs served as control. Creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were analysed for both groups. cTnI levels were measured by a commercially available ELISA kit. Mean cTnI (10.49 ± 0.25 ng/ml), CK (261.16 ± 38.61 U/l), CK-MB (214.16 ± 12.71 U/l), AST (125.83 ± 1.05), and LDH (228.77 ± 14.86 U/l) concentrations were higher in WMD cases. Immunohistochemistry revealed definitive loss of cTnI expression in all cases. None of the 8 controls showed loss of the cTnI expression. However, iNOS immunoreactivity was augmented in degenerated cardiac myocytes and macrophages infiltrating to the interstitium compared to controls. The results of the study suggested that cTnI antibody might successfully be used as a sensitive test in the diagnosis of myocardial injury. iNOS expression augments in cardiac myocytes in lambs with WMD, most likely through influencing the signalling pathways to iNOS induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate serum biochemical and haematological parameters and serum nitrate concentrations in cattle suffering from foot- and -mouth disease (FMD). For this purpose, 30 Swiss Brown cattle aged between 3 and 5 years were used. Twenty cattle showed characteristic clinical signs of FMD, whereas the remaining 10 were clinically healthy and used as controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected from both groups and used to establish total white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), and haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). Serum samples were also collected from these animals and used to establish the concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinin, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, nitrate (NO3) and cholesterol and activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP). There was a significant decrease in the total number of RBCs (P < 0.05) and a significant increase in MCV (P < 0.05) in cattle with FMD compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in the other haematological parameters evaluated. Serum glucose concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the FMD group than in the control group. Serum total protein (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.01), albumin (P < 0.001) and cholesterol (P < 0.01) levels were significantly low in the FMD group compared to those in the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the other biochemical parameters between the groups. The concentration of serum NO3 was significantly high in the FMD group, suggesting that Aphtovirus induces the production of nitric oxide in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]