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Female Rugby Union players were affected by contact breast injuries (CBI) and exercise-induced breast pain (EIBP). Hundred and eighty-two female Rugby players from 25 different countries reported incurring a CBI or EIBP which affected sport performance. A higher percentage of 7s players (7s: 64.3%, 15s: 51.9%) reported at least one CBI over a 12-month period. EIBP frequency, during the same period, was notably low for 7s and 15s. Sprinting, jumping and running were the most frequent activities precipitating the severest EIBP. Being tackled or tackling most frequently caused a CBI. Respondents affected by either CBI (57.3%) or EIPB (51.3%) reported always playing-on during matches despite their pain or injury. Between 19.4% and 32.1% of the respondents did not have a CBI or EIBP prevention strategy. A paucity of player knowledge on prevention strategies was noted, indicating a need for education addressing breast pain and injury among players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate an approach for describing the diversity of human pathogenic viruses in an environmentally isolated viral metagenome. In silico bioinformatic experiments were used to select an optimum annotation strategy for discovering human viruses in virome data sets and applied to annotate a class B biosolid virome. Results from the in silico study indicated that <1% errors in virus identification could be achieved when nucleotide-based search programs (BLASTn or tBLASTx), viral genome only databases and sequence reads >200 nt were considered. Within the 51 925 annotated sequences, 94 DNA and 19 RNA sequences were identified as human viruses. Virus diversity included environmentally transmitted agents such as parechovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus and aichi virus, as well as viruses associated with chronic human infections such as human herpes and hepatitis C viruses. This study provided a bioinformatic approach for identifying pathogens in a virome data set and demonstrated the human virus diversity in a relevant environmental sample. As the costs of next-generation sequencing decrease, the pathogen diversity described by virus metagenomes will provide an unbiased guide for subsequent cell culture and quantitative pathogen analyses and ensures that highly enriched and relevant pathogens are not neglected in exposure and risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented, which discusses choroiditis and exudative macular detachments in a post transplant leukaemic patient.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an article about dye-assisted small incision cataract surgery by Titiyal and colleagues in the 2006 issue.

• Manure-borne ARGs and bacR removal assessed in experimental streams.. • The rate at which bacR was removed from the water column differed from tetW removal. • A stochastic model showed that streambed interactions govern ARG removal in streams. • The type of ARG and stream geomorphology alters the downstream transport of ARGs. Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health issue, resulting in at least 1.2 million deaths in 2019. The environment is a potentially important reservoir of antibiotic resistance; however, the fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the environment remains poorly characterized. One important environmental source of ARGs is manure used as a soil amendment. ARGs from manure may then enter nearby flowing waterbodies, where the factors governing their downstream transport remain unknown. To address this, we conducted experiments by spiking cattle manure in an artificial stream to estimate removal rates (k ; m−1) for three ARGs (mefA, tetQ , and tetW) and a ruminant fecal marker (bacR). We then used a Stochastic Mobile-Immobile Model (SMIM) to separate the overall removal into two components , r s , and r h , corresponding to immobilizations in the surface (i.e., water column) and subsurface (i.e., streambed), respectively. Finally, we applied the SMIM across four model streams to predict the downstream travel distance of ARGs and bacR. Our results showed measurable removal for all targets in all experimental replicates (n = 3) and no differences were found in the removal rates among replicates for any target (ANCOVA; p > 0.05). We found that the removal of bacR was significantly lower than tetW (p < 0.05) and slightly lower than mefA (p = 0.088), while tetQ removal was slightly different from tetW 's (p = 0.072). We also found that r h values were orders of magnitude larger than r s for ARGs and bacR (t -test; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that ARGs and bacR are being removed from the water column through immobilization reactions occurring in the streambed. Additionally, we predicted that the 90 % removal (or D90) of targets occurs within the first 500 m in all model streams except in a slow-flow pastoral stream, which required 1400 m of downstream transport for 90 % removal. Our findings and model stand out as promising tools to predict the fate of ARGs in streams and will contribute to improving and managing agricultural practices that employ animal manure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye (2003) 17, 252-254. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700293 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented that describes the case of a 24-year-old white man who was found to have cocaine-induced chorioretinal infarction.