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Summary: This article presents a quad element wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna consisting of human face‐shaped patch radiators with defected ground structure (DGS) having rectangular split ring resonator (RSRR) in ground surface. The measured bandwidth of the proposed MIMO antenna is 3.0–6.5 GHz, and the isolation between the ports is more than 16 dB. Additionally, simulated diversity characteristics like the channel capacity loss (CCL), channel capacity (CC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are investigated with the measured value and observed to be within the acceptable ranges over the operating frequency band. The suggested antenna can be used in the wireless local area network (WLAN) (i.e., 4.9–5.725 GHz), wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi) (i.e., 5.15–5.85 GHz), and 5G under 6 GHz (3.3–5.0 GHz) frequency ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 5G communication network is a promising technology that offers user-centric connectivity to customers, enabling quick, high-capacity, and latency-free access to many applications. Software Defined Networking Controller (SDNC) is an emerging technology that is used for increasing the security and maintaining the dynamic nature of mobile devices in latency and energy-assured 5G wireless communication. Different SDN topology open flow controllers are used in the literature for increasing the throughput and security of the network but they possess some drawbacks such as frequent location update (LU) overhead, high latency, and high energy consumption. This paper proposes a hexagonal software defined network (H-SDN) controller to overcome these challenges. The proposed H-SDN topology is used to preserve Intermediate Message Layer (IML) location during multimedia data transmission. A Core Switch (CS) updates an IML's location within clusters of cells, as long as it remains within the cluster. However, in the proposed method, there will be a location update on the server if the IML departs the cluster. Experiment results show that the proposed method can increase security, which in turn increases throughput, while reduces the location update costs, energy consumption, and transmission latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The emergence of 5G networks has increased the demand for network resources, making efficient resource management crucial. Slice admission control (SAC) is a process that governs the creation and allocation of virtualized network environments, known as "network slices," which can be tailored to meet specific user requirements. However, traditional SAC methods face dynamic and heterogeneous challenges in wireless networks, especially in cloud radio access networks (C‐RANs). To address this issue, machine learning (ML) techniques, particularly deep reinforcement learning (DRL), have been proposed as powerful tools for optimizing SAC. DRL‐based approaches enable SAC systems to learn from previous interactions with the network environment and dynamically adapt to changing network conditions. This review article comprehensively explains the current state‐of‐the‐art DRL‐based SAC, focusing on C‐RANs. The article identifies key challenges and future research directions and highlights the potential benefits of using DRL for SAC, including improved network performance and efficiency. However, deploying these systems in real‐world scenarios presents several challenges and trade‐offs that need to be carefully considered. Further research and development are required to address these challenges and ensure the successful deployment of DRL‐based SAC systems in wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses theories of industrial policy to assess the development of China's 5G telecommunications equipment policy. It considers the path China's 5G build-out has taken, and American security concerns in reaction to several nations' potential adoption of China's latest generation of communications equipment. It focuses on several East, South, and Southeast Asian countries and their decisions on whether or not to incorporate China's 5G technology for their networks. It concludes with assessment of future paths in the Sino-US competition over 5G and later generation communications systems adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short block length "block" codes are typically not used in wireless standards as soft decision decoding is computationally intensive and hard decision decoding results in performance loss. However, short block lengths are of interest to massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). In this paper, we propose a diversity preserving enhanced hard-decision decoding scheme for parity check codes (PCC) over Rayleigh fading channels. The proposed flip decoding scheme has linear complexity in the block length. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the correctness of the proposed detection scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction using computer vision is getting prevalent nowadays because of satisfying results. The vision of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) expedites Vehicle to everything (V2X) communications by implementing heterogeneous global networks. Road crack is one of the major factors that causes road mishaps and damage to vehicles. To ensure smooth and safe driving, avoiding road crack in transportation planning and navigation is significant. To address this issue, we proposed a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)-based smart transportation system. We showed how to quantify the severity of the cracks. We proposed a post-processing algorithm to provide option to the driver to select the safest road toward the destination. The communication system for the proposed smart transportation system has also been introduced. The performance comparison of a few popular CNN architectures has been investigated. Simulation results showed that Resnet50 algorithm provides significantly high accuracy compared with SqueezeNet and InceptionV3 algorithm in order to detect road cracks for the proposed transportation system. We demonstrated high accuracy of measuring the crack severity via numerical analysis. The integration of the proposed system in next generation smart vehicles can ensure accurate detection of road cracks earlier enough providing the option to select alternate safe route toward a destination as advanced driver assistance service. Moreover, the proposed system can also play a key role in order to reduce road mishaps notably by warning the driver about the updated road surface conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the public contestation of the rollout of the fifth generation of mobile telecommunications networks (5G) in the Netherlands. Drawing on Pfaffenberger's framework of technological dramas, we analyze the variety of symbolic expressions about 5G made in documents published by "design constituencies" leading the technology's implementation, "ambivalent intermediaries" reporting on 5G's implementation and its emerging controversial status in the news, and by "impact constituencies" who organize on Facebook to oppose against 5G. The analysis describes a variety of publicly performed narratives and activities that build on symbolic meanings of a supposed public need for 5G, imaginaries of 5G futures, and scientifically manageable and responsible innovation. The paper demonstrates how the technological drama of 5G is constituted by tensions between different interpretations of these publicly performed meanings. However, amidst the drama, meanings of public need and imaginaries of 5G futures are temporarily suspended, constraining the stage for opposition and enforcing partial closure of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a small multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wearable antenna system with four coplanar waveguide-fed antennas operating in the new radio band 79 (4.4–5 GHz) applications. The suggested MIMO antenna system consists of four identical hexagonal-shaped monopole radiators, and each is printed on polymide substrate with the size of 1.33 λ0 × 1.03 λ0, where λ0 is the wavelength at centre frequency 4.5 GHz. By placing four antenna elements in orthogonal arrangements, independent radiation pattern is achieved, thereby increasing isolation better than 17 dB. Specifically, no dedicated mechanism has been introduced to obtain the substantial isolation. All the antenna elements in the MIMO arrangement have broadband operation resonating between 4.4 and 5 GHz covering n79 (new radio band) 5G applications. The proposed antenna has a peak gain around 3.8–4 dBi over the operating frequency with radiation efficiency ranging from 88% to 90%. Since flexible substrate is used in the design, conformability of the antenna has been verified by performing bending analysis. The MIMO antenna provides better measured results, which are consistent with the simulated results; therefore, the antenna explored in this research could be the better candidate for 5G conformal and wearable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a planar of small size Tapered slot Vivaldi antenna for mm‐Wave 5G application is proposed. The main goal can be presented by designing of a small size antenna with good performance antenna for mmWave and massive MIMO applications. The suggested antenna structure is portrayed by a size of 6.4 × 6 × 0.254 mm3 printed on a dielectric substrate (Roger/RT Duroid −5880) with εr = 2.2, and tanδ = 0.0009. The antenna displayed a small size and good performance with an impedance bandwidth equals 17.9 GHz ranging from 22.1 GHz to 40 GHz with the value of S11<−10 dB, which covers all mm‐Wave frequency bands. The antenna gain is found fluctuating from 6.2 dB up to 7.1 dB in the whole band, which the maximum gain value is found at 22.1 GHz. The radiation of the antenna is found the end‐fire type. The HFSS software package was used to design and simulate the proposed antenna structure. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The presented state of the art is a novel coplanar optically transparent antenna designed to operate in extended GSM, L‐band, and UWB applications for vehicular communication. The presented radiator operates using a coplanar waveguide feed mechanism without a separate ground plane layer with a minimal conductive surface to enhance the transparency of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna design has dimensions of 40 × 20 mm2, and a transparent material of soda–lime glass is used as a substrate with a dielectric constant of 7. The radiating element over the substrate is the conductive film fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) with a sheet resistance of 7 Ω/sq. The operating frequency range of the designed antenna is from 0.86 to 14.45 GHz, which encloses the E‐GSM (900 MHz), L‐band (1–2 GHz), and UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) frequencies. The peak gains at the operating frequencies are 1, 1.6, and 4.34 dBi, respectively. The designed antenna is fabricated and measured, and the performance metrics are plotted and compared. Since the transparent antenna is designed, the tendency of a substance to conduct light is measured as the optical transmittance, and it is calculated as 95% in the glass reference and 82% in the air reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose a distributed synchronization solution to achieve decentralized coordination in a system of collaborative robots. This is done by leveraging cloud-based computing and 5G technology to exchange causal ordering messages between the robots, eliminating the need for centralized control entities or programmable logic controllers in the system. The proposed solution is described, mathematically formulated, implemented in software, and validated over realistic network conditions. Further, the performance of the decentralized solution via 5G technology is compared to that achieved with traditional coordinated/uncoordinated cabled control systems. The results indicate that the proposed decentralized solution leveraging cloud-based 5G wireless is scalable to systems of up to 10 collaborative robots with comparable efficiency to that from standard cabled systems. The proposed solution has direct application in the control of producer–consumer and automated assembly line robotic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Delivering health care services in isolated rural regions through vehicular communications has recently attracted more attention. Real‐time video streaming is one of the most commonly used applications in such services. Escorting this increasing interest, there is a high demand for high‐quality streaming video in vehicular environments. However, these services face challenging network characteristics such as high dynamic topology and mobility, leading to high packet loss and degraded visual quality. This paper presents a smart approach to multi‐access terrestrial and non‐terrestrial networks (NTNs) for high‐quality and real‐time video streaming in vehicular environments to enhance healthcare services in remote areas. The proposed approach integrates a mobile telemedicine unit connected to an expert site through different channels, including satellite communication, 5 Generation (5G), and long‐term evolution (LTE) networks. A modified multipath QUIC extension (MPQUIC) was introduced to stream data hybridly through the network. Furthermore, multiple description coding (MDC) was applied to split data into two different descriptions and prioritize one over the other. Important data would be transmitted through cellular networks, and non‐priority data would be transmitted through satellite links, enhancing the reliability of video transmission. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through the use of a connected ambulance as a case study. The Mininet‐Wifi was used to emulate network conditions. The peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural SIMilarity (SSIM), and video multimethod assessment fusion (VMAF) were measured to evaluate the received video quality; the received data rate and packet loss were also calculated. The obtained results show our proposed method's efficiency by reducing latency by up to 60% and improving the receiving data rate by up to 143% compared with the classical MPQUIC. The proposed system enhances video quality by up to 70%. It minimizes packet loss by up to 50% compared with the unreliable QUIC, showcasing the potential to improve m‐health services' efficiency and mobility in isolated rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) is a 5G architecture that consists of sites and three-layer Data Centers (DCs), which include the central office DC, local DC, and regional DC. Network slicing, which enables infrastructure providers (InP) to create independent logical networks, is essential in this architecture. By utilizing this technology, InPs can maximize the utility of the network by providing slices to service providers in response to their slice requests. However, almost all of the recent research on slice admission control (SAC) schemes has only considered one or two layers of DCs, which limits the efficiency of the slicing process and decreases network utility. To address these issues, this paper proposes an intelligent SAC scheme called ISAC that considers all three-layer DCs. Instead of relying on reinforcement learning algorithms like Q-learning, which are effective in discrete environments with limited state space but give poor performance in continuous environments, ISAC employs the Approximate Reinforcement Learning (ARL) algorithm. ARL is better suited for 5G network modeling because it can adapt to continuous environments, allowing for a more accurate representation of the underlying physical processes. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that ISAC significantly improves performance in terms of slice request rejection rates, InP revenue, accepting more slices, and optimizing resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing need for applications with low latency and high bandwidth in 5G networks has shifted the emphasis towards integrating edge computing into mobile network architectures. The optimal deployment of edge servers (ESs) is crucial for balancing performance and cost. Current research primarily focuses on the optimal deployment of ESs. However, there is limited attention on forecasting the workload of ESs, particularly in scenarios where they are placed in their optimal positions, which is crucial for accommodating anticipated variations in user densities and workload fluctuations expected in the near future. This research forecasting of workload in 5G networks by leveraging the Temporal Hierarchical Attention Mechanism Network (THAMNET) model for accurate Internet traffic forecasting. Addressing this gap, the Max–Min Fairness Allocation Scheme (MMF-AS) algorithm is implemented to ensure a balanced workload distribution. This approach facilitates fair allocation of Base Stations (BSs) to ESs, taking into account factors such as workload, distance, and connectivity. A novel approach is introduced by integrating the THAMNET forecasting model with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and MMF-AS algorithms. The proposed method considers predicted future traffic demands, and connectivity between ESs and BSs, and aims to achieve balanced workload distribution, higher utilisation rates, minimised latency, and reduced energy consumption. Experimental results demonstrate equitable workload distribution 25.95%, utilisation rate 17.57%, and notable reductions in latency 47.61% and energy consumption 32.28% compared to the non-forecasting comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we explain comprehensive industrial and innovation results on using an artificial neural network (ANN) method to improve the performance of microstrip patch antennas for 5G, indoor-outdoor, and Ku band uses. To determine if an antenna is appropriate, this article discusses multiple methods, one of which is to do a simulation using validating software like high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and Altair Feko. Based on the Rogers RT 5880 substrate, the antenna is constructed. There is a loss tangent of 0.0009 and its dimensions are 17.1053 mm in length and 16 mm in width. Its dielectric constant is 2.2. Despite its small size, it boasts an impressive maximum efficiency of almost 90% and a gain of approximately 8 dB. As an indicator of ANN model performance, we may look at the R-squared value (99%), the mean square error (MSE), which is approximately 0.0015, and the confidence interval (99%). The ANN models are the most accurate and have the lowest error rate when it comes to predicting efficiency and gain. The suggested antenna is a promising contender for the targeted Ku band, indoor/outdoor, and 5G uses, as verified by the clustering of computer simulation technology (CST), HFSS, and Altair Feko simulated results with the measured and predicted outcomes of ANN approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive article explores the massive MIMO (M-MIMO) design and its associated concepts, focusing on the seamless integration requirements for Beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G networks. Addressing critical aspects such as RF chain reduction, pilot contamination, cell-free MIMO, and security considerations, this article delves into the intricacies of M-MIMO in the evolving landscape of B5G. Moreover, the emerging MIMO concepts in this article include AI-enabled M-MIMO three-dimensional beamforming, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, visible light communication, and THz spectrum utilization. This review highlights the challenges and open research issues, including Narrow Aperture Antenna Nodes, Plasmonic Antenna Arrays, Integrated Sensing with M-MIMO, and the application of federated learning in M-MIMO systems. By examining these cutting-edge developments, this article aims to advance knowledge in the field and inspire future research directions in the exciting realm of B5G and 6G networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper presents a compact (20 × 20 × 1.59 mm3), (0.34λg × 0.34λg × 0.01λg at 2.4 GHz) triple band monopole antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The geometry of the antenna consists of (i) U‐shape monopole with feed line, (ii) stubs, and (iii) modified ground to achieve three independent operating bands ranging from (i) 2.4–2.48 GHz for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)/3G; (ii) 3.4–3.6 GHz for 4G/5G; and (iii) 5.725–5.825 GHz for 5.8G Wi‐Fi/extended 5G. Various parameters, input impedance, and current distribution of the proposed structure are carried out to investigate the effects of stub, ground plane and analyze the radiation. The measured result covers the three individual bands in range of 2.38–2.48 GHz, 3.41–3.61 GHz, and 5.76–6.04 GHz, respectively, and exhibits stable omnidirectional radiation patterns, acceptable antenna gain, and efficiency in the operating bands. The experimental result of the fabricated antenna closely matches with the simulated result. Therefore, satisfactory result ensures its ability to work for 3G/4G/5G/extended 5G IoT portable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate and analyze the behavior of 4G and 5G OFDMA cellular networks in real time, it is essential to have a real‐time testbed to emulate these cellular networks. We developed the experimental testbed in this work and proposed a real‐time approach to emulating these networks. We take real‐time measurements in indoor and outdoor environments. From the results, we say the proposed testbed can be used to identify the activity of spectrum occupancy of 4G and 5G cellular systems within a specified time, and one can also test their algorithm, protocols, and solutions using our developed testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: An evaluation of various transmit precoding schemes is proposed in this thesis on basis of spectral efficiency (SE) of massive MIMO (m‐MIMO) system in 2 GHz spectrum. The present generation of wireless networks must be rethought due to the rapidly rising user base, huge volume data transfer, wide coverage requirement, and exponential rise in data rate. 5G mobile network includes a multi‐fold increase in network capacity, energy conservation, decreased latency, higher coverage probability, and a seamless connection. m‐MIMO has provided good solution for enhancing the data rate with the coverage, overcoming the effects of multipath fading and has also increased diversity of the system. Massiveness of MIMO system along with 5G network is the key technology to address the issue of SE, throughput, improvement of QoS (quality of service), coverage probability, power delay profile, diversity simulation, energy efficiency, and improvement in bit error rate. Parameters such as SE, throughput, and coverage probability are important for any communication system, and their improvement can increase overall capacity of cellular network system and could meet the requirement of upcoming demand for mobile network. The research paper is focused on performance analysis of m‐MIMO with reference to the SE of various transmit precoding schemes. Simulation results show that SE provided by M‐MMSE (multi‐cell minimum mean‐squared error) technique of precoding ranks highest for the same number of antennas and pilot reuse factor as compared to other schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G communication technologies in smart cities deliver promising services for heterogeneous applications. The application reliability banks on uninterrupted and seamless services experienced by the users. However, the increasing smart city application demands influence the experience reliability through augmented wait times. This article therefore introduces a Coherent Reliability Service Broadcasting Technique (CRSBT) for sustaining constructive application services. This technique incorporates linear regressive and digressive learning for application service improvements and restrictions. Based on the demand, the regressive process verifies the wait time and with the reducing demands, the service broadcast ratio is verified. These two factors are verified post the demand and response through 5G resource allocations and IoT computations. Both the service-oriented features are validated for regressive service broadcast and either of the one is used for digressive response. The coherence between the computations (IoT) and resources (5G) is verified on-demand and linearly. Therefore, the proposed technique is reliable in sustaining service broadcast, less wait time, and maximum flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main sources of information dissemination is social networks. Changes in social and Internet of Things (IoT) relationships can affect the quality of service (QoS) of device-to-device (D2D) communication in fifth-generation (5G) networks. Integration of social networks and IoT networks will allow users to improve their communication abilities with proximity users. The most challenging issues are interference and channel uncertainty due to massive connectivity and random movement of users in an urban dynamic environment. In this paper, D2D-based social Internet of Things (D2D–social IoT) in a 5G network is modeled for urban regions. To address these issues, we formulate a throughput maximization problem under the maximum power and QoS constraints. The problem is divided into multiple subproblems to reduce interference and enhance throughput. First, we leverage the interference channel link for intelligent resource sharing with better QoS by the spatiotemporal method. The second one involves bisection-based power search optimization by utilizing the Mellin transformation method for latency and power minimization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the network performance in terms of throughput, sum rate, and reduction in network latency by up to 19.91%, 26.24%, and 31.57%, respectively. It is expected that an inclusive implementation of the said method can enable resource allocation in 5G-enabled social IoT networks for the development of smart city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-tuning range frequency reconfigurable dual-band compact cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) for 5 G Sub 6 GHz applications is presented in the proposed work. The work presented here provides compactness, frequency reconfigurability (FR), and dual-band. FR is obtained through two PIN diode switches, which operate in ON-ON, ON-OFF, OFF-ON, and OFF-OFF configurations and offer a maximum wide tuning range and a total spectrum of 44.44% and 71.49%, respectively. In the cylindrical DRA, the ${\rm{HE}}{{\rm{M}}_{11{\rm{\delta }}}}$HEM11δ and ${\rm{HE}}{{\rm{M}}_{12{\rm{\delta }}}}$HEM12δ modes create dual-band, while the hybrid structure and higher order mode excitation yield compactness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Next-Generation Networks offer a green environment with demanded data rates with ultra-low latency. Future efforts will be oriented in more degrees of freedom and system complexity with incorporating global optimization in terms of non-linearities, cost-effective, and reduced environmental impacts. The multitone upconverted radio over fibre (RoF) link with an optical modulator as phase modulator as desired alternatives with respect to optimization features and quantum photonic integration. In this paper, a framework has been developed to characterise the upconverted phase modulated signal model based on next-generation networks, in which an analytical model is investigated for single-tone upconverted, two-tone upconverted, and three-tone upconverted. Numerical simulations have been carried out to verify the novel outcomes using OptSIM software. The developed analytical models have a major contribution to the implementation of next-generation networks such as 5G, 6G, WiMAX, Quantum Communication, etc. The fundamentals of harmonics and the intermodulation product terms of third and fifth order via optical link are also evaluated for multitone Phase modulated RoF link with upconversion method. As per the finding outcomes, the proposed link is adaptable with frequency upconversion and long fibre distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work analyzes economic alternatives for the provision of ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services by mobile network operators over the same fifth-generation (5G) network. Two business models are proposed to provide the two services to end users. Concretely, a monopoly is a single operator who offers both services, and a duopoly is two different operators that share network resources and offer one service each. In addition, two types of network scenarios for resource sharing are studied. Specifically, a shared network (SN) is a type of network scenario allowing resources to be shared between the two services without priority. A differentiated network (DN) is a type of network scenario that allows resources to be shared between the two services with a priority to URLLC service using network slicing (NS). Regarding the economic aspects, the incentive is modeled through the user’s utility and the operator’s benefit. At the same time, game theory is used to model the strategic interaction between users and operators, and queuing theory is used to model the interaction between the two services. We conclude that the monopoly social welfare (SW) is closer to the SW of the social optimum than the duopoly SW. In addition, the DN scenario to offer the services through NS is more suitable than the SN scenario since the point of view of service prices, user utilities, and operator benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), and autonomous driving (AD) has progressed rapidly in recent years, driven by artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and their integration with dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) systems and fifth-generation (5G) networks. This has led to improved mobility conditions in different road propagation environments: urban, suburban, rural, and highway. The use of these communication technologies has enabled drivers and pedestrians to be more aware of the need to improve their behavior and decision making in adverse traffic conditions by sharing information from cameras, radars, and sensors widely deployed in vehicles and road infrastructure. However, wireless data transmission in VANETs is affected by the specific conditions of the propagation environment, weather, terrain, traffic density, and frequency bands used. In this paper, we characterize the path loss based on the extensive measurement campaign carrier out in vehicular environments at 700 MHz and 5.9 GHz under realistic road traffic conditions. From a linear dual-slope path loss propagation model, the results of the path loss exponents and the standard deviations of the shadowing are reported. This study focused on three different environments, i.e., urban with high traffic density (U-HD), urban with moderate/low traffic density (U-LD), and suburban (SU). The results presented here can be easily incorporated into VANET simulators to develop, evaluate, and validate new protocols and system architecture configurations under more realistic propagation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact low-profile multi-band millimeter-wave (mm-wave) reflectarray metasurface design is presented for coverage enhancement in 5G and beyond cellular communication. The proposed single-layer metasurface exhibits a stable reflection response under oblique incidence angles of up to 60 ∘ at 24 and 38 GHz, and transmission response at 30 GHz, effectively covering the desired 5G mm-wave frequency bands. The proposed reflectarray metasurface is polarization insensitive and performs equally well under TE and TM polarized incident waves due to the symmetric pattern. In addition, the low profile of the proposed metasurface makes it appropriate for conformal applications. In comparison to the state-of-the-art, the proposed reflectarray metasurface unit cell design is not only compact (3.3 × 3.3 mm 2 ) but also offers two reflections and one transmission band based on a single-layer structure. It is easy to reconfigure the proposed metasurface unit cell for any other frequency band by adjusting a few design parameters. To validate the concept of coverage enhancement, a 32 × x32 unit-cell prototype of the proposed reflectarray metasurface is fabricated and measured under different scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that a promising signal enhancement of 20–25 dB is obtained over the entire 5G mm-wave n258, n259, and n260 frequency bands. The proposed reflectarray metasurface has a high potential for application in mm-wave 5G networks to improve coverage in dead zones or to overcome obstacles that prevent direct communication linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Going to a stadium to see a match or a race is a thrilling experience since these magnificent structures provide an atmosphere where we can truly immerse ourselves in the competition. In today's world, stadiums play an important role in social gatherings and entertainment areas, which are capable of comfortably sheltering anywhere from 10,000 to more than 100,000 people. While the smart stadium is also sometimes called the "connected" arena with smart navigation, real-time data, better protection for athletes and so on. Smart stadium is the future of sports entertainment with the growing technology of 5G and edge computing (EC). Along with the advancements of 5G and EC, the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) in sports will promote the use of IoT sensors for enabling preventive maintenance in stadium. Sensors deployed in the stadium can monitor the athlete's health state. Mobile EC (MEC) deploys computing resources at the edge of the network to provide computing tasks for sensors, which effectively improves the network environment and reducing transmission latency. At first, a combined power consumption, bandwidth and computing resource allocation optimization model is proposed. Then, given the limitations of probability mixing in optimization model, Markov inequality is introduced to transform for probability constraints. Finally, task offloading and resource allocation algorithm based on Lyapunov by using 5G network slicing is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform four benchmarks in terms of time-power average return, average end-to-end latency and task processing latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth generation (5G) cellular network roll-out provides high-speed performance, better coverage, and ubiquitous connectivity for the next-generation of intelligent communication systems. Compared to earlier versions, the new 5G wireless standard operates across a wider range of frequencies, which has raised aviation industry's concerns regarding safety and compatibility. For example, 5G systems operating with frequencies that are adjacent those used by radio altimeters could disrupt flight operations and navigation functions. This paper provides an overview of current research efforts assessing the 5G interference and its potential operational impact on altimeters. The work discusses the current stance of regulators and telecommunications operators worldwide on potential 5G interference with altimeters. The paper also compares the ongoing public consultations with key stakeholders globally regarding cellular systems' interference with altimeters. This work offers technical and policy recommendations to spectrum regulators and aviation authorities to inform the safe and efficient deployment of 5G spectra. This work identifies long-term solutions for achieving maximum 5G bands usability and ensuring compatibility among cellular technologies and aviation systems. • Aviation altimeters are highly susceptible to interference due to 5G mid-band. • Using directional 5G beams could be an interference mitigation solution. • Lack of definitive real-time data remains a barrier for interference estimation. • Regulations should be revised to reflect recent operational altimeter requirements. • Manufacturers need compliance with the altimeter's minimum operational standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a low-profile, high-gain meta-surface artificial intelligence process-based broadband microstrip patch antenna for 5G wireless communications is presented. The FR4 epoxy substrate material, with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6, is used for the antenna to operate at a 20 GHz resonating frequency. The proposed antenna is simulated using the HFSS to design a simple antenna with a low profile and proper operational characteristics. Moreover, a new type of meta surface antenna with a modified patch is elongated on the surface of the antenna. The simulation of the proposed antenna highlights that the studied antenna has a maximum reflection coefficient of − 34 dB, and a bandwidth of 17–23 GHz. The proposed results, with a low profile and antenna size of 1.33λ0 × 1.33λ0 × 0.106λ0, were measured and fabricated. The meta surface appeared in the form of a mesh type of structure, fed by a microstrip patch antenna with coaxial feed cells, revealing a good arrangement with the simulated one. Moreover, the meta surface with artificial technology has empowered the arrival of new ideas and explanations in the strategy of antennas for the control of electromagnetic waves. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has the perfect axial ratio, along with a 10 dB impedance bandwidth achieved with a valued stable gain of 9–10 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel low-profile beam-switchable antenna operating in the Extended Global System for Mobile Communications band of 5G sub-6 GHz for vehicular communication is proposed in this paper. The proposed work has a centre patch that connects with four parasitic radiators and encompasses a tapered patch to R1, R2, R3 and R4 which are slotted loop rectangular patches. The main lobe switching is achieved for Extended GSM by switching between the states of PIN diode circuits, which affects the overall performance of the antenna. With the dimensions of 0.346 λe × 0.346 λe, the presented work exhibits a very-low-profile antenna, having an impedance bandwidth of 14.7% and a peak gain of 1.27 dBi. The proposed beam-switchable antenna incorporates four similar radiators facing different directions affixed to the central square patch director. Each PIN diode is incited eventually to obtain the same resonant frequency at each radiator. The pattern of the proposed antenna can be switched using different states of PIN diodes in the angles of 81°, 171°, 261° and 351°. The prototype is fabricated, and the measured results are in agreement with the simulated results. For the validation of the practicability of the proposed antenna, the far-field analysis is done on the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cloud computing is crucial in processing data from devices with low computational power, the latency introduced by the Internet backhaul limits real-time applications. By situating computing resources at the network's edge, edge computing offers low-latency services by offloading computations from high-performance computing (HPC) data centers to the edge servers, reducing wide Area network (WAN) strain. As a result, edge computing has unlocked opportunities for innovative applications that were previously unfeasible, such as connected vehicles or medical robotics. Nonetheless, deploying the infrastructure required to support edge computing services raises sustainability and energy consumption concerns. Consequently, the development of tools enabling researchers to explore innovative approaches to reducing the energy impact of edge computing is crucial. In this work, we present MintEDGE, a network simulator focused on the energy consumption of edge computing. Our simulator allows testing energy-saving approaches and task placement algorithms in realistic large-scale scenarios encompassing entire regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly investigates a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system tailored for 5G operation at 28 GHz. The proposed antenna is patched on a Rogers (RT5880) substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and total size of 20×12×0.508 mm3. The mutual relationship between the radiating patches is refined using an H-shaped metamaterial structure to reduce the isolation to –55 dB. A MIMO configuration with attractive features is employed to reduce the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to about 0.00062 and the channel capacity loss (CCL) to about 0.006 bits/sec/Hz, while magnify the gain to about 9.39 dBi and the diversity gain (DG) to about 9.995. Additionally, it boasts a compact size with stable radiation pattern. The simulations of the MIMO antenna are executed using CST microwave studio, subsequently validated with Advanced Design System (ADS) for an equivalent circuit model, then measured using Vector Network Analyzer. Discrepancies between measured and simulated results were analyzed, with observed variations attributed to cable losses and manufacturing tolerances. Despite these challenges, a comprehensive comparison with prior research highlights the notable advantages of the proposed design, positioning it as a compelling solution for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an innovative circular and compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) radiator designed specifically for 5G microwave applications. This antenna incorporates a “TU”-shaped ground plane on its reverse side, with strip lines feeding the circular element on the front side. Notably, the antenna exhibits impressive characteristics, including an outstanding impedance bandwidth of 107%, and an impressive return loss of -32 dB. Its operational frequency range spans from 2.4 GHz to 11 GHz, centered at 6.7 GHz. Extensive simulations were conducted using CST microwave studio software to validate its performance. The antenna’s physical dimensions are defined by a size of 0.12 λ × 0.08 λ × 0.012 λ relative to its wavelength. Furthermore, this antenna demonstrates exceptional stability in its polar patterns and maintains a high-efficiency level, achieving a substantial gain of 3.75 dBi with an efficiency rating of 84.5%. These remarkable attributes make this antenna suitable for a wide range of applications, including Wi-Fi, 5G, WLAN, and various other microwave communication scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) reduces latency, provides high-bandwidth applications with real-time performance and reliability, supporting new applications and services for the present and future Beyond the Fifth Generation (B5G). Radio Network Information Service (RNIS) plays a crucial role in obtaining information from the Radio Access Network (RAN). With the advent of 5G, RNIS requires improvements to handle information from the new generations of RAN. In this scenario, improving the RNIS is essential to boost new applications according to the strict requirements imposed. Hence, this work proposes a new RNIS as a service to the MEC framework in B5G networks to improve MEC applications. The service is validated and evaluated, and demonstrates the ability to adequately serve a large number of MEC apps (two, four, six and eight) and from 100 to 2000 types of User Equipment (UE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a meticulously engineered MIMO antenna system tailored specifically for 26 GHz millimeter-wave applications. It integrates a compact planar-patterned metamaterial (MTM) structure, carefully designed with split square and hexagonal unit cells to realize an effective near-zero index (NZI) range for both permeability and permittivity. Comprehensive wave propagation analysis along the y-axis rigorously examines the MTM's characteristics. The antenna system showcases impressive technical attributes, including an extensive 8.7 GHz bandwidth, notably highlighting mu-near-zero (MNZ) characteristics spanning over 8.7 GHz wide frequency spectrum, and epsilon near zero (ENZ) properties covering 8 GHz (26–34 GHz). Notably, a 4-ports MIMO antenna design is adopted with each element meticulously crafted using a 4-unit cell array configuration. The designed 4 × 4 MIMO antenna is fabricated using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate and it occupies a compact dimension of 45.5 × 45.5 × 0.8 mm3. Experimental validation reveals compelling performance metrics, including a bandwidth spanning from 24.3 to 30.9 GHz, isolation levels below − 25 dB, and a maximum peak gain of 15.48 dBi. Additionally, the antenna exhibits circular polarization characteristics, maintaining an axial ratio below 3 dB within the frequency bands of 25.35 to 28.05 GHz and 28.10 to 29.83 GHz. Furthermore, the fabricated MIMO antenna demonstrates outstanding diversity parameters, exemplified by a high diversity gain (DG > 9.99), low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.0001), minimal channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.5), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC < − 8 dB). The suggested MTM-based MIMO antenna system with sophisticated design and exceptional performance could be an exemplary choice for seamless integration into the evolving landscape of 5G NR networks, particularly those operating within the n257/n258/n261 bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical networks for 5G communications express key features such as integrated device connections, resource availability, and high capacity for meeting user demands. Direct Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are less usable for optical networks, wherein visible light communication (VLC) is less viable for mass users. The spectrum allocation and usage for massive users interfere with VLC channels. This issue is addressed using a Self-Interference Cancellation-based Channel Allocation Technique (SIC-CAT). This technique classifies interference and non-interference allocations due to increasing user densities. Based on the available interference levels, the channel reassignment is pursued. The interference levels before and after allocation and reallocation are analyzed using transfer learning for channel shifting and interference cancellation. The interference cancellation is performed based on the shifting levels using weighted filters. The filter weight is determined using the interference level and the number of channels reassigned for the available users. Hence, in this case, the self-interference cancellation approaches rely on optimal channel allocations across various shifts. This feature is revisited if the VLC exceeds its capacity for accommodating users. Therefore, the 5G communication features coexist with the optical networks to prevent interference losses and improve channel allocation without reducing the maximum sharing. Therefore, the self-interference cancellation reduces communication errors and improves the allocation rate. From the experimental analysis, the proposed technique improves the data rate by 11.89%, the channel allocation by 8.75%, the confining loss by 12.92%, and the interference rate by 10.36% for the varying allocation requests/intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the challenge of keeping 5G mobile devices compact while supporting millimeter-wave bands, we've created an ultra-compact 4-port dual-band MIMO antenna with a defected ground structure (DGS). This design minimizes mutual coupling and covers a broad frequency range. Built on a Rogers TMM4 substrate with dimensions of 17.76×17.76 mm2, the antenna includes four planar patch antennas positioned perpendicularly at the corners. Each antenna operates at 28/38 GHz and features a rectangular patch with four rectangular slots and a full ground plane. The patches are separated by 0.5 λo, with the DGS further reducing mutual coupling. Both simulations and measurements indicate a significant reduction in mutual coupling (−39 to −60 dB), improving ECC, TARC, MEG, and DG. Time-domain and SAR analyses confirm the antenna's efficiency and its suitability for 5G devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review encompasses additive manufacturing techniques for crafting 5G electronics, showcasing how these methods innovate device creation with novel examples. A wearable phased array device on commonplace 3D printed material is described, with integrated microfluidic cooling channels used for thermal regulation of integrated circuit bulk components. Mechanical and electrical tunability are exemplified in an origami-inspired phased array structure. A 3D printed IoT cube structure shows the flexibility in the number of geometries additively manufactured 5G devices can adhere to. Finally, integrating 3D optical lenses with 5G electronics is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this communication, a dual port printed multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation of dimension 12 × 8.5 × 0.8 mm3 is designed, analyzed, and investigated for 28‐GHz 5G mm‐wave applications. The metasurface layer is suspended over the MIMO antenna to convert the linearly polarized (LP) wave to a circularly polarized (CP) wave. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of a square‐shaped conducting strip with one side of diagonal points interconnected. The conducting strip and rectangular gap between the strips etched on the substrate are capable of generating the π/2 phase shifted electric field components (Ex and Ey) resulting in polarization conversion from LP to CP. The machine learning concept is used to characterize the dimensional configuration of the antenna to achieve the optimum throughput. The MIMO diversity performance parameters and antenna essential results are validated by the measured counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks leads to an increase in energy consumption and higher operational costs for mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, the optimization of 5G networks' energy efficiency is crucial, both in terms of reducing MNO costs and in terms of the negative environmental impact. However, many aspects of the 5G mobile network technology itself have been standardized, including the 5G network slicing concept. This enables the creation of multiple independent logical 5G networks within the same physical infrastructure. Since the only necessary resources in 5G networks need to be used for the realization of a specific 5G network slice, the question of whether the implementation of 5G network slicing can contribute to the improvement of 5G and future sixth-generation networks' energy efficiency arises. To tackle this question, this review paper analyzes 5G network slicing and the energy demand of different network slicing use cases and mobile virtual network operator realizations based on network slicing. The paper also overviews standardized key performance indicators for the assessment of 5G network slices' energy efficiency and discusses energy efficiency in 5G network slicing lifecycle management. In particular, to show how efficient network slicing can optimize the energy consumption of 5G networks, versatile 5G network slicing use case scenarios, approaches, and resource allocation concepts in the space, time, and frequency domains have been discussed, including artificial intelligence-based implementations of network slicing. The results of the comprehensive discussion indicate that the different implementations and approaches to network slicing pave the way for possible further reductions in 5G MNO energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A novel antenna system that utilizes multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) technology to suit the requirements of 5G applications is proposed in this article. The antenna has a wide operating bandwidth and high isolation in n257/n258/n261 5G bands. The suggested arc‐shaped MIMO antenna is composed of four similar patch units with modified ground planes arranged in a four‐port configuration and is made on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate, which measures 31.891 × 37.5885 × 0.508 mm3. The prototype of the suggested MIMO antenna is realized to confirm the obtained simulated results and validate the proposed design. The four‐port MIMO antenna features a broad frequency range of 7.3 GHz from 21.8 to 29.1 GHz, a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at 29 GHz, and a good isolation less than −18 dB. The proposed antenna's MIMO performance is evaluated by analyzing several diversity parameters. The findings of the evaluation demonstrate an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value of less than 0.001, a diversity gain (DG) value exceeding 9.995 dB, and an average mean effective gain (MEG) of −3 dB within the operational frequency band. The suggested MIMO antenna's compact size and impressive performance make it a suitable choice for intended n257/n258/n261 5G NR networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The millimeter‐wave (mmW) band has been chosen to obtain multi‐gigabit per second in the fifth generation (5G) communication and beyond. The knowledge of this frequency band is still the focus of research today. After UTI announced its choice of mmW for 5G communication, massive studies were carried out on this band. Among these studies, many optimization methods were proposed to reduce the impact of degradation sources. In this paper, we propose a new method to optimize the system error vector magnitude (EVM) of complex systems with many different calibration sources. A difference of 0.1% is observed between our optimization method and old methods. This small improvement of the EVM system can push the 3GPP system EVM (EVM at the receiver) limits by a few centimeters, which is not negligible in a high‐frequency transmission. Moreover, we have also proposed a new method to compute the throughput that takes into account the TX and RX directional antenna heights. The measurement campaigns and simulation results have shown an improvement from 0% to 6% of throughput. The results depend on indoor environment study and different obstacles in NLOS (non‐line of sight) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed conformal Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is presented by deploying circular and rectangular patch in a stacked configuration. The analytical equations for the antenna are modeled and compared with the proposed antenna. The antenna is designed on a flexible polyimide substrate featuring a dielectric value of 3.5 with 0.1 mm thickness resonating at two frequencies, LTE-42 Band (5G-V2X) 3.4-3.6 GHz and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) 5.850-5.925 GHz. The design is further extended as a 4 × 4 MIMO structure by positioning the antenna elements orthogonal, separated by a distance of 10 mm. The antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient < −10 dB with a gain value between 4.5 and 5.25 dB over the desired frequencies. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is around 90% at both bands. MIMO parameters were measured to analyze the MIMO performance of the proposed antenna and the placement analysis of the antenna is studied by mounting the antenna on various vehicle positions and their corresponding pattern were characterized. The designed MIMO antenna is fabricated and tested, having an overall size of 85 × 85 × 0.1 mm3, offering extremely flexible design functioning to be a promising candidate for next-generation V2X Communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies, as well as higher frequencies utilization, such as MilliMeter Wave (MM Wave) frequencies, are utilized in the 5G wireless network. This massive transmission will require a higher frequency band and in cellular massive MIMO, frequencies re-use leads to interference in channel estimation. Interference Alignment (IA) is a transmission strategy of the channel with higher capacities of signal-to-noise ratio. This interference needs to be aligned before the transmission of signal, so this research proposes a novel technique in IA by hybridization of deep learning techniques for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). The aim of this work is to develop a new interference alignment scheme based on multi-user with a neural network which can be efficient in mitigation of interference of the networks. The model that is proposed properly exploits the interference alignment concept by developing a multi-user group of small cells assisted by various BSs in the heterogeneous networks for MM Wave. The paper focuses on channel estimation by IA for a 5G network that transmits MMWave using neural networks. The neural network is utilized for learning the mapping functions between the received mmWave channels with negligible overhead. Here Hybrid Deep Neural Network is used with Multi-User Propagation (HDNN-MUP) model for IA and demonstrates a practical upper bound for MIMO array sizes that balance throughput and estimation overhead. The experimental analysis is done by utilizing the parameters namely Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), computational time, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of equivalent sources for the analysis of antenna arrays for high computational efficiency has been proposed. A single antenna element has been designed, and the fields have been saved on an enclosed geometry. The surface equivalence principle has been utilized to calculate the far‐field patterns from the fields saved on the enclosed geometry which has been termed as Huygens' box (HB). The antenna element has been used to design 2×1 $2\times 1$, 4×1 $4\times 1$, 8×1 $8\times 1$, and 16×1 $16\times 1$ array and the far‐fields have been calculated. For linear arrays of HBs far‐field patterns and computation time have been compared with that of the actual antenna array. As the number of elements increases from 4 to 16, the computation time has been found to reduce from 6% $6 \% $ to 47% $47 \% $. Further, the computation time has been found to reduce by 39% $39 \% $ and 75% $75 \% $ for 2×2 $2\times 2$ and 4×4 $4\times 4$ configurations, respectively. The method is suitable for analysis of complex geometry of antennas used in 5G technology and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a model using 5G time-of-arrival data to assist global navigation satellite system precise point positioning ambiguity resolution. Specifically, the model addresses the problem of PPP requiring a long convergence time in partially satellite-occluded GNSS environments, such as urban canyons. First, we apply the ionosphere-free PPP model to estimate uncalibrated phase delays. Next, we combine real 5G data with GNSS data to determine whether introducing 5G observations will decrease the convergence time of the PPP solution. Experimental results reveal that the 5G-assisted PPP model can effectively improve the convergence efficiency of the float solution, lower the fixed time, and achieve greater positional reliability. Notably, the combination of GPS, BDS, and 5G with a sampling interval of 1 s obtains a fixed solution in an average of 1.12 min. Moreover, 5G-assisted GNSS positioning effectively compensates for partial satellite occlusion, optimizes the PDOP value, and speeds up ambiguity fixing. The introduction of three and more 5G base stations helps to obtain fixed solutions within 9 min when it is difficult to obtain fixed solutions relying only on GNSS. Our findings have important implications for improving the widespread applicability and effectiveness of satellite-based navigation systems in light of increasing urbanization and the rise of signal-occluding environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new 5G Passive Optical Network (5G-PON) employing all-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) is proposed in hybrid bidirectional standard single mode fiber (SSMF)/free space optical (FSO). Additionally, an optical frequency generator (OFG) source is utilized. The proposed model is simulated using VPI photonics software. Analytical modeling and simulations have been conducted for a new approach to generate OFG by cascaded two-frequency modulators and one electro-absorption modulator. A sinusoidal RF signal source is utilized to drive all these modulators. The results reveal that 64 optical multiplexed carriers with a frequency spacing of 30 GHz are generated. These optical carriers have power variations of < 1 dB. Moreover, the center wavelength of the generated OFG can be tuned from 1300 nm for upstream transmission to 1577 nm for downstream transmission in the proposed 5G-PON. The proposed network achieves 960 Gbps and 10 Gbps for the downstream and upstream directions, respectively, under different turbulence effects. Furthermore, when 32 AO-OFDM channels are used, the simulation results show that the proposed model can achieve a SSMF length and FSO propagation ranges of 20 km and 2 km, respectively, with bit error rate (BER) ( < 10 - 3 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduce a unique geometrical design of a rectangular patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The proposed antenna is designed at 5.2 GHz, and design criteria and performance characteristics have been investigated through numerical simulations and verified using measured data. A composite structure is suggested to overcome the restrictive parameters of conventional antennas. Two different materials, Rogers RT5880, and RT5870, are utilized, achieving a maximum gain of 6.210 dB, and a 90.2% radiation efficiency was attained. Four layers of superstrates are placed above the antenna to enhance the antenna's radiation performance further. The fabricated antenna is evaluated by measuring its radiation characteristics and return loss. The final antenna prototype offers a maximum bandwidth of about 896 MHz at a −10 dB reflection coefficient with a maximum gain of 9 dB. The proposed model achieved ultimate efficiency as high as 89% by employing four superstrates. The results showed good impedance matching (S11, VSWR), high efficiency, and appropriate radiation patterns. The outcomes from simulation and measurement are well aligned, making this antenna suitable for high-performance 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The advancement in technology and the adoption of innovative developments have made our lives easier. Every industry, from agriculture to transport, has experienced this advancement. The entire transportation system is in the process of becoming intelligent. Smart mobility of autonomous vehicles is an important part of the upcoming smart cities. The autonomous vehicle provides functionalities for safety and convenience. It has been an emerging field with a lot of attention and still under advancement and requires a thorough study and solutions for potential challenges and opportunities. Despite impressive advantages, it has some security vulnerabilities which could lead to life‐threatening consequences. Though they could prevent road accidents by eliminating human errors from the driving process, they also create the possibility of cyber‐physical attacks on the vehicular controlling system. For this, many researchers have focused on the security attacks and defenses in autonomous vehicular systems. A 360‐degree research has been undertaken to understand the concept of autonomous vehicles entirely, such as history, social impacts, difficulties and challenges, current product developments, and security aspects. Also, a vehicular architecture is proposed by integrating various technologies such as 5G, SDN, cloud, and so forth, its possible security attacks are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, a 5G new radio network is defined by three primary utilization situations, namely upgraded versatile broadband, ultra-reliable, and low latency interchanges of information, as well as huge machine-type correspondences. These utilizations require improved throughput, inertness, dependability contrasted, and a 4G framework. As a coding plan for information, 5G Turbo codes attain high throughput, a variable code rate, and length, and crossover programmed rehash with good error-detecting capability. The execution boundaries of 5G advancements are normal and are tens and thousands of times better compared with 4G. In this paper, the evaluations of puncturing and non-puncturing for turbo code depending on the minimization of penetrating of efficient pieces are discussed. It also provides penetrating of equality pieces considering additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) Channel with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to attain high spectral efficiency. In addition to this, the super encoder encodes the separated progression with a code speed of 1/3. The code block association progressively connects the yields from the super encoder. The sign mapper employed in this paper adjusts the progression using a 16-QAM balance. Also, the mapper takes effective pieces, one uniformity bit from the upper encoder, and the deinterleaved equity bit from the base encoder. The Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) mapper parts into more modest equivalent channels, named subcarriers and the information is sent on these equivalent channels at a reduced rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]