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I summarize here the history of the use of abbreviations, mostly in subject areas related to dyes, stains and fluorescent probes used in biology and medicine. The dozen most popular abbreviations in these fields are identified and their salient characteristics noted. The pros and cons of each abbreviation are discussed with relevant citations. Certain abbreviations that are not in the list, e.g., AZAN and LN, are mentioned because they have an unusual origin; while others, i.e., INEPT and INADEQUATE are presented because they are bizarre. A related topic is abbreviations used for citations, which require further efforts to decipher. In the past, brevity helped conserve materials, such as ink and paper, and promoted more rapid publishing. I suggest that the use of many abbreviations in the current era of electronic publishing may not be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident that in reciting azan the proper preference of musical mode, reciting tone, voice and the manners in accordance with the meaning, significancy and the spirit of azan; which is the token of Islam and one of the most important forms of religious music in Islam; is very important from the point of its influence and effectiveness on the audience. Performing the azan with a tone contrary to its spirit and dignity by not giving enough attention to the musical mode, voice, manners and style would cause both the reciter and the audience not to reach the spiritual joy; and in some cases it may even cause them to unknowingly commit a sin. Having said that it is very important that mu'azzin should obey to the particular points mentioned; even if he has a very bad performance from the point of musical mode, voice, manners and style; there is a limit for negative comments for azan and mu'azzin and the audience has no right to ridicule or contempt azan or mu'azzin. In this study, the Ottoman times fatwas regarding the subject have been systematically arranged, latinized and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]