Search

Objectives: This article aims to broaden the understanding of burnout in healthcare providers, its causes, and its reduction strategies. The objectives are to raise awareness, facilitate early intervention, and, ultimately, improve the overall well-being of healthcare providers and the quality of patient care. Methods: The study investigated healthcare-provision-associated burnout, an often-unrecognized syndrome affecting professionals worldwide, and its prevalence. it also examined the impact of burnout on patient outcomes, safety, and provider health and well-being. Here, we delve into the triad of burnout attributes: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment. Specific causes, such as work-life balance, workplace environment, and communication/teamwork, are investigated. The existing literature and studies we report explore the pathophysiological effects of burnout, including its impact on health, sleep patterns, and the alarming correlation with suicide. Results: The prevalence of burnout among healthcare providers is between 30% and 50%. Burnout is a significant factor contributing to poor patient outcomes and threatening patient safety. Furthermore, burnout can induce physical symptoms, including psychological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders. We emphasize the importance of identifying and preventing burnout to maintain the overall integrity of healthcare providers and eliminate vulnerabilities for harm to their patients. Conclusions: Burnout awareness should be a priority from the early stages of healthcare providers' careers because it is crucial formaintaining their well-being, preventing medical errors, and sustaining high- quality patient care. The identification and prevention of burnout are deemed vital not only for the well-being of healthcare providers but also to safeguard against potential harm to patients. This article calls for in-creased awareness of burnout, its underlying causes, and the implementation of effective reduction strategies in the healthcare profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi Candida auris is a worldwide health crisis connected with high rates of mortality. There is a critical need to find novel and unique antifungal compounds for treating infections of multidrug-resistant fungi such as C. auris. This study aimed to illustrate that biosynthetic gene clusters in native bacterial isolates are able to produce antifungal compounds against the multidrug-resistant fungus C. auris. It was successfully achieved using large-scale antifungal activity screening, cytotoxicity analysis, and whole genome sequencing integrated with genome mining-guided analysis and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS). A list of possible gene candidates was initially identified with genome mining methods to predict secondary metabolite gene clusters of antifungal-compound-producing bacteria. Then, gene clusters present in the antifungal-compound-producing bacteria were identified and aligned with the reference genome using comparative genomic approaches. Bacillus halotolerans AQ11M9 was identified through large-scale antifungal activity screening as a natural compound-producer against multidrug-resistant C. auris, while it was nontoxic to normal human skin fibroblast cells (confirmed using a cell viability assay). The genome (4,197,347 bp) of B. halotolerans AQ11M9 with 2931 predicted genes was first mined for detecting and characterizing biosynthetic gene clusters, which revealed 10 candidate regions with antifungal activity. Clusters of AQ11M9 encoded non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) (bacilysin, bacillibactin, paenibactin, surfactin, plipastin, and fengycin) and polyketide (macrobrevin). The presence of gene clusters with anti-C. auris activity, and surfactin identified through LC/MS, from AQ11M9 suggests the potential of utilizing it as a source for a novel and powerful anti-C. auris compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glyoxalase system, comprising GLO1 and GLO2 enzymes, is integral in detoxifying methylglyoxal (MGO) generated during glycolysis, with dysregulation implicated in various cancer types. The MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling pathway, crucial in cellular processes, influences tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Altered GLO1 expression in cancer showcases its complex role in cellular adaptation and cancer aggressiveness. GLO2 exhibits context-dependent functions, contributing to both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects in different cancer scenarios. Research highlights the interconnected nature of these systems, particularly in ovarian cancer and breast cancer. The glyoxalase system's involvement in drug resistance and its impact on the MEK/ERK/SMAD1 signaling cascade underscore their clinical significance. Furthermore, this review delves into the urgent need for effective biomarkers, exemplified in ovarian cancer, where the RAGE-ligand pathway emerges as a potential diagnostic tool. While therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways hold promise, this review emphasizes the challenges posed by context-dependent effects and intricate crosstalk within the cellular milieu. Insights into the molecular intricacies of these pathways offer a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic approaches, providing hope for enhanced cancer diagnostics and tailored treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laccases are versatile biocatalysts that are prominent for industrial purposes due to their extensive substrate specificity. Therefore, this research investigated producing laccase from Physisporinus vitreus via liquid fermentation. The results revealed that veratryl alcohol (4mM) was the most effective inducer 7500U/L. On the other hand, Zn ions inhibited laccase production. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and tryptone by 5200 and 3300 U/L, respectively. Moreover, solvents exhibited various impacts on the enzyme activity at three different solvent concentrations (5%, 10% and 20%), however, it showed a highest activity at 5% of the investigated solvent. Ferric ions inhibited the enzyme activity. In addition, the enzyme has a high ability to decolorize azo dyes when using syringaldehyde as a mediator. The purified laccase from Physisporinus vitreus is a promising substance to be used for industrial and environmental applications due to its stability under harsh conditions and efficiency in decolorization of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has gained significant importance in clinical practice worldwide, including in nursing. This study aimed to explore the potential impact of applying a web-based training program on nurses' knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding EBP. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was utilized with a purposive sample of 64 professional nurses who agreed to participate. The study took place in different hospitals and primary healthcare centers in the Bisha Governorate, Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. A four-week standardized web-based training program was implemented using an online learning approach. Nurses were provided with an online self-rated data collection tool through the Google Forms platform. The findings indicated a highly significant difference in the total knowledge and EBP skills mean scores of the post-intervention (53.08±15.9) and (66.03±8.95), respectively compared to pre-intervention (P<0.05). Additionally, there was marked improvement in the mean scores of the positive attitude of the training sessions post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. The program was also well-received by the nurses in terms of quality and usability. The program has the potential to enhance nurses' knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward EBP. Therefore, healthcare organizations may consider adopting web-based training as a means of continuing professional education to promote EBP competencies among nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate interplay of methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalase 1 (GLO I) in various physiological and pathological contexts. The linchpin of the narrative revolves around the role of these small molecules in age-related issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Methylglyoxal, a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, takes center stage, becoming a principal player in the development of AGEs and contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction. The dual facets of GLO I—activation and inhibition—unfold as potential therapeutic avenues. Activators, spanning synthetic drugs like candesartan to natural compounds like polyphenols and isothiocyanates, aim to restore GLO I function. These molecular enhancers showcase promising outcomes in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and beyond. On the contrary, GLO I inhibitors emerge as crucial players in cancer treatment, offering new possibilities in diseases associated with inflammation and multidrug resistance. The symphony of small molecules, from GLO I activators to inhibitors, presents a nuanced understanding of MG regulation. From natural compounds to synthetic drugs, each element contributes to a molecular orchestra, promising novel interventions and personalized approaches in the pursuit of health and wellbeing. The abstract concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of rigorous clinical trials to validate these findings and acknowledges the importance of individual variability in the complex landscape of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver abscesses differ in their aetiology, location, and number. Image‐guided percutaneous drainage techniques are the currently used management for liver abscesses. We conducted our study to compare the clinical safety and efficacy of percutaneous needle aspiration (PNA) to percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD). Methods: A systematic review of major reference databases was undertaken in February 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare PNA to PCD in treating liver abscess patients. The quality of the included trials was assessed using the Cochrane tool. Statistical meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan and open meta‐analyst software. Results: Fifteen RCTs were included in this review, with 1676 patients enrolled. The overall quality of the included trials was moderate, with most domains of unclear risk. PCD was superior to PNA in the success rate (RR = 1.23; 95% CI [1.12, 1.36], P < 0.00001), time for achieving 50% reduction of cavity size (MD = −2.32; 95% CI [−3.07, −1.57], P < 0.00001), and time for clinical improvement (MD = −1.92; 95% CI [−2.55, −1.28], P < 0.00001). The two modalities did not differ in the days of hospital stay, duration of IV antibiotics, and time needed for total or subtotal reduction of cavity size (P = 0.36, P = 0.06 and P = 0.40, respectively). High heterogeneity levels were detected. Regarding major complications, the two modalities were equally safe (P = 0.39). Conclusion: PCD has a higher success rate and results in a faster 50% reduction in the abscess cavity size and clinical improvement. The two modalities are equally safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty liver (FL) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, characterized by insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, which consequently lead to neurodegenerative disorders through the induction of oxidative stress-inflammatory axis, which alters the neurotransmitters' levels. Calluna vulgaris (CV), also known as heather, has anti-inflammatory and antidepressant properties, making it a promising candidate for treating steatosis and brain lesions. This study aimed to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of CV extract on brain dysfunction associated with steatosis. FL was induced in rats by CCl4 oral administration (50 µL/Kg in olive oil three times/week) for six weeks. The protection group received 200 mg/kg CV extract orally for two weeks before and two weeks during FL induction, while the treatment group was orally administered CV extract after FL induction for one month. The biochemical parameters revealed that CCl4 administration induced hepatotoxicity as blood-liver function parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, protein, and LDH) were increased by 1.8, 1.4, 2, 2.4, and 1.2-fold, respectively. Moreover, insulin resistance was characterized by a two-fold increase in the glucose, insulin, and lipid profile when compared to control one, at p < 0.05. Steatosis liver demonstrated a two-fold increase in all following parameters— acetaldehyde (AC), prooxidant (TBARS), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO), hyaluronidase, and ATPase—when compared to control one, at p < 0.05. CCl4 administration led to brain lesions where the brain level of TBARS, insulin, cholesterol, AChE, and MAO was progressively increased by 2, 1.6, 2.2, 4, and 1.6-fold, respectively, that was associated with reduced glucose (8-fold) and GSH (2-fold) than that of control level, at p < 0.05. CV extract as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent increased GSH and decreased TBARS of both the liver and brain than that of induced group, at p < 0.05, normalized the activities of AChE and MAO, and increased insulin sensitivity where they successfully decreased the HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, and cholesterol compared to than that of induced group, at p < 0.05. This positive effect of CV extract contributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds such as catechins (5.501 ± 0.056 µg/g extract), gallic (3.525 ± 0.143 µg/g) extract, and protocatechuic acid (2.719 ± 0.132 µg/g extract). Therefore, we concluded that FL induced brain dysfunction through the formation of ROS and elevation of insulin and lipid inside the brain tissue, which alter the amount of neurotransmitter and cellular energy production. Rich in polyphenolic compounds, CV extract functions as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, inhibitor of neurotransmitter catabolizing enzymes, and a regulator for energy production. Therefore, it can be used as a preventative or treatment for NAFLD and brain damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited data on inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; the humoral immune response; and main clinical laboratory parameters as indicators for disease severity and mortality in patients with critical and mild COVID-19 without comorbidities or immune-mediated diseases in Saudi Arabia. We determined the expression levels of major proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; C-reactive protein (CRP); procalcitonin; SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody and twenty-two clinical laboratory parameters and assessed their usefulness as indicators of disease severity and in-hospital death. Our results showed a significant increase in the expression levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody; IL1-β; IL-6; IL-8; TNF-α and CRP in critical COVID-19 patients; neutrophil count; urea; creatinine and troponin were also increased. The elevation of these biomarkers was significantly associated and positively correlated with in-hospital death in critical COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that the levels of IL1-β; IL-6; IL-8; TNF-α; and CRP; neutrophil count; urea; creatinine; and troponin could be used to predict disease severity in COVID-19 patients without comorbidities or immune-mediated diseases. These inflammatory mediators could be used as predictive early biomarkers of COVID-19 disease deterioration; shock and death among COVID-19 patients without comorbidities or immune-mediated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to traditional physical and chemical approaches, nanobiotechnology and plant-based green synthesis procedures offer significant advantages, as well as having a greater range of medical and biotechnological applications. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) have recently been recognized as a promising option for many industries, including optics, electrics, packaged foods, and medicine, due to their biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and cost-effectiveness. Several studies have shown that zinc ions are important in triggering cell apoptosis by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and releasing zinc ions (Zn2+), which are toxic to cells. The toxic nature of the chemicals used in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles limits their clinical utility. An overview of recent developments in green ZnO NP synthesis is presented in this review, emphasizing plant parts as reducing agents and their medical applications, including their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as key mechanisms of action for these applications to facilitate further research on the biomedical fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus constitutes a big challenge to the global health care system due to its socioeconomic impacts and very serious complications. The incidence and the prevalence rate are increased in the Gulf region including the KSA. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by diverse risk factors including obesity, unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking and genetic factors. The molecular genetic studies have helped in the detection of many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with different diseases including cancers, cardiovascular diseases and T2DM. The glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is a detoxifying enzyme and catalyzes the elimination of the cytotoxic product methylglyoxal (MG) by converting it to D-lactate, which is not toxic to tissues. MG accumulation is associated with the pathogenesis of different diseases including T2DM. In this study, we have investigated the association of the glyoxalase 1 SNPs (rs2736654) rs4746 C>A and rs1130534 T>A with T2DM using the amplification refractory mutation system PCR. We also measured the concentration of MG by ELISA in T2DM patients and matched heathy controls. Results show that the CA genotype of the GLO rs4647 A>C was associated with T2DM with OR = 2.57, p-value 0.0008 and the C allele was also associated with increased risk to T2DM with OR = 2.24, p-value = 0.0001. It was also observed that AT genotype of the rs1130534 was associated with decreased susceptibility to T2DM with OR = 0.3, p-value = 0.02. The A allele of rs1130534 was also associated with reduced risk to T2DM with PR = 0.27 = 0.006. In addition, our ELISA results demonstrate significantly increased MG concentrations in serum of the T2DM patients. We conclude that the GLO1 SNP may be associated with decreased enzyme activity and a resultant susceptibility to T2DM. Further well-designed studies in different and large patient populations are recommended to verify these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Exploring the potential impact of applying web-based training program on nurses' knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice: A quasi-experimental study." The correction states that there were errors in the Funding statement and that the correct funding came from the University of Bisha through a general research project. The correction also mentions that the Acknowledgements section was missing from the article and should have included appreciation for the deanship of scientific research at the University of Bisha for funding the research, as well as acknowledging the nurses who participated in the study. The authors of the article are Rasha A. Mohamed, Muhanad Alhujaily, Faransa A. Ahmed, Wael G. Nouh, and Abeer A. Almowafy. [Extracted from the article]

HNF-4a is a member of the steroid hormone receptor family of transcription factors with roles in the development of the liver and the regulation of several critical metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, drug metabolism, apolipoproteins and blood coagulation. The transcriptional potency of HNF-4a is well known due to its involvement in diabetes and other metabolic diseases. However, recently HNF-4a has been discovered to be closely associated with several haematological disorders, mainly because of genetic mutations, drugs, and hepatic disorders. We review HNF-4a structure and function, and its role in haematological disorders. We discuss possible novel therapies that are based on targeting HNF-4a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly complicated by anemia. Treating dialysisdependent patients with anemia, including daprodustat and other inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylase of hypoxia-inducible factor, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), and iron supplements. We conducted this study to test our postulation; daprodustat is superior to rhEPO and other conventional treatments respecting efficacy and safety parameters. We made systematic search through PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. Seven unique trials were eventually included for systematic review; six of them with a sample size of 759 patients entered our network meta-analysis (NMA). Daprodustat 25-30 mg was associated with the greatest change in serum hemoglobin (MD=1.86, 95%CI= [1.20; 2.52]), ferritin (MD= -180.84, 95%CI= [-264.47; -97.20]), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (MD=11.03, 95%CI= [3.15; 18.92]) from baseline values. Dialysis-dependent patients with anemia had a significant increment in serum Hemoglobin and TIBC and a reduction in serum ferritin, in a dosedependent manner, when administered daprodustat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in the world and is the second most common cancer in Saudi Arabia. The faecal-associated microbiota has been dynamically linked to CRC worldwide, which, in turn, may offer evidence for procarcinogenic bacterial effectors-associated with CRC pathophysiology. Studies in gut microbiome and CRC are lacking on Saudi population, which is unique in lifestyle, diet, and genetic backgrounds. Data from CRC-associated intestinal micobiome provided a deeper understanding of CRC and serve as baseline for CRC predicators. In this project, 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene sequencing analyses coupled with patient's demographic, diet, and clinical data were deployed to identify microbiota associated with late stages of CRC. Understanding CRC pathophysiology in relation to intestinal microbiota allows early screening of CRC and prognostic option, which has the potential to treat patients at early stage and follow up with patient status. This will result in better outcomes and more cost-effective treatments. This comprehensive approach stratified CRC patients resulting in a potential better health care. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant global health concern. Microbial dysbiosis and associated metabolites have been associated with CRC occurrence and progression. This study aims to analyze the gut microbiota composition and the enriched metabolic pathways in patients with late-stage CRC. In this study, a cohort of 25 CRC patients diagnosed at late stage III and IV and 25 healthy participants were enrolled. The fecal bacterial composition was investigated using V3-V4 ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, followed by clustering and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analyses. A cluster of ortholog genes' (COG) functional annotations and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were employed to identify enrichment pathways between the two groups. The findings showed that the fecal microbiota between the two groups varied significantly in alpha and beta diversities. CRC patients' fecal samples had significantly enriched populations of Streptococcus salivarius, S. parasanguins, S. anginosus, Lactobacillus mucosae, L. gasseri, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, Aerococcus, Family XIII_AD3001 Group, Erysipelatoclostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Alistipes, Ralstonia, and Pseudomonas (Q < 0.05). The enriched pathways identified in the CRC group were amino acid transport, signaling and metabolism, membrane biogenesis, DNA replication and mismatch repair system, and protease activity (Q < 0.05). These results suggested that the imbalance between intestinal bacteria and the elevated level of the predicated functions and pathways may contribute to the development of advanced CRC tumors. Further research is warranted to elucidate the exact role of the gut microbiome in CRC and its potential implications for use in diagnostic, prevention, and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterojunctions have proven to be effective catalysts for removing organic pollutants and heavy metals from wastewater. The following study is also about the formation of 2D heterojunction tellurium-doped zinc oxide composite with sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Te-ZnO@S-g-C3N4) by adopting a low-cost, simple, and ecofriendly coprecipitation technique. Thiourea was calcined to prepare S-g-C3N4 using the thermal degradation method. The characterization of synthesized photocatalysts was carried out by using SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of tellurium caused an alteration in the wurtzite structure of ZnO. SEM-EDX analysis validated the purity of the synthesized samples due to the absence of any additional peaks. The decrease in the bandgap was also noted by the formation of composites. Using methylene blue as a reference dye, the UV-vis spectrophotometer was utilized to calculate the absorbance for photocatalytic degradation behavior. As a result of tellurium doping into the ZnO lattice, photocatalytic oxidation/reduction was improved, according to the results. 3Te-ZnO NPs showed the best degradation rate among dopant series, while an excellent overall degradation rate was noted by fabricated composite 3Te-ZnO@40S-g-C3N4. The best doped ZnO and composites were also used as sorbents for the abstraction of heavy metal (Cr(VI)) from water via adsorption. A definite rise in the removal efficiency percentage of chromium ions was observed by using these sorbents. The overall photo degradation rate and adsorption behavior noted were in ZnO

Bacteria develop resistance against antimicrobial drugs, and new remediations are constantly being introduced in the market. Silver and its compounds have strong resistance against different bacteria. The vegetable waste extract-synthesized silver nanoparticles (VWE-AgNPs) have distinct properties and potential applications because of their unique size and morphology. The fundamental purpose of this study was to develop an environment-friendly method for the synthesis of VWE-AgNPs to avoid the use of hazardous chemicals that cause danger to the environment as well as recycling vegetable waste material. The VWE-AgNPs were synthesized by mixing 1 mM AgNO3 solution and VWE at room temperature. The VWE-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The synthesized particles showed good antibacterial properties against poultry bacteria Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella enteritidis (growth reduction of 31 mm and 18 mm at 80 mg/mL AgNPs, respectively). The results demonstrated that VWE-AgNPs inhibited the growth of tested bacterial strains. The fabricated VWE-AgNPs also had the potential to act as a green photocatalyst for degradation of 87.7% of methylene blue (MB) and 90.76% of methyl orange (MO) nearly at 3.25 h and 1 h sunlight exposure time, respectively. The highest antifungal activity, which was determined to be 36.5 mm and 31.8 mm against Alternata sp. and C. albican, was discovered to be in VWE-AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research is about the synthesis of pure nickel sulfide, a series of Te (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 wt.%)-doped NiS (Te@NiS) nanoparticles (NPs), and a series of S-g-C3N4 (10, 30, 50, 70, and 80 wt.%)/Te@NiS nanocomposites (NCs), fabricated through a hydrothermal route. XRD and FTIR spectroscopic techniques demonstrated the successful synthesis of NPs and NCs. SEM-EDX images confirmed the flakelike structure and elemental constituents of the fabricated materials. Tauc plots were drawn, to calculate the band gaps of the synthesized samples. Te doping resulted in a significant reduction in the band gap of the NiS NPs. The photocatalytic efficiency of the NPs and NCs was investigated against MB, under sunlight. The results obtained for the photocatalytic activity, showed that 1%Te@NiS nanoparticles have an excellent dye degradation capacity in sunlight. This was made even better by making a series of SGCN/1% Te@NiS nanocomposites with different amounts of S-g-C3N4. When compared to NiS, Te@NiS, SGCN, and 70%SGCN/1%Te@NiS, the 70%SGCN/1%Te@NiS NCs have excellent antifungal ability. The higher impact of SGCN/Te@NiS, may be due to its enhanced ability to disperse and interact with the membranes and intracellular proteins of fungi. The 70%SGCN/1%Te@NiS NCs showed excellent antibacterial and photocatalytic efficiency. Thus, the 70%SGCN/1%Te@NiS NCs might prove fruitful in antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water treatment through photocatalysts has become an important topic regarding environmental protection. In the present study, silver and TiO2 (Ag/TiO2) composites for photocatalysts were effectively synthesized by adopting the template induced method. The prepared samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. The constructed samples' particle size and shape were evaluated using a SEM, and the XRD patterns showed anatase crystalline phases. Their morphologies were controllable with changing concentration of reactants and calcination temperature. The synthesized composites act as catalyst in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under solar irradiation. In both of these activities, the best result has been shown by the 0.01 Ag/TiO2 composite. Methanol is used as the hole scavenger in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). While the pH factor is important in the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). According to observations, S. macrospora and S. maydis were each subject to 0.01 Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites maximum antifungal activity, which was 38.4 mm and 34.3 mm, respectively. The outcomes demonstrate that both photocatalytic and antifungal properties are effectively displayed by the constructed material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In contrast to free radicals, the first line of protection is assumed to be vitamin E and selenium. The present protocol was designed to assess the roles of vitamin E and/or a selenium-rich diet that affected the blood iron and copper concentrations, liver tissue antioxidant and lipid peroxidation, and gene expression linked to antioxidants in the liver tissue of broilers. The young birds were classified according to the dietary supplement into four groups; control, vitamin E (100 mg Vitamin/kg diet), selenium (0.3 mg sodium selenite/kg diet), and vitamin E pulse selenium (100 mg vitamin/kg diet with 0.3 mg sodium selenite/kg diet) group. Results: The results of this experiment suggested that the addition of vitamin E with selenium in the broiler diet significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) serum iron when compared with the other groups and serum copper when compared with the vitamin E group. Moreover, the supplements (vitamin E or vitamin E with selenium) positively affected the enzymatic activity of the antioxidant-related enzymes with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA),which represents lipid peroxidation in broiler liver tissue. Moreover, the two supplements significantly upregulated genes expression related to antioxidants. Conclusion: Therefore, vitamin E and/or selenium can not only act as exogenous antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and superoxide, but also act as gene regulators, regulating the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Breast cancer is caused by the overexpression of genes that facilitate breast cell proliferation. Estrogen receptor alpha (ER α) mediation is mostly responsible for the development of malignant tumors by regulating the transcription of various genes as a transcription factor. ER α is regarded as an important receptor for the proliferation of this disease and its inhibition is necessary for the treatment of breast cancer. In our study, the aim is to find out potential inhibitors for ER α by docking 100 anticancer constituents of different halogen-based derivatives against ER α. Among the 100 X -based derivatives, 20 ligands were selected based on the interaction energy ranging from − 6.7 kcal/mol to − 8.2 kcal/mol and lower values of inhibition constant (0.92–11.77 μ mol). We have performed a comprehensive analysis of five most popular ligands (L17, L57, L61, L67, and L70) among these 20 selected derivatives. The interaction analysis is mainly stabilized by making different interactions including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and halogen bonding with the active site of ER α. A quantum study based on frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), and global chemical reactivity descriptor (GCRD) is carried out to explore the structural chemistry of our most popular ligands which indicates that they are quite reactive and kinetically stable. Additionally, we also assess the ADMET profiles to predict the toxicity and drug-likeness of our lead compounds. Our selected ligands have the highest absorption and good clearance rate and have no AMES toxicity, skin sensitization, and hepatotoxicity. Molecular dynamics simulations were run to check the conformational stability of apo form of ER α and complex state, at 60-ns time scale. The molecular dynamics simulations are based on the plots of RMSD, RMSF, R g , SASA, and the number of H-bonds. The results of RMSD and RMSF showed that the lead compounds L17, L57, L61, L67, and L70 are most stable and have no significant residual fluctuations and deviation. The analysis of the plots of R g , SASA, and the number of H-bonds revealed that the complexes L17, L57, and L70 are most stable. So, the lead anticancer compounds L17, L57, L61, L67, and L70 are the most promising inhibitors against ER α of breast cancer. The comprehensive analysis of all studied parameters highlighted that our selected ligands have great potential to inhibit ER α. So, it can be concluded that the selected halogen-based derivatives can promote rational drug design for the target therapies of ER α of breast cancer. We employed triple hybrid techniques (molecular docking, dynamics and quantum chemical) to screen 100 halogen-based derivatives for potential therapeutic candidates against ER α of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic alteration plays a functional role in kidney allograft complications. Metabolomics is a promising high-throughput approach in nephrology but is still limited by the lack of overlap in metabolite coverage. We performed an untargeted fecal metabolomic analysis of forty stable kidney allograft recipients and twenty non-transplant controls. First, we applied the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis coupled with the Diod Array detector. The potential biomarkers were then collected and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). In order to allow for complete coverage of the fecal polar and non-polar metabolites, the performance of five organic solvents with increasing polarity was investigated successively. UHPLC analysis revealed that the fecal metabolite profiles following the five extractions were significantly different between controls and kidney allografts. GC-MS analysis showed that the best predictors' metabolites belonged mainly to long-chain fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and amino acids. Collectively, our results showed the efficiency of our pioneer method to successfully discriminate stable kidney-transplant recipients from controls. These findings suggest that distinct metabolic profiles mainly affect fatty acid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. In such a context, the novel insights into metabolomic investigation may be a valuable tool that could provide useful new relevant biomarkers for preventing kidney transplant complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring graft recipients remains dependent on traditional biomarkers and old technologies lacking specificity, sensitivity, or accuracy. Recently, metabolomics is becoming a promising approach that may offer to kidney transplants a more effective and specific monitoring. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggested a fundamental role of gut microbiota as an important determinant of patients' metabolomes. In the current study, we enrolled forty stable renal allografts recipients compared to twenty healthy individuals. Samples were taken at different time points from patient to patient following transplantation surgery, which varied from 3 months to 22 years post-graft. All patients started the immunosuppression therapy immediately following kidney graft (Day 0). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was employed to perform untargeted analysis of fecal metabolites. Globally, the fecal metabolic signature was significantly different between kidney transplants and the control group. Fecal metabolome was dominated by lipids (sterols and fatty acids) in the stable transplant group compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Overall, 18 metabolites were significantly altered within kidney transplant recipients. Furthermore, the most notable altered metabolic pathways in kidney transplants include ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Fecal metabolites could effectively distinguish stable transplant recipients from controls, supporting the potential utility of metabolomics in rapid and non-invasive diagnosis to produce relevant biomarkers and to help clinicians in monitoring kidney transplants. Further investigations are needed to clarify the physiological relevance of fecal metabolome and to assess the impact of microbiota modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoparticles produced by physical and chemical methods are toxic in one or other way. Green chemistry is an emerging, stable and eco-friendly approach for biological production of nanomaterials. In the present study, Escherichia coli bacterium was utilized for the synthesis of silver iron oxide (AgFeO 2) nanoparticles by using precursors of two different salts; iron nitrate (Fe(No 3) 3 and silver nitrate (AgNO 3). Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by EDX, XRD and SEM. AgFeO 2 nanoparticles, members of delafossite family were appraised for bacterial inactivation, photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes and hydrogen generation through methanolysis. Delafossites are chemically stable compounds with high conductivity and decomposition temperatures (800–925 °C). The antimicrobial activity of AgFeO 2 nanoparticles was checked by well diffusion method against ATTC cultures of Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Synthesized AgFeO 2 nanoparticles were employed for the degradation of Cango red and maximum degradation of 87 % was accomplished with 20 ppm (50 mL) solution of Cango red and 0.10 g AgFeO 2 as catalyst and reasonable hydrogen generating potential was also exhibited by the synthesized nanoparticles. As model fungi, Aspergillus niger and Mucor piriformis , are both significantly inhibited by AgFeO 2 NPs, while M. piriformis is the target of the compound's greater antifungal action. • Escherichia coli bacterium was utilized for the synthesis of silver iron oxide (AgFeO 2) nanoparticles. • Synthesized AgFeO 2 nanoparticles were employed for the degradation of cango red and maximum degradation of 87 %. • Synthesized nanoparticles were subjected for bacterial inactivation since antibiotics are backbone of clinical medicines. • AgFeO 2 NPs may also be used for the applications of hydrogen generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simple sol-gel approach is exercised to produce Fe-Doped ZnO NPs and a series of Fe-ZnO/SGCN NCs. Different characterization techniques were used for confirming the formation and purity of ZnO, Fe-ZnO NPs and Fe-ZnO/SGCN NC i.e., FTIR, XRD, EDS and SEM. [Display omitted] Today, it is crucial but challenging to develop a narrow bandgap photo-catalyst that can eliminate contaminants when exposed to visible light. In this work, we synthesized the ZnO, Te-doped ZnO, and s-g- C 3 N 4 assisted Te-doped ZnO nanoparticles by a susceptible and economical co-precipitation method. Different techniques were employed to characterize the compounds like XRD confirms the formation of pure wurtzite phase present within ZnO nanoparticles. The morphology of produced nanoparticles was studied using FESEM, which reveals that ZnO nanoparticles develop into spherical particles whereas doped particles take the form of nano-sheets with a regular hexagonal pattern. The FT-IR and UV visible spectrum was used to measure the functional groups and optical properties of compounds. The doped compound shows the maximum efficiency of degradation against methylene blue dye under sunlight exposure. Furthermore, E. coli and S. aureus were used as test subjects for the antibacterial activity of these synthetic compounds. On the other hand, the greatest antifungal activity of S-g-C 3 N 4 /Te-ZnO against C. albicans was calculated to be 44.6 mm, and 26.5 mm against E. salmonicolor. Te-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the aid of S-g-C 3 N 4 showed remarkable photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • In this work, Mn 3 O 4 NPs are constructed using a co-precipitation approach. • Degradation efficiencies between 82 and 93 percent were achieved, depending on the light source used. • The inhibitory impact of S-g-C 3 N 4 /Te-Mn 2 O 3 was more pronounced in E. coli. • S-g-C 3 N 4 /Te-Mn 2 O 3 had the maximum antifungal activity against Alternaria solani. This work aims to synthesize manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn 3 O 4 NPs) using a co-precipitation method and analyzed them through XRD, SEM and FT-IR. The XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal hausmanite structure of the Mn 3 O 4 NPs, while SEM revealed an average particle size of 9–20 nm. Kinetic studies demonstrated the efficient photooxidation of methylene blue with first-order kinetics under UV or visible light. Degradation efficiencies varied between 82% and 93% depending on the light source. Furthermore, we used the zone inhibition approach to assess the antibacterial potency of various Mn 3 O 4 NP contents alongside human pathogenic bacteria, namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the qualitative antibacterial tests revealed that E. coli , a Gram-negative bacterium, is more sensitive to Mn 3 O 4 NPs than are Gram-positive bacteria, with a maximum zone diameter of 28 mm (S. aureus). Alternatively, it was determined that S-g-C 3 N 4 /Te-Mn 2 O 3 had the maximum antifungal activity against Alternaria solani at 28.9 mm and against. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at 47.3 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The selective lignin-degrading white-rot fungi are regarded to be the best lignin degraders and have been widely used for reducing the saccharification recalcitrance of lignocellulose. However, the biological delignification and conversion of lignocellulose in biorefinery is still limited. It is necessary to develop novel and more efficient bio-delignification systems. Results: Physisporinus vitreus relies on a new versatile peroxidase (VP)-based delignification strategy to remove enzymatic recalcitrance of corn stover efficiently, so that saccharification of corn stover was significantly enhanced to 349.1 mg/g biomass (yield of glucose) and 91.5% (hydrolysis yield of cellulose) at 28 days, as high as levels reached by thermochemical treatment. Analysis of the lignin structure using pyrolysis--gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (Py--GC/MS) showed that the total abundance of lignin-derived compounds decreased by 54.0% and revealed a notable demethylation during lignin degradation by P. vitreus. Monomeric and dimeric lignin model compounds were used to confirm the ligninolytic capabilities of extracellular ligninases secreted by P. vitreus. The laccase (Lac) from P. vitreus could not oxidize nonphenolic lignin compounds and polymerized β-O-4 and 5-5' dimers to precipitate which had a negative effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover in vitro. However, the VP from P. vitreus could oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin model compounds as well as break the β-O-4 and 5-5' dimers into monomeric compounds, which were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography--electrospray ionization--mass spec- trometry (LC--ESI--MS). Moreover, we showed that addition of purified VP in vitro improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover by 14.1%. Conclusions: From the highly efficient system of enzymatic recalcitrance removal by new white-rot fungus, we identified a new delignification strategy based on VP which could oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin units and break different linkages in lignin. In addition, this is the first evidence that VP could break 5-5' linkage efficiently in vitro. Moreover, VP improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover in vitro. The remarkable lignin-degradative potential makes VP attractive for biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent coronavirus outbreak from Wuhan China in late 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a global pandemic of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). Understating the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection is important not only because it will help in accurate diagnosis and treatment of the infection but also in the production of effective vaccines. The infection begins when SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through binding of its envelope glycoprotein to angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2). Gene variations of ACE2 and microRNA (miR)-196 are associated with viral infection and other diseases. The present study investigated the association of the ACE2 rs4343 G>A and miR-196a2 rs11614913 C>T gene polymorphisms with severity and mortality of COVID-19 using amplification refractory mutation system PCR in 117 COVID-19 patients and 103 healthy controls from three regions of Saudi Arabia. The results showed that ACE2 rs4343 GA genotype was associated with severity of COVID-19 (OR=2.10, P-value 0.0028) and ACE2 rs4343 GA was associated with increased mortality with OR=3.44, P-value 0.0028. A strong correlation between the ACE2 rs4343 G>A genotype distribution among COVID-19 patients was reported with respect to their comorbid conditions including sex (P<0.023), coronary artery disease (P<0.0001), oxygen saturation <60 mm Hg (P<0.0009) and antiviral therapy (0.003). The results also showed that the CT genotype and T allele of the miR-196a2 rs11614913 C>T were associated with decreased risk to COVID-19 with OR=0.76, P=0.006 and OR=0.54, P=0.005, respectively. These results need to be validated with future molecular genetic studies in a larger sample size and different populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with serious complications. The risk factors for T2DM include both genetic and lifestyle factors. Genome-wide association studies have indicated the association of genetic variations with many diseases, including T2DM. Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in the regulation of insulin release in the pancreas and catalyzes the first step in glycolysis in the liver. Genetic alterations in the GCK gene have been implicated in both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in the important physiological processes including glucose metabolism. In the present study, the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GCK, MIR-196A-2 and MIR-423 genes with susceptibility to T2DM in patients from two regions of Saudi Arabia were examined, using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system. The results showed that the AA genotype and the A allele of GCK rs1799884 were associated with T2DM [odds ratio (OR)=2.25, P=0.032 and OR=1.55, P=0.021, respectively]. Likewise, the CT genotype and T allele of MIR-196A-2 rs11614913 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM (OR=2.36, P=0.0059 and OR=1.74, P=0.023, respectively). In addition, the CA genotype of MIR-423 rs6505162 C>A was found to be linked with T2DM (OR=2.12 and P=0.021). It was concluded in the present research study that gene variations in GCK, MIR-196A-2 and MIR-423 are potentially associated with an increased risk of T2DM. These results, in the future, may help in the identification and stratification of individuals susceptible to T2DM. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and in different ethnic populations are recommended to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]