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Fossil fuels are deemed to diminish because of their limited availability, no renewability, and emissions of greenhouse gases and other poisonous materials to the atmosphere and the ecosystem. Renewable energy based on sustainable biomass has occupied an increasing share of the energy system over the past decade. Among several massively cultivated crops worldwide, corn, sugarcane bagasse, and soybean straws are some of the leading agricultural by-products that can generate substantial energy (e.g., biofuels, hydrogen) as vital sustainable energy to substitute non-renewable fossil fuels. This paper aims to review recent progress in renewable energy generation from biomass based on thermochemical techniques-i.e., gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction-detailed technical features and their application for extraction energy from biomass. The quality, composition, and productivity of renewable energy extracted from biomass based on existing thermochemical techniques are compared, and their technical dependencies upon the thermochemical processes are discussed. Furthermore, analysis of technical deficiencies of existing methods, and exploration of innovative emerging technologies for high-efficiency and high-quality renewable energy generation from biomass straws. In general, biomass gasification stands out as the most efficient technique for hydrogen production (HP) from biomass due to mature technology, high hydrogen yield, and potential for integration with other presented techniques. [Display omitted] • A detailed review of HP from biomass using thermochemical techniques. • Discussion about gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefication working principles. • Comparison between all types of presented thermal techniques. • Advantages and disadvantages of gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefication. • Overall performance of all thermal techniques presented in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the aim relates to the material characterization of high-energy lithium-ion pouch cells. The development of appropriate model cell behavior is intended to simulate two scenarios: the first is mechanical deformation during a crash and the second is an internal short circuit in lithium-ion cells during the actual effect scenarios. The punch test has been used as a benchmark to analyze the effects of different state of charge conditions on high-energy lithium-ion battery cells. This article explores the impact of three separate factors on the outcomes of mechanical punch indentation experiments. The first parameter analyzed was the degree of prediction brought about by experiments on high-energy cells with two different states of charge (greater and lesser), with four different sizes of indentation punch, from the cell's reaction during the indentation effects on electrolyte. Second, the results of the loading position, middle versus side, are measured at quasi-static speeds. The third parameter was the effect on an electrolyte with a different state of charge. The repeatability of the experiments on punch loading was the last test function analyzed. The test results of a greater than 10% state of charge and less than 10% state of charge were compared to further refine and validate this modeling method. The different loading scenarios analyzed in this study also showed great predictability in the load-displacement reaction and the onset short circuit. A theoretical model of the cell was modified for use in comprehensive mechanical deformation. The overall conclusion found that the loading initiating the cell's electrical short circuit is not instantaneously instigated and it is subsequently used to process the development of a precise and practical computational model that will reduce the chances of the internal short course during the crash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]