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The article analyzes two railway strikes during the government of Arturo Frondizi in Argentina. The repressive strategies and their effects on unionism and railway communities are examined. The repressive measures implemented by Frondizi had an impact on union bureaucratization and the radicalization of protest. During the strikes, there were mass arrests, physical and psychological violence, and persecution by security forces. Despite the repression, railway workers and their communities resisted and challenged the government. These strikes marked a milestone in the history of unionism in Argentina. [Extracted from the article]

Minority stress is hypothesized to interfere with sexual orientation disclosure and sexual minority wellbeing. In this study, we investigated whether minority stress is causally linked to reduced disclosure in sexual minorities, and whether emotion regulation, a potentially adaptive form of stigma coping, can intervene to promote disclosure even following exposure to minority stress. Sexual minority adults in the US (N = 168) were recruited online and randomized to a 2 x 2 between-subjects experimental design, where they: 1) received either emotion regulation instructions that asked them to either distance themselves from an emotionally evocative film clip or immerse themselves in the clip, and then 2) viewed either an affirming or a minority stress film clip. Following the film clip, participants completed a written reflection task in which they reflected on the film clip they viewed, which allowed research assistants to subsequently code for participants' spontaneous disclosures of sexual orientation. Participants who viewed the minority stress clip were significantly less likely to spontaneously disclose their sexual orientation in the written task compared to those who viewed the affirming film clip, OR = 3.21, 95% CI [1.14, 9.05], p =.03. Although the emotion regulation manipulation was successful, there was no effect on sexual orientation disclosure. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a causal link between minority stress and disclosure in sexual minorities, and thus highlights an important mechanism underlying minority stress's effects on sexual minority wellbeing. Results demonstrate the importance of interventions that affirm marginalized identities and promote safe sexual orientation disclosure. Future research is needed to determine the circumstances under which effective emotion regulation can buffer against the negative emotional effects of minority stress to promote healthy approach behaviors like disclosure in safe contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novohispanic mestizo chronicles are characterized by their depiction of the origin, the past and the customs of their main towns and of the issues related to the conquest and evangelization of Mexico. Nevertheless, through a discourse tinged by the Christian rhetoric of the fall of Jerusalem, these chronicles also portray the ruins from which that new order emerged in an apparently harmonious way. In this paper I set out to highlight the themes of destruction and the world in ruins that underlie the subtle dissident criticism in the NovoHispanic mestizo chronicles. In order to do so, I give examples taken from Relación de Texcoco (1582) by Juan Bautista Pomar, an especially significant text because of its complex and shifting locus of enunciation, an element which is always present in mestizo chronicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistivity transients of tin oxide films at step isothermal changes in oxygen pressure are investigated. It is expected that, after exposing the samples to oxygen, the resistivity would increase monotonically as barriers become higher to finally reach a plateau at steady state. Here we present experimental results showing a nonmonotonic resistivity transient response that cannot be explained by only considering changes in the Schottky barrier heights. We provide an explanation based on the effects of intragrain oxygen diffusion that accounts for the observed main features of conduction in this polycrystalline material. Oxygen diffuses into the grains annihilating vacancies; the donor concentration is then reduced affecting the sample conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research regarding the feasibility and effects of dancing and exercise with musical support programmes on the physical fitness of adults with intellectual disability (ID) is scarce. The purpose of this study was to provide scientific evidence regarding the feasibility of a training programme consisting of dancing and exercise with music designed for adults with ID, as well as to assess its impact on their body composition and cardiovascular and muscular fitness. Methods: A total of 30 adults (mean age 36.37 ± 11.24 years) with mild (n = 13), moderate (n = 16) or severe (n = 1) ID took part in a 10‐week dancing and exercise with music programme. Recruitment and completion rate, adherence to the programme, participation and adverse effects were registered as measures of feasibility. The body mass index, cardiovascular endurance (6‐min walk test) and muscular strength (standing long jump test) of the participants were assessed in order to determine the effects of the programme on their fitness level. Results: A 92.5% recruitment rate and a 90% completion rate were achieved. Adherence to the programme stood at 76.6%, and no adverse effects were registered. The comparison between the values obtained in the initial and final evaluations indicated the existence of positive changes in all the fitness dimensions measured. Conclusion: A training programme combining dancing and exercise with music proved to be feasible when performed by adults with ID. These kind of programmes can have a positive effect on the fitness level of this specific group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an analysis of the relationship between trade unionism and Peronism in the post-1947 period and a description of the process of mobilization of railway workers prior to the strikes of the late 1950 and early 1951. It expounds on the effects produced by the nationalization of the railways in Argentina, in the union of the Railway Union and in its relationship with the Peronist government. In a detailed way, it analyzes the dispute over the union representation of a sector of the railway workers with the new Confederation of Civilian Personnel of the Nation, in a context of intensification of the internal conflict of the Peronist movement and, in parallel, of strengthening of the will of governmental order. To end this representation dispute, the railway union's negotiations with the government included defining the position of the railroad leaders (and a large part of the leadership of the General Confederation of Labor) regarding the reform of the power plant's statute, whose project included the faculty to intervene subsidiaries and the adoption of the Peronist doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: A large body of work suggests that cognitive reappraisal is an effective strategy for modifying emotional intensity. In addition, its habitual use has been linked to adaptive psychological functioning, operationalized as low levels of symptoms of psychopathology. However, little is known about the impact of cognitive reappraisal on behavioral aspects of mental disorders. For example, the experience of fear is often accompanied by the behavioral urge to avoid the feared stimuli. Although there is evidence to suggest that cognitive reappraisal reduces fear in the moment, there is less information about the impact on behavioral correlates. Method: To that end, we recruited 90 participants who experienced substantial contamination concerns (i.e., obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms) and asked them to participate in exposure tasks that consisted of gradually coming into contact with contaminated objects (i.e., approach behavior). We randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: (1) reappraise the emotion‐eliciting stimulus, (2) reappraise their emotional response, or (3) no specific emotion regulation instructions. Results: Reappraising the stimulus, but not reappraising the emotional response, led to significantly greater behavioral approach (p = .02) than the no‐instruction condition during exposure. There were no significant differences in subjective state anxiety between any of the conditions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that certain types of reappraisal may lead to greater approach behavior during exposure even in the absence of subjective emotional changes. More broadly, they underscore the importance of examining the role of emotion regulation strategies (including different types of reappraisal) on the behavioral aspects of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide films with different average grain size are deposited on glass substrates by spray‐pyrolysis at 425 °C. Samples are characterized by XRD, UV–Vis transmittance, FE‐SEM, and electrical properties measurements. The increase in conductivity observed under 365 nm wavelength illumination is evaluated in terms of grain size. Films with small grains (120 nm) show higher response with respect to films with larger grains (230 and 300 nm). A model considering resistivity and grain size for the prediction of the response of films in terms of UV‐to‐dark conductivity ratio is proposed and validated with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch nanoparticles (SNP) originate from the disruption of the semi-crystalline structure of starch granules. They are very useful in food packaging technology because they increase the mechanical and water vapour resistance of the matrix as well as hinder its recrystallisation during storage in high humidity atmospheres. In medicine, SNP are suitable as carriers in modulated drug delivery for immobilized bioactive or therapeutic agents. Depending on the method of preparation, nanoparticles with different physicochemical, technical or mechanical properties can be obtained. Two different methods of preparation were characterized and compared in this work: the first involving acid hydrolysis of the amorphous part of a starch molecule and the second focusing on the debranching of starch by enzymatic treatment with pullulanase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Implementation of a low-cost optical inspection system of railway clips and bolts based on RGB cameras. • Development of image processing algorithms to inspect the positioning of clips and bolts. • Evaluation and characterization of errors and computation time of the proposed solutions. In this work, different methods are proposed and compared for autonomous inspection of railway bolts and clips. A prototype of an autonomous data acquisition system was developed to automatically obtain information of the state of the railway track using LiDAR and camera sensors. This system was employed in a testing railway track installed in the facilities of the University of Vigo to obtain the images used in this work. Then, the images were further processed using analytic image segmentation algorithms as well as a neural network to detect the bolts and clips. Once these elements are detected, their relative position is computed to evaluate if there is any missing component. Finally, the orientation of the clips is computed to ensure that all the bolts are correctly placed. Four different methods were implemented, and their performance was evaluated using the segmentations provided by the analytical methods and the neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Changes at the morphology for modulating the surface properties and applications. • Investigation of SnO 2 slab models with DFT calculations. • Construction of the map with available morphologies of SnO 2. • The reaction path along the synthesis progress are theoretically predicted. • Guidelines to improve both of chemical activity and structure stability of SnO 2. Our interaction with materials occurs through their surfaces whose properties are strongly dependent on morphology, structure, and atomic arrangement. Unfortunately, obtaining a detailed correlation between the surface morphology with its properties is not straightforward. SnO 2 is a multifunctional semiconductor ceramic that is exploited in several technological devices from sensor to energy storage, water splitting, and solar to fuel photocatalysis. This work focused on the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of low and high index surfaces of SnO 2 semiconductor and assessed the morphology-dependent process via first-principles calculations, at the density functional theory level. Importantly, our explicitly dynamic approach elucidates the atomic arrangements and stability of the exposed surfaces to provide a close match between experimental field emission scanning electron microscopy images and computational simulation. These findings can potentially set a foundation for establishing synthesis techniques for drive the morphology evolution through the control of temperature/pressure, and/or based on surface interactions of the selective adsorption of solvents/surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-cost methods exist for measuring physiology when clinically assessing adolescent social anxiety. Two barriers to widespread use involve lack of (a) physiological expertise among mental health professionals, and (b) techniques for modeling individual-level physiological profiles. We require a "bridge approach" for interpreting physiology that does not require users to have a physiological background to make judgments, and is amenable to developing individual-level physiological profiles. One method-Chernoff Faces-involves graphically representing data using human facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, face shape), thus capitalizing on humans' abilities to detect even subtle variations among facial features. We examined 327 adolescents from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study who completed baseline social anxiety self-reports and physiological assessments within the social scenarios of the Groningen Social Stressor Task (GSST). Using heart rate (HR) norms and Chernoff Faces, 2 naïve coders made judgments about graphically represented HR data and HR norms. For each adolescent, coders made 4 judgments about the features of 2 Chernoff Faces: (a) HR within the GSST and (b) aged-matched HR norms. Coders' judgments reliably and accurately identified elevated HR relative to norms. Using latent class analyses, we identified 3 profiles of Chernoff Face judgments: (a) consistently below HR norms across scenarios (n = 193); (b) above HR norms mainly when speech making (n = 35); or (c) consistently above HR norms across scenarios (n = 99). Chernoff Face judgments displayed validity evidence in relation to self-reported social anxiety and resting HR variability. This study has important implications for implementing physiology within adolescent social anxiety assessments. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the emotion regulation strategy of reappraisal has been associated with adaptive outcomes, there is a growing evidence that it may not be adaptive in all contexts. In the present study, adolescents reported their use of habitual reappraisal and their experiences with peer victimisation, a chronic stressor that is associated with reduced well-being in this population. We examined how these variables predicted physiological reactivity (vagal withdrawal and changes in pre-ejection period) during a social stressor (i.e., Trier Social Stress Task). In line with previous research, at high levels of victimisation, habitual reappraisal predicted adaptive physiological reactivity (i.e., greater vagal withdrawal). Conversely, at low levels of victimisation, habitual reappraisal predicted maladaptive physiological reactivity (i.e., blunted vagal withdrawal). These findings were specific to parasympathetic reactivity. They suggest that habitual reappraisal may exert different effects on parasympathetic reactivity depending on the presence of stressors, and highlight the importance of examining the role of contextual factors in determining the adaptiveness of emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Relevant challenges associated with the urban water cycle must be overcome to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and improve resilience. Unlike previous studies that focused only on the provision of drinking water, we propose a framework that extends the use of the theory of nudges to all stages of the overall urban water cycle (drinking water and wastewater services), and to agents of influence (citizens, organizations, and governments) at different levels of decision making. The framework integrates four main drivers (the fourth water revolution, digitalization, decentralization, and climate change), which influence how customers, water utilities and regulators approach the challenges posed by the urban water cycle. The proposed framework, based on the theory of nudges first advanced by the Nobel Prize in behavioral economics Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein (Thaler and Sunstein, 2009), serves as a reference for policymakers to define medium- and long-term strategies and policies for improving the sustainability and resilience of the urban water cycle. Finally, we provide new insights for further research on resilience approaches to the management of the urban water cycle as an element to support the more efficient formulation of policies. [Display omitted] • This framework extends the use of nudges to the overall urban water cycle. • It considers 4th water revolution, digitalization, decentralization, climate change. • It could be used by decision-makers in transit to a sustainable urban water cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has emphasized the importance of studying the interaction between adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in predicting mental health. In this respect, putatively maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance) have been found to moderate the link between putatively adaptive strategies (e.g., reappraisal) and psychopathology symptoms (e.g., Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema in J Abnorm Psychol 121(1):276-281, 2012; Aldao et al. in J Anxiety Disord 28(4):382-389, 2014). Moreover, this line of work suggests that the direction of this moderation might vary as a function of symptom severity. However, research has yet to: (1) simultaneously examine how this interaction differs between clinical and non-clinical groups, and (2) test the interaction between specific emotion regulation strategies rather than composite scores of adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Doing so is essential in order to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the disturbances in the use of emotion regulation strategies in psychopathology. To that end, we investigated the interaction between reappraisal and emotional nonacceptance in participants diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and non-anxious controls. In the GAD group, there was a negative association between reappraisal and disability only when the use of nonacceptance was low, suggesting that the use of maladaptive strategies might interfere with the benefits typically associated with utilizing adaptive strategies. In the non-anxious group, there was a negative association between reappraisal and disability and depression symptoms, only when the use of nonacceptance was high, likely reflecting a compensatory and flexible use of regulation strategies. These findings highlight the importance of modeling interactions between specific emotion regulation strategies when seeking to understand their relationship to psychological functioning in GAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often regulate their emotions by resorting to avoidance, a putatively maladaptive strategy. Prior work suggests that increased psychopathology symptoms predict greater spontaneous utilisation of this strategy. Extending this work, we examined whether heightened resting cardiac vagal tone (which reflects a general ability to regulate emotions in line with contextual demands) predicts decreased spontaneous avoidance. In Study 1, greater resting vagal tone was associated with reduced spontaneous avoidance in response to disgust-eliciting pictures, beyond anxiety and depression symptoms and emotional reactivity. In Study 2, resting vagal tone interacted with anxiety and depression symptoms to predict spontaneous avoidance in response to disgust-eliciting film clips. The positive association between symptoms and spontaneous avoidance was more pronounced among participants with reduced resting vagal tone. Thus, increased resting vagal tone might protect against the use of avoidance. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing both subjective and biological processes when studying individual differences in emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 15 years, there has been an exponential growth in the study of affective processes in psychopathology to the point that a new discipline has emerged, clinical affective science. In this respect, the emotion regulation framework has begun to be utilized in order identify transdiagnostic and disorder-specific aspects of dysfunction. This Special Issue seeks to advance the work on emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor by presenting 12 empirical articles that include the latest, most cutting edge research on emotion regulation across mental disorders. The commentary, written by James Gross and his colleagues, outlines crucial future directions for transdiagnostic work on emotion regulation and, more broadly, for the growth of clinical affective science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface grown by the deposition of rigid and wetting clusters has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulations in 1 + 1 dimensions. Dynamic scaling exponents were determined using the time evolution of the roughness, the local width, the height–height correlation function, and the power spectrum. The values obtained for the roughness exponent clearly reflect the growth mechanism adopted for deposition. In the case of wetting clusters, the roughness exponent corresponds to that of random deposition, but a correlation appears for low window size, with a crossover that is related to the average cluster size and cluster size distribution. On the other hand, rigid cluster deposition belongs to the KPZ universality class. However, determined scaling exponents converge very slowly to those corresponding to KPZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the authors discusses a section within the issue on implementation of physiological measures in clinical assessment of mental health of adults.

The article explores the implementation of physiological data in clinical assessment of adult social anxiety by using heart rate (HR) norms and Chernoff Faces method which graphically represents data through features on the human face. The HR of undergraduate participants and their arousal with wireless HR monitors are assessed. Elevations in the arousal are noted relative to normal arousal data. The self-reported anxiety is found interacting with Chernoff Face judgments.

Rumination, a cognitive process that involves passively and repetitively focusing on negative feelings and their consequences, has been linked to negative emotional outcomes. Previous research suggests that rumination may lead to deleterious outcomes through prolonging emotional reactivity; however, evidence supporting the link between rumination and reactivity has been mixed. In the present study, we examined the relationship between state and trait rumination and multi-modal emotional reactivity (i.e., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, subjective experience). Fifty undergraduates participated in a social evaluative laboratory stressor. They also reported on their general tendency to ruminate and their use of rumination in response to this particular laboratory stressor. State, but not trait, rumination was associated with increases in cortisol and negative affect. Findings underscore the importance of multi-modal assessment of emotional reactivity and suggest important implications for rumination following a stressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our emotional responses to stressors do not occur in a vacuum; rather, they are dependent upon the context in which they take place. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in identifying such contextual influences on emotional processes. However, two important questions have yet to be answered. First, little is known about how motivational context (e.g., motivational conflict) can affect the timing of emotional experiences (i.e., affective chronometry). Second, the influence of motivational context on the utilization of emotion regulation strategies has been largely unexplored. We recruited 166 participants and assigned them to a motivational conflict condition (watch a disgust-eliciting film clips while anticipating a food tasting) or one of two no conflict conditions (watch a disgust-eliciting film while anticipating a food-unrelated task or watch a craving-inducing film clip while anticipating a food tasting). We found that motivational conflict moderated the time course of anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of examining motivational processes when seeking to understand how and when individuals experience and regulate their emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing research on emotion regulation (ER) strategies and psychopathology, research has primarily focused on identifying one-to-one associations between ER strategies and symptoms. Thus, little is known about how patterns in the repertoires of ER strategies are associated with different mental disorders. We utilised latent class analysis to identify distinct repertoires of ER strategies, and their links with various psychopathology domains (i.e., anxiety, depression, disordered eating, borderline personality). Participants (N= 531) reported on their use of seven ER strategies in six recalled stressful contexts, as well as on their symptoms of psychopathology. We identified five classes of ER strategies:Low Regulators(n= 168),High Regulators(n= 140),Adaptive Regulators(n= 99),Worriers/Ruminators(n= 96) andAvoiders(n= 28). Generally,High RegulatorsandWorriers/Ruminatorsendorsed greater levels of psychopathology, relative toLowandAdaptive Regulators. Our findings underscore the importance of characterising the dynamics of ER repertoires when seeking to understand links between ER strategies and psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research suggests that two features of emotional contexts (emotion intensity, emotion type) predict spontaneous use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies. However, prior work has not examined the interactive effects of emotion intensity and emotion type on the selection of specific ER strategies. This is a noteworthy omission because in real life, emotional situations are characterized by a combination of emotion intensity and type. We recruited 562 participants and asked them to report their use of 7 ER strategies across self-identified stressful contexts that varied in emotion intensity (moderate, high) and primary emotion elicited (anger, anxiety, sadness). Participants reported using ER strategies to a greater extent in high versus moderate emotionally intense contexts, and in response to sadness (versus anger). Further, high intensity sadness prompted greater use of expressive suppression than other contexts. Our findings underscore the importance of taking into account emotional contextual features as predictors of spontaneous ER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to make dogmatic reconstruction and classifications of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Argentina in the area of the constitutional right to health. Concretely, the proposal is to draw what, how and to whom is claimed to accomplish the obligations, which arise from the constitutional right to health. This determination is performed through a qualitative methodology, which consist in the analysis of the precedents developed by the Supreme Court related to the Constitutional Right of Health. We conclude that: (i) the object of the Right of Health consist fundamentally in “duties to give”, which are restricted by its sufficiency and opportunity; (ii) the determination of its contents is verified through arguments of no regression, alternative means and its connexions with others Constitutional Rights; (iii) its duty holders are not only national and provincial States but also private institutions like “obras sociales” or pre-paid medicine companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do people flexibly regulate their emotions in order to manage the diverse demands of varying situations? This question assumes particular importance given the central role that emotion regulation (ER) deficits play in many forms of psychopathology. In this review, we propose a translational framework for the study of ER flexibility that is relevant to normative and clinical populations. We also offer a set of computational tools that are useful for work on ER flexibility. We specify how such tools can be used in a variety of settings, such as basic research, experimental psychopathology, and clinical practice. Our goal is to encourage the theoretical and methodological precision that is needed in order to facilitate progress in this important area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute of Mental Health recently launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). RDoC is a framework that facilitates the dimensional assessment and classification of processes relevant to mental health (e.g., affect, regulation, cognition, social affiliation), as reflected in measurements across multiple units of analysis (e.g., physiology, circuitry, genes, self-reports). A key focus of RDoC involves opening new lines of research examining patients’ responses on biological measures, with the key goal of developing new therapeutic techniques that effectively target mechanisms of mental disorders. Yet applied researchers and practitioners rarely use biological measures within mental health assessments, which may present challenges in translating RDoC-guided research into improvements in patient care. Thus, if RDoC is to result in research that yields clinical tools that reduce the burden of mental illness and improve public health, we ought to develop strategies for effectively implementing biological measures in the context of clinical assessments. In this special issue, we sought to provide an initial step in this direction by assembling a collection of articles from leading research teams carrying out pioneering work on implementing multimodal assessments (biological, subjective, behavioral) of affective processes in applied settings. In this commentary, we expand upon the work presented in this special issue by making a series of suggestions for how to most parsimoniously conduct multimodal assessments of affective processes in applied research and clinical settings. We hope that this approach will facilitate translations of the RDoC framework into applied research and clinic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute of Mental Health recently launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). The RDoC is an initiative to improve classification of mental health concerns by promoting research on the brain mechanisms underlying these concerns, with the ultimate goal of developing interventions that target these brain mechanisms. A key focus of RDoC involves opening new lines of research examining patients' responses on biological measures. The RDoC presents unique challenges to mental health professionals who work with children and adolescents. Indeed, mental health professionals rarely integrate biological measures into clinical assessments. Thus, RDoC's ability to improve patient care rests, in part, on the development of strategies for implementing biological measures within mental health assessments. Further, mental health professionals already carry out comprehensive assessments that frequently yield inconsistent findings. These inconsistencies have historically posed challenges to interpreting research findings as well as assessment outcomes in practice settings. In this introductory article, we review key issues that informed the development of a special issue of articles demonstrating methods for implementing low-cost measures of physiological functioning in clinical child and adolescent assessments. We also outline a conceptual framework, informed by theoretical work on using and interpreting multiple informants' clinical reports (De Los Reyes, Thomas, Goodman, & Kundey, 2013), to guide hypothesis testing when using physiological measures within clinical child and adolescent assessments. This special issue and the conceptual model described in this article may open up new lines of research testing paradigms for implementing clinically feasible physiological measures in clinical child and adolescent assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the authors' perspectives on role that emotion regulation plays in mental health. According to the authors, emotion regulation becomes essential that researchers identify how it is functionally related to the behaviors that are at the core of psychopathology. The authors' cite instances such as avoiding social events in the context of social anxiety. They mention the work of psychologist James Gross.

Highlights: [•] Emotion regulation strategies have asymmetric relationships with social anxiety. [•] Adaptive and maladaptive strategies interact when predicting social anxiety. [•] These relationships are moderated by CBT treatment phase. [•] Results underscore the importance of context in emotion regulation in anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deficits in emotional clarity, or difficulties identifying which emotions one feels, are increasingly associated with multiple forms of psychopathology. We addressed two fundamental, unresolved issues regarding the transdiagnostic nature of this dysfunction. First, we examined the relationship of deficits in emotional clarity to seven symptom types, accounting for possible confounding effects of overlapping symptoms. We found that deficits in emotional clarity were associated with symptoms of depression, social anxiety, borderline personality, binge eating, and alcohol use, but not anxious arousal or restrictive eating. Second, we tested whether deficits in emotional clarity would relate to psychopathology by way of impaired emotion regulation. Notably, the relationship between deficits in emotional clarity and each symptom type was mediated by a distinct, disorderspecific pattern of emotion regulation deficits. Findings suggest that deficits in emotional clarity can be conceptualized as a transdiagnostic process with diverging mechanisms involving emotion regulation difficulties that vary from disorder to disorder. We discuss these findings within a contextual approach to delineating transdiagnostic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conduction mechanisms in polycrystalline SnO2 thick sensing films were investigated by means of DC electrical resistance during heating–cooling cycles. Samples were maintained at relatively high temperatures in H2 or O2 ambient atmospheres before performing electrical measurements under vacuum or before performing XPS measurements in order to determine band bending. Results suggest that intergrains present Schottky barriers that are responsible for the observed conductivities regardless of gas pre-treatment. Oxygen diffusion modulates barrier widths affecting conductivity through tunneling transport. The electrical response to subsequent exposure to an oxygen atmosphere is consistent with our interpretation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite the increasing interest in the study of emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology, researchers have predominantly focused on covert emotion regulation strategies—that is, those strategies that occur within the individual (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, suppression). Conversely, less attention has been devoted to the examination of the relationship between psychopathology and overt emotion regulation strategies (e.g., drinking alcohol, seeking advice). This has resulted in a limited understanding of the complex repertoire of emotion regulation strategies that individuals possess, and how patterns in the use of strategies might relate to psychopathology. We asked 218 undergraduates to report on their habitual use of 15 covert and overt emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of seven different mental disorders. Overt strategies were associated with symptoms and, at times, they predicted psychopathology above and beyond the more frequently studied covert strategies. These findings have implications for developing a more sophisticated understanding of patterns of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Mindfulness has been incorporated into several treatment approaches for psychopathology. Despite the popularity of this approach, relatively few empirical investigations have examined the relationship between mindfulness and autonomic indicators of flexible emotion regulation, such as heart rate variability (HRV). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been associated with both low levels of mindfulness and HRV. In this investigation, we examined the relationship between HRV and mindfulness in the context of elevated generalized anxiety (GA) symptoms—an analog for GAD—by examining whether GA level moderated this relationship. HRV was collected while participants completed self-report measures of GA and trait mindfulness. GA level interacted with mindfulness in the prediction of HRV; in the high GA, but not low GA group, mindfulness was positively associated with HRV. This suggests that for individuals with high GA, mindfulness may enhance parasympathetic influences on the heart rate. We address the limitations of the current investigation and suggest avenues for future research on mindfulness-related changes in tonic and phasic HRV over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender differences. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of different types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender differences and moderators of differences in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant but very small gender differences were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g = -.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g = -.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g = .09) than girls. Notably, gender differences were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscor-ing the importance of contextual factors in gender differences. Gender differences in positive emotions were more pronounced with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g = -.20) and adolescence (g = -.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age {g = .17) and middle childhood (g = .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g = -.27). Gender differences were less pronounced with parents and were more pronounced with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for exter-nalizing emotions). Our findings of gender differences in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender differences in children's healthy and maladaptive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the major conceptualizations of Latin American populism during the twentieth century and incorporates new contributions produced by the social sciences in the recent years. Historicizing the debates we sought to link the interpretations that the authors construct with currents and intellectual traditions, in order to integrate classic and current theories to generate new questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade and a half has witnessed a renewed interest in the study of affective processes. James Gross’ process model of emotion regulation has provided a theoretical framework for this approach. This model stipulates that individuals have a repertoire of emotion regulation strategies they use in order to modify their affect and/or the situations eliciting such affect. However, empirical investigations of the use of emotion regulation strategies have largely oversimplified this model by assuming that individuals use only one regulation strategy to manage the affect elicited by a given emotion-eliciting stimulus or situation. This is problematic because it has resulted in a limited understanding of the complex process by which individuals select and implement regulation strategies. In this brief report, we present findings suggesting that people spontaneously use multiple emotion regulation strategies in response to a brief disgust-eliciting film clip. We discuss implications for future empirical work on emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worry is the defining feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and rumination is a central process in depression. GAD and depression are highly comorbid, and worry and rumination reflect similar perseverative cognitive processes. Prior studies have largely assessed these emotion regulation strategies at the trait level, which has resulted in a limited understanding of their phasic characteristics, including associated physiological processes. We addressed this limitation by examining the relationship between spontaneous state-level worry and rumination and heart rate variability (HRV)-a physiological measure of emotion regulation-in response to emotion-eliciting film clips. We found differential associations between worry and rumination in relation to HRV, such that, worry was more consistently associated with HRV across emotional contexts than rumination was. Findings highlight functional distinctions between worry and rumination that have implications for understanding their associations with mood and anxiety disorders and, more broadly, for theories of emotion regulation and psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation has been conceptualized as a process by which individuals modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and physiology and the situations eliciting such emotions in order to produce appropriate responses to the ever-changing demands posed by the environment. Thus, context plays a central role in emotion regulation. This is particularly relevant to the work on emotion regulation in psychopathology, because psychological disorders are characterized by rigid responses to the environment. However, this recognition of the importance of context has appeared primarily in the theoretical realm, with the empirical work lagging behind. In this review, the author proposes an approach to systematically evaluate the contextual factors shaping emotion regulation. Such an approach consists of specifying the components that characterize emotion regulation and then systematically evaluating deviations within each of these components and their underlying dimensions. Initial guidelines for how to combine such dimensions and components in order to capture substantial and meaningful contextual influences are presented. This approach is offered to inspire theoretical and empirical work that it is hoped will result in the development of a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the relationship between context and emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) include sleep problems, which often persist even after successful treatment of the disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine emotion dysregulation as a potential contributor to sleep problems in GAD patients. Participants comprised two groups: 59 individuals diagnosed with GAD and 66 healthy controls. They were assessed for the presence of mood and anxiety disorders and then completed self-report questionnaires assessing problems with sleep and emotion regulation. Participants in the GAD group scored significantly higher on a number of sleep outcomes than did the control group. Importantly, difficulties with emotion regulation statistically mediated the relationship between GAD and a wide range of outcomes of sleep dysfunction independently of the effects of depression and secondary anxiety diagnoses. Emotion regulation difficulties that characterize GAD mediate the relationship between symptoms of this disorder and a wide range of sleep problems. Implications for treatment and future research directions are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent investigations suggest that emotion regulation can be conceptualized as a transdiagnostic process (Kring & Sloan, 2010). Specifically, the habitual use of putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination, suppression), and the infrequent use of putatively adaptive strategies (e.g., acceptance, reappraisal) have been shown to predict various symptoms of psychopathology (Aldao et al., 2010). However, little is known about the extent to which the different facets that constitute the process of implementing such strategies can be conceptualized as transdiagnostic. I propose the adoption of a functional behavioral approach to delineate which aspects of such implementation (i.e., form, function) are variant and which are invariant across disorders. This approach has the potential to further our understanding of the transdiagnostic and disorder-specific mechanisms by which emotion regulation is associated with the development, maintenance, and treatment of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How clinicians should assess adolescent patients distressed by physiological experiences of social anxiety is often unclear. Clinicians might hypothesize that this component of social anxiety will resolve with treatment of other components (e.g., negative thoughts or behavioral avoidance) and thus focus assessments on these other components. However, research has indicated that expressions of the different components of social anxiety often do not operate in synchrony. Evidence-based assessment and treatment of social anxiety in adolescence is critical because of its potential impact on psychosocial functioning; if left untreated, social anxiety places an adolescent at greater risk for developing substance use problems in adulthood. Practitioners rarely assess adolescents' physiological experiences, but when they do, they tend to rely on subjective measures (e.g., paper and pencil) rather than on a multimethod approach including objective psychophysiological measures. It is possible that practitioners infrequently utilize objective psychophysiological assessments because they assume that subjective measures comprehensively assess this physiological component of social anxiety. Additionally, practitioners may believe that the use of objective psychophysiological methods is cost-prohibitive. Yet, recent technological innovations have resulted in low-cost, portable instruments to objectively assess psychophysiology in research and practice. In this review, we discuss objective psychophysiological measures of social anxiety in adolescents and provide recommendations for their use in research and practice. We argue that neither subjective nor objective measures alone yield a comprehensive understanding of psychophysiology. Rather, joint use of these measures may greatly improve both the assessment and treatment of adolescent social anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., acceptance, problem solving, reappraisal) show weaker associations with psychopathology than putatively maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance, self-criticism, hiding expression, suppression of experience, worry, rumination). This is puzzling, given the central role that adaptive strategies play in a wide range of psychotherapeutic approaches. We explored this asymmetry by examining the effects of context (i.e., emotion intensity, type of emotion, social vs. academic circumstances) on the implementation of adaptive and maladaptive strategies. We asked 111 participants to describe 8 emotion-eliciting situations and identify which strategies they used in order to regulate their affect. We found support for a contextual model of emotion regulation, in which adaptive strategies were implemented with more cross-situational variability than maladaptive strategies. In addition, the variability in implementation of two adaptive strategies (acceptance, problem solving) predicted lower levels of psychopathology, suggesting that flexible implementation of such strategies in line with contextual demands is associated with better mental health. We discuss these findings by underscoring the importance of adopting a functional approach to the delineation of contextual factors that influence the implementation of emotion regulation strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have expanded on Borkovec’s avoidance theory by delineating emotion regulation deficits associated with the excessive worry characteristic of this disorder (see ). However, it has been difficult to determine whether emotion regulation is simply a useful heuristic for the avoidant properties of worry or an important extension to conceptualizations of GAD. Some of this difficulty may arise from a focus on purported maladaptive regulation strategies, which may be confounded with symptomatic distress components of the disorder (such as worry). We examined the implementation of adaptive regulation strategies by participants with and without a diagnosis of GAD while watching emotion-eliciting film clips. In a between-subjects design, participants were randomly assigned to accept, reappraise, or were not given specific regulation instructions. Implementation of adaptive regulation strategies produced differential effects in the physiological (but not subjective) domain across diagnostic groups. Whereas participants with GAD demonstrated lower cardiac flexibility when implementing adaptive regulation strategies than when not given specific instructions on how to regulate, healthy controls showed the opposite pattern, suggesting they benefited from the use of adaptive regulation strategies. We discuss the implications of these findings for the delineation of emotion regulation deficits in psychopathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In recent work, we showed that putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as reappraisal and acceptance, have a weaker association with psychopathology than putatively maladaptive strategies, such as rumination, suppression, and avoidance (e.g., Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010). In this investigation, we examined the interaction between adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in the prediction of psychopathology symptoms (depression, anxiety, and alcohol problems) concurrently and prospectively. We assessed trait emotion regulation and psychopathology symptoms in a sample of community residents at Time 1 (N = 1,317) and then reassessed psychopathology at Time 2 (N = 1,132). Cross-sectionally, we found that the relationship between adaptive strategies and psychopathology symptoms was moderated by levels of maladaptive strategies: adaptive strategies had a negative association with psychopathology symptoms only at high levels of maladaptive strategies. In contrast, adaptive strategies showed no prospective relationship to psychopathology symptoms either alone or in interaction with maladaptive strategies. We discuss the implications of this investigation for future work on the contextual factors surrounding the deployment of emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nonmorally based decision making between two equitable objects often involves degrading the unchosen object and promoting the chosen object ('postdecisional dissonance'). One can extinguish these thought processes with the physical act of hand-washing ('clean slate' effects; [Lee & Schwarz (2010). Washing away postdecisional dissonance. Science, 328, 709.]). However, clean slate effects might not characterize all nonmorally based decision making, particularly for people who mentally 'get stuck' making decisions (i.e., compromised decision making). Design: We administered a clean slate task to 48 undergraduates (64.6% females; mean = 21.34 years, standard deviation = 4.06 years; 75% Caucasian), and identified individuals reporting relatively high-compromised versus low-compromised decision making (e.g., self-reported repetitive thought processes and generalized anxiety symptoms). Results: Only individuals reporting relatively high-compromised decision making continued to express postdecisional dissonance even after hand-washing. Conclusions: Behavioral markers of clean slate effects might result in identifying phenotypes associated with psychological concerns typified by compromised decision making. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 68:1-7, 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We examined differences between men and women, and between young, middle and older age adults in emotion regulation strategies (rumination, suppression, reappraisal, problem-solving, acceptance, social support) and the relationships between these strategies and depressive symptoms. Women were more likely than men to report using several different emotion regulation strategies, and these gender differences were significant even after statistically controlling for gender differences in depressive symptoms. Use of most strategies decreased with age, with two exceptions: (1) use of suppression increased with age for women but not for men and (2) use of acceptance did not decrease with age for women. Use of maladaptive strategies was associated with more depressive symptoms in all age groups and both genders, yet, the use of adaptive strategies generally was not related to lower levels depressive symptoms across groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As long as only first-neighbour interactions are considered, equilibrium island size distributions of monoatomic islands in one dimension follow an exponential law regardless of the strength and the repulsive or attractive character of the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. However, one-dimensional atomic wires obtained via nucleation at the step edges have a monomodal island size distribution. In this paper, we present a simple one-dimensional Monte Carlo model that shows how the monomodal distribution observed experimentally can be obtained by including surface defects that only suppress the interaction between two successive adsorbates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]