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The article discusses the issue of stent migration after endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUSHGS). The use of covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) is recommended to prevent bile leakage, but the coating can lead to stent migration. The study examined the outcomes of patients with partially covered SEMS, comparing different lengths of uncovered portions. The study found that longer uncovered portions were associated with recurrent obstruction due to tissue hyperplasia, but they prevented complete outward stent migration. The author suggests that stent development should focus on fully covered SEMS with better delivery systems to minimize adverse events. [Extracted from the article]

Background: A validated classification of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) morphological characteristics and consequent therapeutic intervention(s) in pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) is lacking. We performed an interobserver agreement study among expert endosonographers assessing EUS-related PFC features and the therapeutic approaches used.Methods: 50 EUS videos of PFCs were independently reviewed by 12 experts and evaluated for PFC type, percentage solid component, presence of infection, recognition of and communication with the main pancreatic duct (MPD), stent choice for drainage, and direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) performance and timing. The Gwet's AC1 coefficient was used to assess interobserver agreement.Results: A moderate agreement was found for lesion type (AC1, 0.59), presence of infection (AC1, 0.41), and need for DEN (AC1, 0.50), while fair or poor agreements were stated for percentage solid component (AC1, 0.15) and MPD recognition (AC1, 0.31). Substantial agreement was rated for ability to assess PFC-MPD communication (AC1, 0.69), decision between placing a plastic versus lumen-apposing metal stent (AC1, 0.62), and timing of DEN (AC1, 0.75).Conclusions: Interobserver agreement between expert endosonographers regarding morphological features of PFCs appeared suboptimal, while decisions on therapeutic approaches seemed more homogeneous. Studies to achieve standardization of the diagnostic endosonographic criteria and therapeutic approaches to PFCs are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 25 years after its initial description, endoscopic therapy of walled-off pancreatic necrosis has become widely accepted. Endoscopic therapy is composed of transmural placement of stents, now most commonly lumen-apposing metal stents and removal of solid debris, if needed. Removal of solid debris can be achieved with irrigation provided by percutaneously or endoscopically placed (nasocystic) tubes or by mechanically through direct necrosectomy. This editorial provides commentary on the use of hydrogen peroxide instilled at the time of direct necrosectomy for treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is no standard nor widely accepted way of reporting outcomes of treatment of biliary injuries. This hinders comparison of results among approaches and among centers. This paper presents a proposal to standardize terminology and reporting of results of treating biliary injuries. Methods The proposal was developed by an international group of surgeons, biliary endoscopists and interventional radiologists. The method is based on the concept of “patency” and is similar to the approach used to create reporting standards for arteriovenous hemodialysis access. Results The group considered definitions and gradings under the following headings: Definition of Patency, Definition of Index Treatment Periods, Grading of Severity of Biliary Injury, Grading of Patency, Metrics, Comparison of Surgical to Non Surgical Treatments and Presentation of Case Series. Conclusions A standard procedure for reporting outcomes of treating biliary injuries has been produced. It is applicable to presenting results of treatment by surgery, endoscopy, and interventional radiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) can be caused by benign and malignant diseases and often leads to a reduction in patient quality of life. Lately, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) has emerged. At the present time, there are three types of EUS-GE using lumen-apposing biflanged metal stents (LAMS): (i) direct EUS-GE; (ii) assisted EUS-GE using retrieval/dilating balloon, single balloon overtube, nasobiliary drain and ultraslim endoscope; and (iii) EUS-guided double-balloon-occluded gastrojejunostomy bypass (EPASS). Overall technical success rate is approximately 90% regardless of technique used, although this is based on two retrospective studies only. In the EPASS procedure, the success rate of the one-step procedure was higher than that of the two-step procedure (100% vs 82%). Clinical success was almost uniform when stent placement was technically successful. Although there have been no-stent induced procedural deaths, adverse events were seen in several cases. One technically failed case carried out using balloon-assisted EUS-GE was converted to laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy. Two failed cases in EPASS procedure improved with conservative treatment. In the present review, we show the feasibility and outcomes using novel EUS-GE using LAMS. Clinical prospective trials with comparison to luminal enteral stents and surgical GE are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses interventional approaches to the management of gallbladder disease based on a set of criteria for diagnosing acute cholecystitis and for grading its severity. It details considerations in selecting an approach, with the patient's overall medical condition and the systemic consequences of the disease deemed the most important. Topics include laparoscopic cholecystectomy, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), and peroral endoscopic gallbladder drainage.

Background and study aims: Nonstricture benign biliary diseases (BBDs) such as leaks, perforations, and bleeding, have been traditionally managed by placement of one or more plastic stents. Emerging data support the use of covered, self-expandable, metal stents (CSEMSs). The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of endoscopic temporary placement of CSEMS in patients with nonstricture BBD. Patients and methods: This was a retrospective study of CSEMS placement for BBD between May 2005 and August 2013 at two tertiary care centers. The main outcomemeasureswere resolution of perforation, bleeding, leak, and adverse events related to CSEMS treatment. Results: A total of 87 patients were included (median age 62 years [range 18-86]). Indications for stent placement were bile leaks (n=35, 40%), bleeding (n=27, 31%), perforation (n=18, 21%), and other conditions (n=7, 8%). Fully and partially covered 8-10-mm diameter CSEMS were placed and subsequently removed in all 87 patients (100 %). Resolution of the underlying problem was achieved for 33 bile leaks (94 %), 25 bleedings (93 %), 18 perforations (100%), and for 3 cases with other indications (43 %). The median duration of stenting was 9 weeks in patients with biliary leaks, 3 weeks for bleeding, and 9.5 weeks for perforations. Median follow-up was 82 weeks after stent removal. Seven adverse events occurred, including cholangitis in six patients (7 %), and tissue hyperplasia leading to difficulty in the removal of a partially covered SEMS in one patient. Conclusions: Nonstricture BBD can be effectively and safely treated with the short term placement of CSEMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Traditional endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures (BBS) consists of placement of one or more plastic stents. Emerging data support the use of covered self-expandable metal stents (CSEMS). We sought to assess outcome of endoscopic temporary placement of CSEMS in patients with BBS. Methods: This was a retrospective study of CSEMS placement for BBS between May 2005 and July 2012 from two tertiary care centers. A total of 145 patients (81 males, median age 59 years) with BBS were identified; 73 of which were classified as extrinsic and were caused by chronic pancreatitis, and 70 were intrinsic. Main outcome measures were resolution of stricture and adverse events (AEs) due to self-expandable metal stents (SEMS)-related therapy. Results: Fully covered and partially covered 8-10 mm diameter SEMS were placed and subsequently removed in 121/125 (97 %) attempts in BBS (failure to remove four partially covered stents). Stricture resolution occurred in 83/125 (66 %) patients after a median stent duration of 26 weeks (median follow-up 90 weeks). Resolution of extrinsic strictures was significantly lower compared to intrinsic strictures (31/65, 48 % vs. 52/60, 87 %, p = 0.004) despite longer median stent duration (30 vs. 20 weeks). Thirty-seven AEs occurred in 25 patients (17 %), with 12 developing multiple AEs including cholangitis ( n = 17), pancreatitis ( n = 5), proximal stent migration ( n = 3), cholecystitis ( n = 2), pain requiring SEMS removal and/or hospitalization ( n = 3), inability to remove ( n = 4), and new stricture formation ( n = 3). Conclusions: Benign biliary strictures can be effectively treated with CSEMS. Successful resolution of biliary strictures due to extrinsic disease is seen significantly less often than those due to intrinsic disease. Removal is successful in all patients with fully covered SEMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim: Controversy exists on optimal endoscopic management for palliation of malignant hilar obstruction, with advocates for metal 'side-by-side' (SBS) and 'stent-in-stent' (SIS) techniques. We sought to evaluate the technical feasibility, efficacy, and outcomes of bilateral biliary self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for treatment of malignant hilar obstruction using a stent with a 6Fr delivery system. Patients and Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective review of all patients who underwent bilateral placement of Zilver biliary SEMS for malignant hilar obstruction from January 2010 to August 2012. Patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with placement of stents using either the SIS or SBS stent techniques. Results: Twenty-four patients (19 men, mean age 63 years) underwent bilateral stenting for malignant hilar obstruction during the study period. Seventeen and seven patients underwent the SBS and SIS technique, respectively. Cholangiocarcinoma ( n = 14) was the most common cause of hilar obstruction. Initial technical success was achieved in 24/24 (100 %) of patients; however, 12 (50 %) patients required re-intervention during the study period (median 98 days). Comparison of the SBS and SIS groups revealed no statistical difference with respect to need for re-intervention ( P = 0.31), successful re-intervention ( P = 0.60), or procedural length ( P = 0.89). Conclusions: Use of bilateral Zilver SEMS in either the SBS or SIS configuration is safe, technically feasible, and effective for drainage of malignant hilar obstruction; however, duration of stent patency and procedure-free survival remain variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances in ERCP have appeared to plateau. Nonetheless, specific areas within ERCP were well represented at this year's Digestive Disease Week (DDW). These areas are subdivided and discussed in detail. As expected, there remains concern about prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Although pharmacologic therapy by using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has clearly emerged as an alternative and/or adjunct to pancreatic duct (PD) stents, stents seem to remain the mainstay in the endoscopists' armamentarium for the prevention of PEP. Other topics covered included the use of cholangioscopy, diagnosis of biliary strictures, and treatment of strictures by using stents and radiofrequency ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the revised national guidelines on antithrombotic therapy for patients undergoing invasive procedures in the U.S. According to the authors, there is a need to assess the risk of thromboembolic events prior to discontinuing antithrombotic therapy. Information on risk factors for thromboembolic events in patients with mechanical heart valves is given. The authors note that patients with drug-eluting stents should continue dual antiplatelet therapy for at least 12 months.

Background: Up to 15% to 30% of patients develop pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) after pancreatic tail resection. Percutaneous and endoscopic methods have been used to drain these collections, though few data are available that compare outcomes of these modalities. Study Design: From December 1998 to April 2011, we identified all patients who underwent pancreatic tail resection and developed PFCs requiring intervention. The primary aim was to compare overall success rates in resolution of PFCs using endoscopic and percutaneous modalities. Success rates, hospital length of stay, number of CT scans, sinograms and endoscopies performed, and days with drain(s) in place were compared. Results: Forty-eight patients were identified. Percutaneous drainage was performed a median of 25 days postoperatively, compared with 85 days for endoscopic drainage (p < 0.001). Endoscopic and percutaneous methods had similar rates of technical success (100% vs 97%, p = 0.50) and treatment success (80% vs 81%, p = 0.92), respectively. Recurrence rates were 16.6% for the endoscopic group and 23% for the percutaneous group (p = 0.65), and adverse events occurred in 9.4% of those treated endoscopically vs 13.3% of those treated percutaneously (p = 0.68). Location and characteristics of PFCs did not influence success rates. Recurrences were often treated by “salvage” drainage via the other modality. Median hospital stay was longer after primary percutaneous drainage compared with primary endoscopic drainage (5.5 days vs 2 days, p = 0.046). Primary percutaneous drainage patients also had more CT scans (median 3 vs 2, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Endoscopic drainage and percutaneous drainage appear to be equally effective and complementary interventions for PFCs occurring after pancreatic tail resection. Primary endoscopic drainage may be associated with shorter hospital stay and fewer CT scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of patients undergoing flexible endoscopic therapy for symptomatic Zenker diverticulum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the outcome of 22 consecutive patients who underwent flexible endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy using needle-knife electrocautery performed by a single endoscopist from March 2006 through January 2010. RESULTS: Of the 22 patients with symptomatic Zenker diverticulum, 13 were men and 9 were women (median age, 84.5 years). Moderate sedation was used in all but 3 (14%) of the patients. Postprocedural free air occurred in 6 patients (27%) and resolved uneventfully in all. Another patient developed a neck abscess 1 week after endoscopic treatment, which was surgically drained. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis, although 8 patients (36%) required subsequent hospitalization. The mean (SD) length of stay in the hospital was 2.9 (1.64) days. All patients had initial symptomatic improvement, and 18 (82%) maintained improvement at a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.7 (9.2) months. CONCLUSION: Flexible endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy is an effective treatment of symptomatic Zenker diverticulum, with low recurrence rates and with the benefit of no general anesthesia and hospitalization In most cases. Esophageal perforation is the most common procedural complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by Neils A. Van der Gaag, Dirk J. Gouma and Marco J. Bruno to a letter to the editor about their article "Preoperative Biliary Drainage for Cancer of the Head of the Pancreas" in the January 14, 2010 issue is presented.

OBJECTIVES:In patients who have undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary stent placement for postcholecystectomy bile leak there is limited evidence to support the repeat ERCP at the time of stent removal. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biliary stent removal may suffice. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical course of patients who underwent biliary stent placement for a postcholecystectomy bile leak and determine whether repeat ERCP is necessary.METHODS:We identified all adult patients who underwent biliary stent placement for postcholecystectomy bile leak from 1 January 1996 to 31 October 2008. Demographic data, cholecystectomy details, and procedural data were collected, specifically focusing on closure of the bile leak. Time to resolution of leak was calculated, up to either the date of the first repeat ERCP that demonstrated no persistent leak or the date of removal of any radiologically placed percutaneous drain, whichever came first.RESULTS:Sixty-four patients underwent repeat ERCP with biliary stent removal. The median time to repeat ERCP was 36 days (interquartile range (IQR) 26–48). Fifty-seven (89%) patients had resolved the leak by time of repeat ERCP. Of those in whom the leak had not resolved, 6 had a repeat exam within 14 days of stent placement; 4 of these resolved the leak by day 39. There were no procedure-related complications in the ERCP group. Thirteen patients underwent EGD with stent removal after a median of 29 days (IQR 23–38). None had adverse events, with a median follow-up of 38 months. Overall, the median time to resolution of biliary leak was 33 days (IQR 22–44). Importantly, repeat ERCP altered the management in only one patient in whom bile duct stones were found.CONCLUSIONS:Patients with uncomplicated postcholecystectomy bile leak who have clinically resolved their leak do not require cholangiography at the time of stent removal. In these patients, EGD with stent removal at 4–6 weeks seems to be sufficient and significantly less expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on approaches for the endoscopic management of acute lower gastrointestinal (LGI) bleeding. The approach for diagnosis and treatment was derived primarily from experience accumulated through the Mayo GI Bleeding Team practice. Colonoscopy remains the mainstay of diagnosis and therapy for acute LGI bleeding.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Standard techniques for evaluating bile duct strictures have poor sensitivity for detection of malignancy. Newer imaging modalities, such as intraductal ultrasound (IDUS), and advanced cytologic techniques, such as digital image analysis (DIA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), identify chromosomal abnormalities, and may improve sensitivity while maintaining high specificity. Our aim was to prospectively evaluate the accuracy of these techniques in patients with indeterminate biliary strictures. METHODS: Cholangiography, routine cytology (RC), intraductal biopsy, DIA, FISH, and IDUS were performed in 86 patients with indeterminate biliary strictures. Patients were stratified based on the presence or absence of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). RESULTS: RC provided low sensitivity (7–33%) but high specificity (95–100%) for PSC and non-PSC patients. The composite DIA/FISH results (when considering trisomy-7 [Tri-7] as a marker of benign disease) yielded a 100% specificity and increased sensitivity one- to fivefold in PSC patients versus RC, and two- to fivefold in patients without PSC, depending on how suspicious cytology results were interpreted. For the most difficult-to-manage patients with negative cytology and histology who were later proven to have malignancy (N = 21), DIA, FISH, composite DIA/FISH, and IDUS were able to predict malignant diagnoses in 14%, 62%, 67%, and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: DIA, FISH, and IDUS enhance the accuracy of standard techniques in evaluation of indeterminate bile duct strictures, allowing diagnosis of malignancy in a substantial number of patients with false-negative cytology and histology. These findings support the routine use of these newer diagnostic modalities in patients with indeterminate biliary strictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic pseudocysts arise as a complication of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, or after surgery. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts can be achieved using transpapillary and/or transmural (transgastric or transduodenal) approaches with acceptable success rates, complication rates, and recurrence rates. Advantages of endoscopic drainage is the avoidance of external pancreatic fistula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) is the cornerstone of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Bleeding is one of the most frequent complications following ES. Rates of post-ES bleeding vary widely and its presentation may be immediate (intraprocedural) or several days later. Clinically, bleeding can range from insignificant to life threatening. Most bleeding episodes are managed successfully by conservative measures with or without endoscopic therapy. Endoscopic treatment options include injection, thermal, and mechanical methods—alone or in combination. For refractory cases, angiographic embolization, or surgery, is necessary. Both technical risk factors and patient risk factors contribute to the development of post-ES bleeding. When these risk factors are present, measures can be taken to reduce the risk of bleeding. In this manuscript the literature on post-ES bleeding is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose is to provide initial validation of a novel simulation model's fidelity and ability to assess competence in colonoscopy skills. METHODS: In a prospective, cross-sectional design, each of 39 endoscopists (13 staff, 13 second year fellows, and 13 novices) performed a colonoscopy on a novel bovine simulation model. Staff endoscopists also completed a survey examining different aspects of the model's realism as compared to human colonoscopy. The groups' simulation performances were compared. Additionally, individual performances were correlated to patient-based performance data. RESULTS: Median model realism evaluation scores were favorable for nearly all parameters evaluated with mucosa appearance, endoscopic view, and paradoxical motion parameters receiving the highest scores. During simulation procedures, each group outperformed the less experienced groups in all parameters evaluated. Specifically, median cecal intubation times were: staff 226 s (IQR [interquartile range] 179–273), fellows 340 s (282–568), and novices 1,027 s (970–1,122) ( P < 0.05). Median total procedure times on the model were: staff 468 s (416–501), fellows 527 s (459–824), and novices 1,350 s (1,318–1,428) ( P < 0.05). Finally, individual cecal intubation times on the simulation model had a very high correlation to their respective patient-based times (r = 0.764). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this model possesses a favorable degree of realism and is able to easily differentiate users based on their level of colonoscopy experience. More impressive, however, is the strong correlation between individual's simulated intubation times and actual patient-based colonoscopy data. In light of these findings, we speculate that this model has potential to be an effective tool for assessment of colonoscopic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We believe our technique was successful because the stent material was pliable and expandable, allowing the catheter to wedge into the stent. Endoscopic retrieval of a migrated pancreatic stent under direct pancreatoscopy by use of a "snare over in-stent wire guide" method. [Extracted from the article]

OBJECTIVES: Traditionally, biliary brachytherapy sources are placed percutaneously via transhepatic drains or endoscopically via nasobiliary tubes (NBT). Another ERCP is needed for stent replacement after NBT removal. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and safety of endoscopic transpapillary insertion of irradiation sources through 10-Fr stents. METHODS: Medical records of Mayo Clinic Rochester patients undergoing biliary brachytherapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) were reviewed. Patients were part of a treatment protocol with curative intent including external beam radiation therapy (4,500 cGy), radiation sensitization (5-FU), and low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy (<3,000 cGy) followed by liver transplantation. The 10-Fr biliary stent placed across the malignant biliary stricture was directly cannulated using a radiopaque 192Ir embedded ribbon within a 300-cm long, 5.1-Fr plastic sheath. After withdrawal of the endoscope, the external end of the brachytherapy catheter was rerouted transnasally and secured. Each patient was hospitalized in a shielded room up to 24 h after which the brachytherapy catheter was removed by hand. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2004, 32 patients underwent biliary brachytherapy via endoscopically placed 10-Fr plastic stents (mean age 50.6 yr, 69% PSC, bilateral brachytherapy catheters 28.1%). The technical complication observed was immediate brachytherapy catheter displacement (7 of 32, 22%) managed by prompt brachytherapy catheter repositioning. CONCLUSION: LDR biliary brachytherapy administration via endoscopically placed biliary stents is technically feasible and appears reasonably safe in select patients with unresectable perihilar CCA. Unlike NBTs, stents can potentially be placed in bilateral ductal systems to accommodate dual brachytherapy catheters when indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the quality indicators that are particular to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Preprocedural quality indicators of ERCP include appropriate indication, assessment of procedural difficulty and informed consent. Intraprocedural quality indicators begins with the administration of sedation and ends with the removal of the endoscope. Postprocedural quality indicators of ERCP include the detachment of the endoscope to patient dismissal.

Introduction: Endoscopic obliteration of esophageal varices by endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is an effective form of secondary prophylaxis. However, there is no consensus regarding the technical aspects of EVL for secondary prophylaxis. The present study compares the technical aspects of EVL (frequency of sessions, number of sessions and number of bands used) in patients who rebled following secondary prophylaxis of esophageal varices by EVL compared to those who did not rebleed. Methods: All patients who underwent EVL for treatment of acute variceal bleeding followed by EVL for secondary prophylaxis and who subsequently developed recurrent variceal bleeding at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between January 1995 and May 2003 were identified. A control group of patients undergoing EVL for secondary prophylaxis who did not rebleed was identified. Results: During the study period, 216 patients with acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage underwent emergent EVL treatment with follow-up EVL for secondary prophylaxis, of whom 20 (9.3%) subsequently rebled. Both rebleeding and non-rebleeding patient groups were well-matched with respect to liver function (Child–Pugh class), number and size of variceal trunks, endoscopic stigmata of hemorrhage and beta-blocker usage. The median interval between EVL sessions in the rebleeding group (2 weeks, interquartile range 0–2 weeks) was significantly shorter compared to the non-rebleeding group (5 weeks, interquartile range 3–7 weeks; P = 0.004). Adjusting for age, gender, and Child–Pugh class, interbanding interval ≥ 3 weeks was associated with increased likelihood of not rebleeding, hazard ratio 3.84 (95% confidence interval: 1.69–11.79; P = 0.0007). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the importance of technical aspects of EVL on patient outcome, suggesting the benefit of longer interbanding intervals. Future prospective studies are required to define the optimal intersession interval. Standardizing procedural aspects of EVL will aid in objectively evaluating the benefit of this procedure when compared to other modalities such as medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated promise in the palliative treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the outcome in patients with non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma following endoscopic application of PDT directly into the biliary tract.In patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed to define the proximal and distal extent of intraductal tumor. Sodium porfimer was administered intravenously to all patients. Forty-eight hours later, a commercially available cylindrical diffusing laser fiber (1–2.5 cm in length, OptiGuide) designed for esophageal use was advanced across the biliary strictures. Laser light was applied at a power of 400 mW/cm fiber for a total energy of 180 J/cm2 using an argon-pumped tunable dye laser. Patients received endoscopic PDT every 3 months provided they maintained a favorable performance status. Plastic biliary stents were replaced immediately following light application and were maintained in all patients.Using a preloaded catheter, adequate positioning of the laser fiber was achieved in all patients. Eight patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma received a total of 19 PDT treatments, range 1–5 treatments/patient. All eight patients were followed until death; mean follow-up was 9.8 months. Median survival from the date of the first PDT treatment was 276 days, which compares favorably with published series that have reported median survival times between 45 and 127 days for patients with bismuth type III and IV tumors treated with stenting alone.Endoscopic application of PDT demonstrates promise in prolonging survival in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Additional randomized clinical trials using commercially available fibers are needed to fully evaluate both the optimum frequency and treatment interval of endoscopic PDT in the management of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of endoscopic balloon dilation (EPBD) of the papilla with that of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of patients with common bile duct stones.METHODS: Searches of computerized bibliographic and scientific citations, and review of citations in relevant primary articles. Eight fully published prospective, randomized trials in English that compared EPBD with EST for the removal of common bile duct stones were subjected to metaanalysis.RESULTS: EPBD compared with EST resulted in similar outcomes with regards to overall successful stone removal (94.3%vs96.5%) and overall complications (10.5%vs10.3%). Bleeding occurred less frequently with EPBD (0%vs2.0%, p= 0.001). Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred more commonly in the EPBD group (7.4%vs4.3%, p= 0.05). No significant differences were seen in the rates of perforation or infection. Patients undergoing EPBD were more likely to require mechanical lithotripsy for stone extraction (20.9%vs14.8%, p= 0.014).CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of lower rates of bleeding, EPBD should be the preferred strategy over EST for endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones in patients with coagulopathy. Although EPBD is theoretically attractive for use in young patients for biliary sphincter preservation, the rate of pancreatitis is higher with EPBD and cannot be routinely recommended at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: There is little published data assessing factors that influence the accuracy of biliary cytology. The aim of this study was to (a) prospectively compare interobserver variability among two blinded pathologists interpreting biliary cytology specimens, (b) to describe the predictors of interpathologist agreement, and (c) to characterize the predictors of accurate cytology interpretation.METHODS: In total, 113 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with brushing of suspicious biliary tract strictures were prospectively enrolled to assess routine cytology (RC) accuracy. The initial RC interpretation was performed by the pathologist on duty with the benefit of the patient's clinical information. Subsequent interpretation was performed by two independent pathologists blinded to the patients' clinical details.RESULTS: Of the 113 patients, 67 had malignant strictures and 46 had benign strictures. The sensitivity of RC varied from 9% to 24% (p= 0.02), while the specificity varied from 61% to 100% (p<0.001). Accuracy varied from 43% to 51% (p= n.s.). The rate of equivocal readings was lowest for the initial interpretation (1.7%),p<0.0001versuspathologist 1,p= 0.002versuspathologist 2. Overall correlation of the blinded pathologists' interpretations was moderate,k= 0.66. Neither cytology accuracy nor interpathologist agreement improved with increasing specimen cellularity.CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of interpathologist variation for the biliary cytology interpretation. The knowledge of the patient's clinical information appears to clarify cytology interpretation resulting in fewer equivocal results. We did not detect any reliable predictors of cytology accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self expandable metal stents (SEMS) are a useful option to diverting colostomy for the palliation of malignant rectal obstruction. SEMS can be successfully placed in approximately 90% of cases with acceptable complication rates. Covered SEMS allow closure of malignant rectovaginal and rectovesical fistulae associated with rectal obstruction. The main drawback to these devices is the inability to palliate bleeding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE:Malignant gastric outlet obstruction is seen in the setting of a variety of cancers, most commonly pancreatic. Self-expanding metal stents can be used to palliate these patients and restore the ability to eat.METHODS:We reviewed the Mayo Clinic experience in the endoscopic treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Thirty-six patients (26 male, 10 female) were treated between October, 1998 and January, 2001. Data were collected from charts, endoscopy reports, x-rays, and telephone calls. A scoring system was created to grade the ability to eat.RESULTS:All procedures were successful. Thirty-one of 36 patients (86%) required one stent at initial endoscopy, and 5/36 patients (14%) required two or more stents. Pretreatment, 19/36 patients (53%) were nil per os, 15/36 (42%) drank liquids, and 2/36 were able to eat soft solids. After stent placement, only 1/36 (3%) was still nil per os, 13/36 (36%) drank liquids, 13/36 (36%) ate soft solids, and 9/36 (25%) ate a full diet. The improvement in ability to eat using the scoring system was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Nine of 36 patients (25%) required reintervention for recurrent symptoms. Sixteen of 36 patients (44%) had concomitant or subsequent development of biliary obstruction, of which 15 were successfully decompressed.CONCLUSIONS:Self-expanding metal stents are a safe and efficacious method for palliating malignant gastric outlet obstruction. The majority of patients do not require reintervention, and those that do can usually be managed nonoperatively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Discusses the indications and emerging evidence that pancreaticoduodenectomies can be performed for localized metastatic disease. Case report of patient with metastatic breast carcinoma to the ampulla/distal common bile duct who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy; Most common anatomical sites of metastasis.

Presents an abstract on the presentation `Palliative Procedures for Pancreatic Cancer: When and Which One?' by Charles R. Shumate and Todd H. Baron which appeared at the 88th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Southern Medical Association. Date of presentation.

Examines pancreatitis and its complications, especially in pancreatic collections. Details on pancreatitis; Comparison of mild acute and severe acute pancreatitis; Information on the management of pancreatitis.

Purpose: To review the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy, their clinical manifestations, and their management.Data Sources: Studies published from 1963 to 1992 identified by computerized literature searches of Index Medicus and MEDLINE; hand searches; contact with pharmaceutical representatives for information on drug therapy during pregnancy; and selected texts on drugs and obstetrics.Study Selection: Selected studies were those involving controlled design of physiology related to pregnancy or to hormonal effects on the gastrointestinal tract or both, and clinical studies or previous reviews that contributed to the understanding of the gastrointestinal effects of pregnancy.Data Extraction: Data concerning the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestations, and complications of altered gastrointestinal motility during pregnancy as well as the strength of association between gastrointestinal disorders of pregnancy and hormonal changes were evaluated and used to develop a practical approach to evaluate and manage these patients.Results Of Data Synthesis: Effects on the gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy are caused primarily by hormonal changes and not the physical effects of the gravid uterus. Motility changes occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including a reduction in lower esophageal sphincter pressure and its physiologic function with resulting gastroesophageal reflux and the risk for aspiration; alterations in gastric motor function associated with nausea and vomiting; and a decrease in the rate of small-bowel and colonic transit manifested primarily as abdominal bloating and constipation. These effects are mediated by progesterone, with estrogen probably acting as a primer.Conclusions: Given the large number of pregnancies each year complicated by gastrointestinal motility disorders, many physicians (including internists and gastroenterologists) must manage these problems. Knowledge of the underlying physiologic alterations in gastrointestinal motility during pregnancy and of safe treatment options is essential to the care of the pregnant patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While generally safe, bariatric operations have a variety of possible complications. We present an uncommon complication after gastric bypass revision, namely the creation of an "orphaned" segment of remnant stomach that was left inadvertently in discontinuity, leading to recurrent intra-abdominal abscesses. Sinogram ultimately proved the diagnosis, and the issue was successfully treated using a combination of surgical and endoscopic methods to control the abscess and to allow internal drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors comment on a study by N. A. van der Gaag on the preoperative biliary stents of patients with pancreatic cancer. Findings include an initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedural failure rate of 25 percent and (ERCP)-related complications of pancreatitis, perforation, bleeding and cholangitis. The authors believe that self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) might have precluded some of the problems designed in the trial.

The article discusses the use of endoscopic band ligation (EBL) in treating esophageal varices. EBL has been recognized as an effective technique in treating varices compared to endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy after several randomized trials. The indications for this condition includes acute variceal bleeding control, primary prophylaxis and secondary prophylaxis. However, some serious adverse events happened associated to this process.

The article presents a study to compare double-layered and covered Niti-S stents in terms of safety, efficacy and feasibility in the treatment of malignant dysphagia. It concluded that the newly-developed, self-expanding metal stents were similarly effective and feasible treatments for malignant dysphagia. However, it said that double-layered Niti-S stents are desirable due to their favorable safety profile.

The article focuses on direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) placement. The DPEJ placement is preferable because of the ability to place a larger diameter tube which can be anchored in the jejunum. An anti-peristaltic agent is necessary to be administered just after the insertion of the endoscope.

Background Closure of gastrointestinal defects can reduce postprocedural adverse events. Over-the-scope clips and an over-the-scope suturing system are widely available, yet their use may be limited by defect size, location, operator skill level, and need to reinsert the endoscope with the device attached. The introduction of a through-the-scope helix tack suture system (TTSS) allows for closure of large irregular defects using a gastroscope or colonoscope, without the need for endoscope withdrawal. Since its approval 3 years ago, only a handful of studies have explored outcomes using this novel device. Methods Multiple databases were searched for studies looking at TTSS closure from inception until August 2023. The primary outcomes were the success of TTSS alone and TTSS with clips for complete defect closure. Secondary outcomes included complete closure based on procedure type (endoscopic mucosal resection [EMR], endoscopic submucosal dissection [ESD]) and adverse events. Results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (449 patients, mean defect size 34.3 mm). Complete defect closure rates for TTSS alone and TTSS with adjunctive clips were 77.2% (95%CI 66.4–85.3; I2=79%) and 95.2% (95%CI 90.3–97.7; I2=42.5%), respectively. Complete defect closure rates for EMR and ESD were 99.2% (95%CI 94.3–99.9; I2 = 0%) and 92.1% (95%CI 85–96; I2=0%), respectively. The adverse event rate was 5.4% (95%CI 2.7–10.3; I2=55%). Conclusion TTSS is a novel device for closure of postprocedural defects, with relatively high technical and clinical success rates. Comparative studies of closure devices are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groove pancreatitis (GP) is a rare and clinically distinct form of chronic pancreatitis affecting the pancreaticoduodenal groove comprising the head of the pancreas, duodenum, and the common bile duct. It is more prevalent in individuals in their 4–5th decade of life and disproportionately affects men compared with women. Excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, pancreatic ductal stones, pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, duodenal wall thickening, and peptic ulcers are significant risk factors implicated in the development of GP. The usual presenting symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and jaundice. Establishing a diagnosis of GP is often challenging due to significant clinical and radiological overlap with numerous benign and malignant conditions affecting the same anatomical location. This can lead to a delay in initiation of treatment leading to increasing morbidity, mortality, and complication rates. Promising research in artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered immense interest in recent years. Due to its widespread application in diagnostic imaging with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, AI has the potential of becoming a vital tool in differentiating GP from pancreatic malignancies, thereby preventing a missed or delayed diagnosis. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of GP, covering the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiological and endoscopic evaluation, management strategies, and future directions. This article also aims to increase awareness about this lesser known and often‐misdiagnosed clinical entity amongst clinicians to ultimately improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the presentation `Leaking Gallbladder Remnant With Cholelithiasis Complicating Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,' by William G. Blackard and Todd H. Baron which appeared at the 88th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Southern Medical Association from November 2-6, 1994.

Background and Aims: Endoscopic enteral stenting (ES) in malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is limited by high rates of stent obstruction. EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is a novel procedure that potentially offers sustained patency without tumor ingrowth/overgrowth. The aim of this study is to compare EUS-GE with ES in terms of (1) symptom recurrence and need for re-intervention, (2) technical success (proper stent positioning as determined via endoscopy and fluoroscopy), (3) clinical success (ability to tolerate oral intake without vomiting), and (4) procedure-related adverse events (AEs).Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent either EUS-GE at four centers between 2013 and 2015 or ES at one center between 2008 and 2010.Results: A total of 82 patients (mean age 66-years ± 13.5 and 40.2% female) were identified: 30 in EUS-GE and 52 in ES. Technical and clinical success was not significantly different: 86.7% EUS-GE versus 94.2% ES (p = 0.2) and 83.3% EUS-GE versus 67.3% ES (p = 0.12), respectively. Symptom recurrence and need for re-intervention, however, was significantly lower in the EUS-GE group (4.0 vs. 28.6%, (p = 0.015). Post-procedure mean length of hospitalization was comparable at 11.3 days ± 6.6 for EUS-GE versus 9.5 days ± 8.3 for ES (p = 0.3). Rates and severity of AEs (as per the ASGE lexicon) were also similar (16.7 vs. 11.5%, p = 0.5). On multivariable analysis, ES was independently associated with need for re-intervention (OR 12.8, p = 0.027).Conclusion: EUS-GE may be ideal for malignant GOO with comparable effectiveness and safety to ES while being associated with fewer symptom recurrence and requirements for re-intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 81-year-old man presented with upper abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

cThe author reflects on the use of covered self-expandable stents (SEMS) in the management of benign gastrointestinal (GI) strictures and agrees that the use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) should be considered by endoscopists after the failure of other endoscopic interventions in a patient.

Malignant Disease: 1: ESGE recommends placement of partially or fully covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) for palliation of malignant dysphagia over laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and esophageal bypass.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 2 : ESGE recommends brachytherapy as a valid alternative, alone or in addition to stenting, in esophageal cancer patients with malignant dysphagia and expected longer life expectancy.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence. 3: ESGE recommends esophageal SEMS placement for sealing malignant tracheoesophageal or bronchoesophageal fistulas. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 4 : ESGE does not recommend SEMS placement as a bridge to surgery or before preoperative chemoradiotherapy because it is associated with a high incidence of adverse events. Other options such as feeding tube placement are preferable. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.Benign Disease: 5: ESGE recommends against the use of SEMSs as first-line therapy for the management of benign esophageal strictures because of the potential for adverse events, the availability of alternative therapies, and their cost. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 6: ESGE suggests consideration of temporary placement of self-expandable stents for refractory benign esophageal strictures. Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 7: ESGE suggests that fully covered SEMSs be preferred over partially covered SEMSs for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures because of their very low risk of embedment and ease of removability. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence. 8: ESGE recommends the stent-in-stent technique to remove partially covered SEMSs that are embedded in the esophageal wall. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 9: ESGE recommends that temporary stent placement can be considered for the treatment of leaks, fistulas, and perforations. No specific type of stent can be recommended, and the duration of stenting should be individualized. Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence. 10 : ESGE recommends considering placement of a fully covered large-diameter SEMS for the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding refractory to medical, endoscopic, and/or radiological therapy, or as initial therapy for patients with massive bleeding. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to develop international consensus recommendations on the safe use of lumenapposing metal stents (LAMSs) for on- and off-label indications. METHODS: Based on the available literature, statements were formulated and grouped into the following categories: general safety measures, peripancreatic fluid collections, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)- biliary drainage, EUS-gallbladder drainage, EUS-gastroenterostomy, and gastric access temporary for endoscopy. The evidence level of each statement was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. International LAMS experts were invited to participate in a modified Delphi process. When no 80% consensus was reached, the statement was modified based on expert feedback. Statements were rejected if no consensus was reached after the third Delphi round. RESULTS: Fifty-six (93.3%) of 60 formulated statements were accepted, of which 35 (58.3%) in the first round. Consensus was reached on the optimal learning path, preprocedural imaging, the need for airway protection and essential safety measures during the procedure, such as the use of Doppler, and measurement of the distance between the gastrointestinal lumen and the target structure. Specific consensus recommendations were generated for the different LAMS indications, covering, among others, careful patient selection, the preferred size of the LAMS, the need for antibiotics, the preferred anatomic location of the LAMS, the need for coaxial pigtail placement, and the appropriate management of LAMS-related adverse events. DISCUSSION: Through a modified international Delphi process, we developed general and indication-specific experience- and evidence-based recommendations on the safe use of LAMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]