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Objectives: Alchemilla species are used in Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases together with diabetes. Alchemilla persica, belonging to this genus, is widely distributed in Eastern Anatolia as well as in Caucasia, northern and northeastern Iran, and northern Iraq. Materials and Methods: Methanolic-water extracts of the aerial parts and roots of A. persica were evaluated for their hypoglycemic activities in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes in order to verify its usage in folk medicine. Results: None of the tested extracts exhibited a significant lowering effect on blood glucose levels. However, the aerial parts notably increased blood glucose levels at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: A. persica usage as an antidiabetic is not confirmed in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some species of Euphorbia have been used as medicinal plants to treat wounds, and skin diseases, around the world. The solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used successively to prepare extracts of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii, E. helioscopia, E. macroclada, E. seguieriana subsp. seguieriana, and E. virgata. Linear incision, circular excision wound models and the hydroxyproline assay method were used to assess the wound-healing activity. The inhibition of the increase in capillary permeability induced by acetic acid was used to assay the anti-inflammatory activity. The methanol extract of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii showed statistically significant wound-healing activity with 43.03% tensile strength for the linear incision wound model and a 65.24% reduction in the area of the wound by day 10 for the circular excision model. The tissue treated with this extract was found to contain 35.47 µg/mg of hydroxyproline. The methanol extract of E. characias subsp. wulfenii inhibited inflammation induced by acetic acid with a value of 34.74%. The results showed that the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activities on different models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The latex and the aerial parts of Euphorbia characias L. (Euphorbiaceae) have been used as medicinal plant to treat wounds and warts in traditional medicine. Aim of the study The effect of the plant extract was tested in vivo and in vitro with experimental models to find scientific evidence for traditional use in wound healing. Potentially active wound-healer compounds were isolated from the active fraction using fractionation procedures under the guidance of biological assay and the possible role of the compounds in the wound healing process was also determined. Material and methods N -hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were successively prepared from the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii . The extracts were tested with linear incision, circular excision wound models and the hydroxyproline assay method to assess the wound-healing activity. The inhibition of the increase in capillary permeability induced by acetic acid, an acute inflammation model, was used to assay the anti-inflammatory activity. Different chromatographic separation techniques on sephadex and silica gel columns, and bioassay guided assay techniques have been used to isolate the active compounds of the plant. Moreover, hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase enzymes inhibitory effect of active principle were investigated in vitro to find out the mechanism of action. Results The methanol (MeOH-ex) extract of the aerial parts of E. characias subsp. wulfenii showed significant wound healing activity (linear incision wound model: 43.04%; circular excision wound model 65.24%) and anti-inflammatory activity (34.74%). The methanol extract was separated into its fractions by column chromatography for isolation of efficient compounds. Biological activity of the fractions were assessed and further isolation and purification processes have been carried out in the active fraction. Isolation studies were carried out from the MeOH-ex fraction to obtain active constituents and their structures were elucidated to be quercetin-3- O -rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin-3- O -galactoside (hyperoside), and quercetin-3- O -arabinoside (guaijaverin). Further in vitro and in vivo assays showed that quercetin derivatives were responsible for the wound-healing activity of the plant, and also found to be significant anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities. The amounts of three compounds, isolated from active fraction, were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. Calibration equation was calculated with dilutions, prepared from pure substances, and assay was performed in total extract, prepared from E. characias subsp. wulfenii . It was detected that the plant had 1.22% quercitrin, 0.35% hyperoside, and 0.11% guaijaverin. The validation of the analytical method was performed by linearity, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification parameters. Conclusion Present study supported the traditional use of the aerial parts E. characias subsp. wulfenii as wound healer and quercetin derivatives were isolated as active components from the active fraction by using bioassay-guided fractionation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Tanacetum species are traditionally used as insecticide, and externally wound healer as well as for anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic properties. The in vivo wound-healing and ant i-inflammatory potential of four Tanacetum species, Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd. subsp. argenteum (TA), Tanacetum heterotomum (Bornm.) Grierson (TH), Tanacetum densum (Lab.) Schultz Bip. subsp. sivasicum (TD), and Tanacetum vulgare L. (TV) was investigated. Materials and Methods: The chloroform (CHCl3) and methanol:water (80:20) extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of each plant. For assessment of the wound-healing activity, l inear incision on rats and circular excision on mice wound models were used and histopathological analyses were conducted on the tissues treated with the test materials. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, Whittle Method based on the inhibition of the acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability was used. In order to elucidate the phytochemical contents of the extracts, HPLC profiles of active fractions were screened and quantitative analysis was conducted within the scope of HPLC analysis. Results: The CHCl3 extracts of TD, TA and TV were found to have significant wound healing activity (37.1%, 30.8% and 26.1% tensile strength; 88.05%, 72.93% and 44.88% contraction values, respectively) and ant iinflammatory activities (31.5% and 26.6% inhibition values for TD and TA). Parthenol ide content of the CHCl3 extracts of TA, TH and TV were found 242.66±1.53, 190.16±5.62 and 177.51±3.73 μg/100 mg plant material, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the other secondary metabolites present in the aerial parts of the Tanacetum species possibly exerted synergistic effects on the observed healing of the wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and sensitive method for separation and determination of chlorogenic acid has been developed. Chlorogenic acid was separated using a Supelcosil LC 18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The composition of mobile phase consisted of o-phosphoric acid, bidistilled water (0.2%) and acetonitrile. Spectrophotometric detection was carried out at 330 nm. The linear range of detection for chlorogenic acid was between 0.7237-500 μg/mL. The method described was suitable for the determination of chlorogenic acid in the leaves, branches and fruits of Viburnum tinus L. and Viburnum orientate Pallas. It was observed that V.orientale fruit sample has the highest chlorogenic acid content (0.5069%), while V.tinus branches (0.0141%) have the lowest chlorogenic acid content as w/w (%) in our case. This study is the first application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to the determination of chlorogenic acid content of V. tinus and V. orientate in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the quantitative amounts of chlorogenic acid (CA) in spray dried artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract (SD) and standardized artichoke commercial products (CP1, CP2) were calculated by using HPLC. The amounts of CA were 4.66±2.96x10-3 mg/capsule and 27.9±9.98x10-3 mg/capsule for CP1 and CP2 respectively. The in vitro phytoequivalance of SD, CP1 and CP2 were evaluated by using the content uniformity, in vitro dissolution and disintegration tests. A complete CA release was observed in all formulations which correspond to almost 25 mg for CP2 and 5 mg for SD and CP1. CA was released in a delayed manner from CP2 formulation. This result is compatible with the disintegration results indicating the slow disruption of the gelatin capsule in CP2 formulation. The time recorded for the disintegration of CP1, CP2 and SD were 10.97±0.64, 57.25±1.56 and 6±0.30 minute respectively. The results of the present work indicate that CA in commercial products was present but with amounts less than required to be contained in a capsule. Also these commercial products have different chromatographic profiles. So this study revealed that some artichoke extracts which are standardized as CA, were not phytoequivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and sensitive method for separation and determination of chlorogenic acid has been developed. Chlorogenic acid was separated using a Supelcosil LC 18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The composition of mobile phase consisted of ophosphoric acid, bidistilled water (0.2%) and acetonitrile. Spectrophotometric detection was carried out at 330 nm. The linear range of detection for chlorogenic acid was between 0.7237-500 μg/mL. The method described was suitable for the determination of chlorogenic acid in the leaves, branches and fruits of Viburnum tinus L. and Viburnum orientale Pallas. It was observed that V.orientale fruit sample has the highest chlorogenic acid content (0.5069%), while V.tinus branches (0.0141%) have the lowest chlorogenic acid content as w/w (%) in our case. This study is the first application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to the determination of chlorogenic acid content of V. tinus and V. orientale in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the quantitative amounts of chlorogenic acid (CA) in spray dried artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract (SD) and standardized artichoke commercial products (CP1, CP2) were calculated by using HPLC. The amounts of CA were 4.66±2.96x10-3 mg/capsule and 27.9±9.98x10-3 mg/capsule for CP1 and CP2 respectively. The in vitro phytoequivalance of SD, CP1 and CP2 were evaluated by using the content uniformity, in vitro dissolution and disintegration tests. A complete CA release was observed in all formulations which correspond to almost 25 mg for CP2 and 5 mg for SD and CP1. CA was released in a delayed manner from CP2 formulation. This result is compatible with the disintegration results indicating the slow disruption of the gelatin capsule in CP2 formulation. The time recorded for the disintegration of CP1, CP2 and SD were 10.97±0.64, 57.25±1.56 and 6±0.30 minute respectively. The results of the present work indicate that CA in commercial products was present but with amounts less than required to be contained in a capsule. Also these commercial products have different chromatographic profiles. So this study revealed that some artichoke extracts which are standardized as CA, were not phytoequivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Euphorbia is the largest in spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), comprising more than 2000 species. Some species of the genus Euphorbia have been used as medicinal plants for the treatment of skin diseases, migraine, and intestinal parasites and as wart ewes. Due to the rich cultural heritage and relatively rich flora, a wealth of knowledge on traditional and folk medicine has been accumulated in Turkey. Some Euphorbia species have been using to treat skin diseases and wounds in different provinces in Turkey. The used parts of the Euphorbia species include roots, seeds, latex, stem wood, stem barks, leaves, and whole plants. Euphorbias have curative properties due to presence of various chemicals, which are found as secondary metabolites in these plants. Plants in the family Euphorbiaceae are well known for the chemical diversity of their isoprenoid constituents. Diterpenoids are majority of the genus with many different skeletons such as jatrophanes, lathyranes, tiglianes, ingenanes, myrsinanes, etc. In addition, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids and steroids were also obtained. The compounds isolated from genus Euphorbia and extracts perform many different biological activities, including antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatoty, anticancer and antioxidant activities etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alchemilla mollis, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and excessive menstruation. Aqueous methanol extracts of A. mollis and A. persica were evaluated for wound healing acivity by using linear incision and circular excision wound models along with hydroxyproline estimation and histopathological analysis. Anti-inflammatory effect was determined according to Whittle method. The extracts prepared from the aerial parts of A. mollis and A. persica exerted significant wound healing activity with the tensile strength values of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively, and with the contraction values of 51.4% and 43.5%, respectively. Hydroxyproline estimation and histopathological analysis also confirmed the results. The extracts of A. mollis and A. persica showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with the values of 30.6% and 26.6% respectively. These results showed that A. mollis and A. persica possess significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously tested n-hexane extracts of the Scorzonera latifolia showed promising bioactivity in vivo. Because triterpenes could account for this activity, n-hexane extracts were analyzed by HPLC to identify and quantify the triterpenes as the most abundant constituents. Other Scorzonera and Podospermum species, potentially containing triterpenic aglycones, were included in the study. An HPLC method for simultaneous determination of triterpene aglycones was therefore developed for analysis of Podospermum and Scorzonera species. n-Hexane extracts of root and aerial parts of S. latifolia, ten other Scorzonera species and two Podospermum species were studied to compare the content of triterpenes. HPLC was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of α-amyrin, lupeol, lupeol acetate, taraxasteryl acetate, 3-β-hydroxy-fern-7-en-6-one acetate, urs-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl, 3-β-hydroxy-fern-8-en-7-one acetate, and olean-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl. Limits of detection and quantification were determined for each compound. HPLC fingerprinting of n-hexane extracts of Podospermum and Scorzonera species revealed relatively large amounts of triterpenes in a majority of investigated taxa. Lupeol, lupeol acetate, and taraxasteryl acetate were found in a majority of the species, except S. acuminata. The presence of α-amyrin, 3β-hydroxy-fern-7-en-6-one-acetate, urs-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl, 3β-hydroxy-fern-8-en-7-one-acetate, and olean-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl was detected in varying amounts. The triterpene content could correlate with the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Scorzonera, which was previously observed and Scorzonera species that have been determined to contain triterpenes in large amounts and have not yet been tested for their analgesic activity should be tested for their potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. The presented HPLC method can be used for analysis of triterpene aglycones, for example dedicated to chemosystematic studies of the Scorzonerinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]