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To understand if the formation of mucilage in the Sea of Marmara in 2021 affects the attenuation of light in the water column, data from two different periods were compared. Six stations covering the wide area of the Sea of Marmara and representing regions with different characteristics were selected. The CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) values were examined and Kd (attenuation coefficient) was calculated. In order to understand the effect of different typologies of mucilage aggregates on light attenuation, the light data of August 2021 was compare with the light data of January 2021, when these typologies did not occur. As a result of the study, the euphotic zone depth (ZEU) in the Sea of Marmara for the period of August 2021 was limited to the range of 14-23 m. The average attenuation coefficient was 0.242±0.04 m-1. As expected in January, the attenuation coefficient generally decreased with increasing depth, while in August this situation was almost reversed. The evaluation of PAR and Kd data showed that the mucilage aggregates, which become denser and larger with depth, caused serious shading in the water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility in cattle is an important trait for the profitability of dairy farms. Some factors affecting fertilization in small and medium-sized dairy farms in Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa provinces located in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey were discussed in this study. The reproductive yield, which is the dependent variable, and the breed of cattle that affect the fertility, and disease were included in the model as categorical variables, while the duration of experience for artificial insemination specialists in the profession and artificial insemination practice were included in the model as continuous variables. The distribution of fertility data was Poisson, however the comparison of mean and variance (μ<ν²) indicated an overdispersion in the data (p<0.05). Therefore, the parameters of the criteria affecting the fertility were estimated using NBR model. The fertility rate was low (55%) in study area and the breed (16%) was an important impact on the fertility. The results revealed that the effects of Holstein and Simmental cattle breeds on fertility was higher compared to the local breeds (46.8% and 50.6%, respectively). The fertility decreased 13.6% in cattle with disease symptoms. The race, disease, working time of the specialist and professional experience in the practice had significant effects on fertility in artificial insemination. In addition, the results revealed that the NBR model can be evaluated effectively and easily with the Stata statistical program in case of overdispersion of categorical data such as conception level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility in cattle is an important trait for the profitability of dairy farms. Some factors affecting fertilization in small and medium-sized dairy farms in Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa provinces located in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey were discussed in this study. The reproductive yield, which is the dependent variable, and the breed of cattle that affect the fertility, and disease were included in the model as categorical variables, while the duration of experience for artificial insemination specialists in the profession and artificial insemination practice were included in the model as continuous variables. The distribution of fertility data was Poisson, however the comparison of mean and variance (μ<ν²) indicated an overdispersion in the data (p<0.05). Therefore, the parameters of the criteria affecting the fertility were estimated using NBR model. The fertility rate was low (55%) in study area and the breed (16%) was an important impact on the fertility. The results revealed that the effects of Holstein and Simmental cattle breeds on fertility was higher compared to the local breeds (46.8% and 50.6%, respectively). The fertility decreased 13.6% in cattle with disease symptoms. The race, disease, working time of the specialist and professional experience in the practice had significant effects on fertility in artificial insemination. In addition, the results revealed that the NBR model can be evaluated effectively and easily with the Stata statistical program in case of overdispersion of categorical data such as conception level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertical distribution of mucilage aggregates is described for the Sea of Marmara in July 2021. In order to understand the vertical distribution of mucilage aggregates, CTD measurements and underwater video records were obtained from 10 stations in the Sea of Marmara. Nine different types of mucilage aggregates were observed during this study. Flocs were observed in the entire surface waters of the Sea of Marmara. The biggest type of mucilage aggregates in terms of size was clouds. Vertical distribution of mucilage in the water column had a distinct distribution for different types and this distribution was same for all regions. Even though it was not possible to monitor the deep basin, this study confirms that mucilage aggregates passed the halocline and were recorded up to 60 m depth in the water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to assess the relationships between physiological parameters and grain yield of different bread wheat genotypes. In the present research a total of 25 bread wheat genotypes were tested during the 2016-2017 seasons under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Grain yield, days of heading, plant height, biomass (NDVI) from GS25 up to GS85 growth stage, chlorophyll content (SPAD) during the heading stage, canopy temperature (CT) at GS60 and GS75 growth stages, and glaucousness were investigated. The results of variance analyses showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) among genotypes for yield. The mean grain yield was 7948 kg ha-1 and yield ranged from 7033 kg ha-1 to 8759 kg ha-1, the highest grain yield performed by TE6744-16 line. According to the results, significant differences among cultivars in terms of plant height, days of heading, biomass, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, glaucousness were found. TE6627-6 line had the highest chlorophyll content and also, chlorophyll content positively affected grain yield. Canopy temperature is generally related to yield under drought stress condition in bread wheat. In the study early maturing (days of heading) genotypes had lower canopy temperature. An increase in biomass after the heading phase has positively affected grain yield. In the study, no correlation was found between grain yield and biomass at GS25 and GS45 growth phase. There was a negative correlation between glaucousness with biomass at GS60, GS75 and GS85 growth phase. These results showed that physiological parameters such as biomass (at GS75 and GS85), canopy temperature (at GS60 and GS75), and chlorophyll content (at GS60), and glaucousness could be used for selection parameters under rainfed conditions for yield in bread wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genotypes performance changes due to environmental pressures or stresses and differences in their ability to adapt to the stress factors. Drought is the main abiotic stress factor affecting bread wheat yield and yield component. The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of Trakia Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne (Turkey), in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, and 15 wheat genotypes were planted in RCBD in a split-plot with three replications. The main plots were assigned to five moisture regimes, which included 3 drought stress environments, one non-stress and one non-treatment environment. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to determine genotypes environment interaction. Grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike number per square meter, kernel and spikelet number per spike, length of spike and plant height were investigated. PCA indicated that the first (46.31%) and second (25.32%) components justified 71.63% of variations in the investigated yield parameters of the genotypes. Based on GGE biplot results, Kate A-1 and Tekirdağ genotypes were determined as the most stable cultivars for grain yield. Mean values of the genotypes varied between 3830-6583 kg ha-1 for grain yield, 20170-25394 kg ha-1 for biological yield, 68.6-110.9cm for plant height, 30.2-38.3 for kernel number in spike, 328.8-486.6 for spike number per square meter and 6.57-9.17cm for spike length. Clusters I and II were more clearly separated. In the first group of clusters 6 genotypes are located including one line and five cultivars. In the second group of clusters 8 genotypes are located including five advanced lines and four cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence and severity of biotic stress factors, quality and agronomic parameters and its effect on yield and quality character of wheat genotypes. The experiment was conducted at Trakia Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne experimental area, during 2013-2015 cropping years. Grain yield, days of heading, plant height, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein ratio, leaf rust, stripe rust, Septoria leaf spot and relationship among these parameters were investigated. Based on a two years data, apart from protein content, other parameters showed significant difference (p<0.05). When compared to the mean yields in both cropping years, the genotypes Gelibolu and BBVD-3, BBVD-4, BBVD-9 genotypes were determined the better-adapted genotypes under target environment. Cultivar Aldane and TCI011322-8 line was detected as very tolerant to leaf rust and stripe rust in both years under the infection of field condition. Aldane had higher protein ratio, 1000-kernel weight and test weight. Grain yield was positively correlated with test weight and negatively correlated with foliar diseases. A highly significant negative correlation was determined between grain yield and plant height in both growing years. Leaf rust and Septoria tritici leaf disease had negative effect on protein ratio in both years. There was a significant positive relation between 1000-kernel weight and test weight. Results of the study indicated that based on biotic stress factors BBVD-6, BBVD-7 and TCI011322-8 are promising lines that need to be improved a bit further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley is an important crop in Trakia region, Turkey and due to various environmental factors it can suffer some biotic stress and yield loss in the region. This research was carried out in two locations (Edirne and Tekirdağ) of Trakia region during 2013-2014 growing year. The experiment was set up with 25 advanced genotypes in completely randomized blocks with four replications at two locations. Grain yield, plant height, days to heading, leaf rust, net blotch, powdery mildew and relationship among these characters were investigated. According to the results, there was significant difference among genotypes for grain yield, biotic stress factors and other characters. The mean grain yield of the genotypes was 6866 kg ha-1. TEA1619-11 had the highest grain yield with 7667 kg ha-1. TEA2311-19 (7593 kg ha-1) and Harman (7593 kg ha-1) were the other highest yielding genotypes. Due to various environmental conditions, there was significant difference between locations. Mean yield in Edirne location was 7841 kg ha-1 and in Tekirdağ location it was 5891 kg ha-1. TEA1619-8 and TEA1619-9 sister lines had the shortest plant height and early genotypes had higher grain yield. Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. teres) is the mainly prevalent disease in Trakya region. Leaf rust and powdery mildew had negative effect and decreased grain yield. TEA1619-12, TEA1619-17, TEA2311-19 and TEA1980-25 genotypes were resistant at both locations. TEA1980-25 was an outstanding line to net blotch, leaf rust and powdery mildew. It was determined that increase of net blotch had negative effect and decreased the grain yield in the genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various environmental conditions can cause some biotic and abiotic stress factors and reduce yield and quality of wheat. This research was carried out to determine the effect of the environmental conditions on yield, some agronomic, and leaf rust disease of the bread wheat genotypes in four different locations in Trakia region, Turkey. The experiment was established with 25 genotypes in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications in 2008-2009 cycles. Grain yield, days to heading and maturity, plant height, lodging resistance, leaf rust and relationship among characters were investigated. The temperature and rainfall were scored at GS24-33, GS34-43, GS45-75 and GS77-89 growth stages and compared with the investigated traits. According to the results, significant differences among locations and some investigated parameters were found based on rainfall and temperature with yield and other investigated traits. The mean yield of the genotypes was 5851 kg ha-1, and CMSW97WM518S-12 had the highest yield with 6601 kg ha-1. Tekirdağ was the highest yielding location with 7022 kg ha-1, followed by Edirne (5808 kg ha-1) and Kırklareli (5754 kg ha-1. Due to various environment conditions infection of the leaf rust varied and there were differences among locations. Cultivar Aldane and three lines were resistant to leaf rust. Positive relation between yield with plant height and lodging resistance was found and this means that genotypes which have tall plant had higher yield potential. Rainfall at GS24-33 (r= 0.855) and GS34-43 (r= 0.911*) had a significant and positive effect on grain yield. Increase of temperature during the shooting, heading and grain filling period decreased grain yield, so negative association between grain yield and temperature at GS34-43 (r= -0.761), GS45-75 (r= -0.635) and GS77-89 (r= -0.815) was found. The overall evaluation suggested that increase of temperature from shooting up to grain filling decreased the grain yield duration of the maturating stage. Rainfall during the vegetative growth phase increased grain yield and biomass of plant of genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, this article investigates the stationary properties of per capita electricity consumption by employing a nonlinear unit root test for 23 high-income Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries covering the period 1960–2005. Empirical results demonstrate that per capita electricity consumption follows a nonlinear behavior in 70% of the OECD countries. By using the Lagrange Multiplier and Kruse’s (2011) unit root test, we find that the electricity consumption is a non-stationary process for 12 countries. In addition, we conclude that any shock to electricity consumption is likely to be permanent and energy policies will have a permanent impact. On the other hand, electricity consumption is a stationary process for the rest of the 19 countries which means that energy demand management policies designed to shrink energy consumption will have temporary effects as energy consumption will return to its trend path. As a policy implication, the linearity or nonlinearity of data should be investigated before testing the unit root test hypothesis in the studies to avoid doubtful results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on a randomised clinical trial which aimed to compare the clinical effects and characteristics of hyperbaric and hypobaric levobupivacaine for unilateral spinal anaesthesia. The researchers found that motor block regression was faster in the hyperbaric group. The authors conclude that unilateral spinal anaesthesia was more frequent in the hyperbaric group.

The protonation of six isomeric forms of bipyridine has been investigated by means of different quantum chemical methods (i.e. semi-empirical (PM5), DFT (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) and ab initio (HF/6-31G(d)). It is concluded that 2,2′-bipyridine exists as transoid isomer, 2,3′-bipyridine as cisoid isomer and 3,3′-bipyridine coexist in equal amount of cisoid and transoid isomeric forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parametric analysis of the fine and the magnetic dipole hyperfine structure for the three configurations of odd parity 4d35s5p, 4d45p and 4d25s25p was performed. Effective one-electron parameters were determined and theoretical predictions are given for the magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constants A for the levels of these three configurations. Additionally, 12 new energy levels could be found, four of odd and eight of even parity, by re-analysing data for experimental wavelengths of Nb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the use of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology in biological ammonia removal from landfill leachate and the suitability of raw landfill leachate as external carbon source in the denitrification step. Operation process of the SBR; Difference of the nitrification rates in the second and third stages.

In this study, three different gas turbine cogeneration systems that are preheating air, preheating air-fuel and simple cycles where steam injected in to combustion chamber are analyzed. The effects of steam injection on thermoeconomic performance are calculated and obtained. By using the first law of thermodynamics, the exergy analysis and economic methods, simulation programs written by the authors in FORTRAN code are obtained to use for the analyses. Thermoeconomic performance of these three different cycles for different stage and variable mass of injected steam are obtained and compared with literature. The effects of injection steam in to combustion chambers of those three cycles for variable compressing ratios, on power, efficiencies, product price and performances are obtained. Consequently, the advantages and the disadvantages of injection steam are evaluated. The results obtained in this study are compared with the results available in the literature. Injection steam into combustion chamber increases the electricity efficiency and electricity power but decreases the heat power of the cycles. Also the produced electricity price for per kWh is increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review article, the oceanographic and ecosystem characteristics and pollution status of the Golden Horn Estuary (GHE) was evaluated during and after remediation in terms of physicochemical parameters, nutrients, phytoplankton blooms, ichthyoplankton and pollutants. The changes in the Golden Horn ecosystem and the distribution trends of the toxic and persistent pollutants have been revealed by assessing the information obtained from various research and projects carried out in the Golden Horn for about 20 years. As a result of the rehabilitation works, the secchi disc depth, total suspended sediments, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and partially petroleum hydrocarbon values improved and the GHE started to show the characteristics of "coastal transition water". Accordingly, it was determined that the pollution continued in the shallow inner part of the Valide Sultan station, while a significant improvement has been reported between Galata and Unkapanı Bridges. Recently, GHE has started to display "marine water" characteristics in terms of fish eggs and larvae composition. Oceanographic and ecosystem characteristics of the GHE and current pollution assessment have revealed that the most important pressure factors on the area are the metropolitan region, geographical features and dredging activities. In order to reduce the effect of these pressures, some precautions have been suggested like advanced treatment of discharges, prevention of leakage water discharges, and dredging of bottom sediment material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. The aim of this work is to increase the amount of hyperfine structure data of atomic niobium (Nb I), which is needed for astrophysicists for the detailed analysis of new stellar spectra. Particular emphasis was placed on the investigation of energy levels with unknown hyperfine structure constants. Methods. The hyperfine structure in the spectrum of Nb I was studied using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and laser optogalvanic spectroscopy with a tuneable single-mode cw Ti:Sa laser in the wavelength range from 750 nm to 865 nm. The Nb atoms were produced and excited in a liquid-nitrogen-cooled hollow-cathode plasma. Results. We measured and analysed 81 spectral lines, 19 of which are not previously known from the literature. In total, the magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constants A were determined for 28 energy levels of even and 53 energy levels of odd parity. The electric quadrupole hyperfine structure constants B were only determined in a few cases, when the spectra were clearly resolved and/or when a level was found from several transitions. The magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constants A of 13 even and 11 odd levels as well as the electric quadrupole hyperfine structure constants B of 13 even and 17 odd levels are presented for the first time. For the other levels, improved values of hyperfine structure constants are given. Conclusions. The hyperfine structure can have a significant effect on stellar absorption line profiles, and the corresponding abundances can be substantially overestimated if these effects are not taken into account. Therefore, a detailed consideration of the hyperfine structure is important for stellar abundance determinations. The present work substantially increases the knowledge of hyperfine structure of Nb, which plays an important role in investigating the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular element concentrations and dry weight contents in A6 cells were determined using electron microprobe analysis to establish whether these cells exhibit a regulatory volume increase (post-RVD-RVI) when re-establishing isotonicity following a hypotonically induced regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Hypotonic stress was induced by reducing basolateral [NaCl], and hence, osmolarity fell from 260 to 140 mosmol/l. The alterations in cell volume after re-establishing isotonicity, calculated from the cellular dry weight changes, indicate within the first 2 min cell shrinkage from 120 to 76% of control, compatible with almost ideal osmometric behaviour of A6 cells, and thereafter a post-RVD-RVI to 94%. The cellular uptake of osmolytes necessary to explain the post-RVD-RVI could be accounted for solely by a gain in cellular K and Cl. The involvement of a Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in most of the KCl uptake seems plausible since basolateral bumetanide blocked KCl uptake and post-RVD-RVI. The net uptake of cations (K uptake of 185.2, Na loss of 8.2 mmol/kg dry wt) during the isotonic period exceeded the Cl uptake by 38.2 mmol/kg dry wt, suggesting the uptake of another anion and/or the alteration of cellular buffer capacity. The relatively low Na concentration maintained during the isotonic period (13.3 vs. 20.4 mmol/kg wet wt under control conditions) might favour electrolyte uptake via the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of two safflower cultivars were investigated in order to determine their frictional and aerodynamic properties as a function of moisture content. The coefficients of dynamic friction of cultivars on aluminium, plywood, fibreglass and steel surfaces increased by 87, 56, 78, and 129% for cv. Remzibey-05 seed, and by 91, 31, 71, and 131% for cv. Dinçer seed, respectively, between the initial and final moisture content levels. The terminal velocities of the Remzibey-05 and Dinçer seeds increased by 15 and 11%, respectively, with increase in moisture content between the initial and final levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Anguina tritici on wheat yields and other agronomic components were investigated at Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey, during the 2015-2016 growing seasons. In the experiment, three different gall densities were used to determine the yield loss caused by the wheat gall nematodes on Selimiye bread wheat variety. The results showed that inoculation of seed gall nematodes at 10%, 20%, and 40% infected seed resulted in yield losses of 9.7, 21.5, and 27%, respectively, when compared to the non-inoculated control. The 1,000 kernel weight did not decrease by the 3 inoculum levels (P>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses oceanographic aspects of the Golden Horn and some results of the Golden Horn Rehabilitation Project. Response of the hydrographic structure of the Golden Horn to the conditions in the southern Bosphorus; Microbial contamination of the estuary stations; Measurement of dissolved oxygen concentrations; Decrease of pollution in comparison with the data of the previous years, a result of rehabilitation efforts.