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"Stabilize the Unstable": Treatment Pathophysiology in Bleeding Trauma Patients, from the Field to the ICU. Moreover, hemostasis is upheld by early platelet transfusion that improves outcomes in acutely bleeding trauma patients and cryoprecipitate that provide a source of fibrinogen, Factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor with an additional benefit to the endothelium [[11]]. Moreover, the GBD reported the nonfatal sequelae (disabilities and handicaps) among trauma patient survivors, who are often healthy young individuals that will suffer lifelong disabilities as a result of the injuries sustained [[1]]. Thus, the management of haemodynamically unstable trauma patients continues to represent a challenge for clinicians who face a time-dependent condition in which critical injuries causing organ failure should be quickly recognized and controlled. [Extracted from the article]

While polymeric carbon monoxide (pCO) has been experimentally found to remain amorphous and undecomposed at room temperature up to 50 GPa, the question of whether crystalline counterparts of it can be obtained naturally raises. From different computational studies, it can be inferred that either the crystallization of amorphous pCO (a-pCO) or its decomposition into a mixture of CxOy suboxides (x > y) or carbon and CO2 may occur. In this study, we report experimental investigations of the high temperature (700–4000 K) transformation of a-pCO in the 47–120 GPa pressure range, conducted by x-ray diffraction in laser heated diamond anvil cells. Our results show the formation of no crystalline phases other than CO2 phase V, thus indicating the decomposition of the pristine a-pCO into CO2 and, likely, a mixture of amorphous CxOy suboxides and amorphous carbon hardly detectable at extreme conditions. These results support the theoretical picture of the pCO decomposition. We also show that the pressure-temperature kinetic border for this decomposition is very steep, thus indicating a strongly pressure-dependent kinetic barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreover, critical care surgeons' last but not most minor role is interacting with deteriorating in-ward surgical patients. A critical care surgeon's significant contribution is to create a sole physician who deals simultaneously with the operating theatre, intensive care, and rescue surgery. 25909409 8 Ghafer A.A. Complications, failure to rescue, and mortality with major inpatient surgery in medicare patients. During the first decade of the 21st century, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS - COT), the Western Trauma Association (WTA), the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST), and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) established an ad hoc committee to develop a new specialty that embraces trauma surgery, critical surgical care, and emergency surgery [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Phosphorene, the 2D material derived from black phosphorus, has recently attracted a lot of interest for its properties, suitable for applications in materials science. The physical features and the prominent chemical reactivity on its surface render this nanolayered substrate particularly promising for electrical and optoelectronic applications. In addition, being a new potential ligand for metals, it opens the way for a new role of the inorganic chemistry in the 2D world, with special reference to the field of catalysis. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of the art in this subject and to present our most recent results in the preparation, functionalization, and use of phosphorene and its decorated derivatives. We discuss several key points, which are currently under investigation: the synthesis, the characterization by theoretical calculations, the high pressure behavior of black phosphorus, as well as its decoration with nanoparticles and encapsulation in polymers. Finally, device fabrication and electrical transport measurements are overviewed on the basis of recent literature and the new results collected in our laboratories. Black phosphorus and its exfoliated product, phosphorene, are rising stars in the 2D materials field. The role of inorganic chemistry is presented, the black phosphorus surface being a potential anchoring point for metal fragments. The applications of phosphorene and its functionalized derivatives in devices are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the far infrared spectrum of thin high quality α-N2 single crystals as a function of temperature was carried out by high resolution Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The bandwidths at T=8 K of the two translational modes, correlated to the two-phonon density of states, are considerably smaller than the Raman active modes. This result can be interpreted on the basis of a lower anharmonicity of the translations with respect to the librational modes. The α-N2 is the first molecular crystal where such difference is found. The evolution of the T(1)u linewidth was studied until the α-β phase transition. The relaxation of this mode is essentially dominated by fourth-order decay processes. The study of the frequency shifts of both infrared phonons allowed the contributions relative to different orders of the anharmonic potential to be separated. Finally a careful analysis of the relative intensities of the two phonons was carried out in the α phase. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High pressure infrared spectra of solid CH4 are reported in the range 0.8–30 GPa at room temperature, coupling a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to a membrane diamond–anvil cell by means of a high efficiency beam condensing optical system. Two crystal phases, A and B, have been investigated. The phase transition is affected by hysteresis and occurs at 9±0.5 GPa during compression and at 7±0.5 GPa during expansion. Due to hysteresis, the transition has been studied as a function of time at higher pressures and found to undergo a first-order kinetics, with rate constant increasing with pressure. Since our experimental apparatus allows us to perform high pressure Raman measurements too, structural properties of both A and B phases have been proposed from the analysis of the infrared and Raman data. Within the framework of the widely used three-site model, the A phase structure is consistent with a D4h unit cell symmetry. On the contrary, the analysis of the ω1 infrared and Raman multiplets in phase B as a function of pressure suggests quite plausibly a single site, well-ordered crystal structure. By means of group-theoretical arguments it is concluded that CH4 molecules occupy sites of Cs symmetry, while the unit cell symmetry must be chosen among D4h, D6h, Th and Oh groups. Qualitative considerations point to D6h as the more favored unit cell symmetry for phase B. © 1995 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarized infrared spectrum of naphthalene single crystal has been studied between 800 and 1600 cm-1. The dependence on temperature of the linewidth of eight Davydov components of internal modes has been studied in the 10–240 K temperature range. The deconvolution of the experimental line shapes allows us to extract a constant inhomogeneous contribution to the line broadening, due probably to crystal defects, over all the temperature range. The bandwidth data are interpreted on the basis of elementary relaxation mechanisms. In particular, at low temperature, the vibrational decay is dominated by three-phonon depopulation processes. Above 80 K, higher order dephasing mechanisms generally contribute to the vibron dynamics. The calculated decay compares well with experimental results. The infrared results are compared with the relaxation data presented for the Raman modes in previous papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of a single CO2 crystal has been studied in the (ω1+ω2);3ω2 Fermi resonance region. The spectrum shows three types of vibrational excitation, one where the three ω2 vibrons propagate freely (P+P+P) into the crystal, a second with two (out of three) coupled on the same molecule (BP+P), and the last with all three ω2 modes linked on one molecule and travelling as a single excitation (TP). Fermi resonance may split off the three-phonon continuum (ω2+ω2+ω2) both the biphonon+phonon (BP+P) band and the sharp triphonon (TP) peak. A theoretical analysis of triphonons following a Green-function approach is proposed. The temperature dependence of triphonon bandwidths has been measured in the temperature range 20–200 K. This gives information on the relaxation mechanisms of bound crystal states. Our results emphasize the role of dephasing through bending mode in the vibrational relaxation of the upper triphonon. The lower triphonon has a behavior with temperature which may be explained as due only to dephasing by lattice phonons. Triphonon depopulation is treated theoretically in a highly simplified form to enlighten the main channels available for decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the vibrational properties of the high pressure phases of solid nitrogen with isobars between 30 and 300K by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Confirmation of intermediate phase between high and low temperatures; Discussion of the analysis of infrared spectrum in the fundamental region; Suggestion for the reorganization of molecules.

Background: Complications in colorectal surgery include a wide range of clinical conditions, which increase mortality, morbidity, hospital stay and costs. In some cases, the placement of a self-expanding metal stent may represent a possible therapeutic strategy, avoiding further surgery.Methods: In order to verify the feasibility and safety of the technique, we reviewed the medical literature, between January 1997 and 2015, selecting 32 studies. Inclusion criteria were based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations.Results: The estimated rate of early success was 73.3% (95% CI 66.3-79.3), raising from 25 to 68% in the time frame 1997-2007. The rate of early complications was 31.4% (95% CI 25.3-38.3%), progressively decreasing from 75 to 43% up to 2009. The rate of surgery for acute complication was 9.3% (95% CI 6.0-14.2%), reduced on time course from 25 to 9%. The rate of closure of dehiscence was 74.5% (95% CI 62.8-83.5%), while the rate of long-lasting success was 57.3% (95% CI 50.3-64.0%).Conclusions: Endoscopic stenting in the early postoperative management of anastomotic complications after colorectal surgery should be considered in patients with minimal risk for sepsis, as a safe and often effective alternative to surgery. However, in order to establish the safety and efficacy of this technique, prospective studies involving a larger cohort of patients are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the laparoscopic management of diaphragmatic hernia (DH) caused by vertebral pedicle screw displacement. A 58-year-old woman underwent surgery for scoliosis and underwent posterior pedicle screw fixation. In the first postoperative (PO)day, she developed mild dyspnea. An anteroposterior chest radiograph revealed bilateral pleural effusion, which was more pronounced on the left side. A thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, performed in the second PO day, revealed a solid mass in the pleural cavity that was associated with screw displacement, which had also entered into the peritoneal cavity without apparent other lesion of hollow and solid viscous. In the third PO day, after the screw was removed, explorative laparoscopy was carried out. We observed herniation of the omentum through a small diaphragmatic tear. Once the absence of visceral injury was confirmed, we reduced the omentum into the abdomen. Then, we repaired the hernia by applying a dual layer polypropylene mesh over the defect with a 3-cm overlap. The remainder of the postoperative period was uneventful. Iatrogenic DH due to a pedicle screw displacement has never been described before. In cases of pleural effusion following spinal surgery, rapid assessment and treatment are crucial. We conclude that a laparoscopic approach to iatrogenic DH could be feasible and effective in a hemodynamically stable patient with negative CT findings because it enables the completion of the diagnostic cascade and the repair of the tear, providing excellent visualization of the abdominal viscera and diaphragmatic tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined effect of high pressure and electronic photo-excitation has been proven to be very efficient in activating extremely selective polymerisations of small unsaturated hydrocarbons in diamond anvil cells (DAC). Here we report an ambient temperature, large volume synthesis of high density polyethylene based only on high pressure (0.4-0.5 GPa) and photo-excitation (~350 nm), without any solvent, catalyst or radical initiator. The reaction conditions are accessible to the current industrial technology and the laboratory scale pilot reactor can be scaled up to much larger dimensions for practical applications. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, indicate that the synthesised material is of comparable quality with respect to the outstanding crystalline material obtained in the DAC. The polydispersity index is comparable to that of IV generation Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Moreover the crystalline quality of the synthesised material can be further enhanced by a thermal annealing at 373 K and ambient pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-pressure synthesis of double-core nanothreads derived from pseudo-stilbene crystals represents a captivating approach to isolate within the thread chromophores or functional groups without altering its mechanical properties. These entities can be effectively utilized to finely tune optical properties or as preferential sites for functionalization. Bibenzyl, being isostructural with other members of this class, represents the ideal system for building co-crystals from which we can synthesize double-core nanothreads wherein bridging chromophores, such as the azo or ethylene moieties, are embedded in the desired concentration within a fully saturated environment. To achieve this, a critical step is the preliminary characterization of the high-pressure behavior of crystalline bibenzyl. We report here an accurate investigation performed through state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction up to 40 GPa. Our findings reveal a strongly anisotropic compression of the crystal, which determines, at pressures between 1 and 2 GPa, consistent modifications of the vibrational spectrum, possibly related to a torsional distortion of the molecules. A phase transition is detected between 9 and 10 GPa, leading to a high pressure phase where, above 24 GPa, the nanothread formation is observed. However, the observed reaction was limited in extent and required significantly higher pressures in comparison to other members of the pseudo-stilbene family. This comprehensive study is imperative in laying the foundation for future endeavors, aiming to synthesize double-core nanothreads from pseudo-stilbene crystals, and provides crucial insights into the high-pressure behavior and phase transitions of crystalline bibenzyl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unter Hochdruckbedingungen, in einer Diamant ‐ Stempelzelle, löst die Bestrahlung von rotem Phosphor (orange im Schema) und Wasser eine Reaktion aus, die H2, PH3, H3PO2, H3PO4 und H3PO4 liefert (H grau, O rot, P orange). Die Reaktion lässt sich mithilfe der Raman ‐ Spektroskopie einfach verfolgen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐pressure job: Under high‐pressure conditions, within a diamond anvil cell, irradiation of red phosphorus (see scheme, orange) and water was found to lead to a reaction that gives H2, PH3, H3PO2, H3PO4, and H3PO4 (H gray, O red, P orange). This reaction can be easily monitored using Raman spectroscopy and presents an interesting method for H2 generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High pressure chemical reactions of molecular systems are discussed considering the various factors that can affect the reactivity. These include steric hindrance and geometrical constraints in the confined environment of crystals at high pressure, changes of the free energy landscape with pressure, photoactivation by two-photon absorption, local and collective effects. A classification of the chemical reactions at high pressure is attempted on the basis of the prevailing factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether hemorrhage and resuscitation affect liver, intestinal, and renal expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and apoptosis indexes (TUNEL, caspase-3 activation) and whether the expression of these proteins can be modulated by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) after a nonlethal hemorrhagic shock (HS) in rats. Methods: Forty rats were randomized into four groups: sham-operated, only HS, HS/resuscitation with blood plus normal saline (NS), and HS/resuscitation with blood/NS plus PDTC, 15 mg/kg body weight, intravenously. Rats were subjected to HS by blood removal to a mean arterial pressure of 35-40 mmHg through the femoral artery. After 1 hr of shock, the animals were resuscitated according to the experimental protocol. HSP70, iNOS, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and TUNEL were analyzed in liver, small intestine, and kidney 3 hr after resuscitation. Results: HS upregulated HSP70, iNOS, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and induced apoptosis (TUNEL) ( p < .05 to < .001). Resuscitation was not associated with further increase of their expressions. The administration of PDTC during resuscitation decreased liver, intestinal, and renal activation of iNOS and apoptosis indexes ( p < .05 to < .001), and was associated with further increase in HSP70 expression ( p < .05). Conclusions: Our results show that HS resuscitation with PDTC modulates several signaling pathways (HSP70, iNOS, TUNEL, and caspase-3) in a rat model. The results suggest that PDTC administration-by reducing apoptosis and iNOS expression-may have a potential role in minimizing organ damage after severe hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-pressure methods have been demonstrated to be efficient in providing new routes for the synthesis of materials of technological interest. In several molecular compounds, the drastic pressure conditions required for spontaneous transformations have been lowered to the kilobar range by photoactivation of the reactions. At these pressures, the syntheses are accessible to large-volume applications and are of interest to bioscience, space, and environmental chemistry. Here, we show that the short-lived hydroxyl radicals, produced in the photodissociation of water molecules by near-UV radiation at room temperature and pressures of a few tenths of a gigapascal (GPa), can be successfully used to trigger chemical reactions in mixtures of water with carbon monoxide or nitrogen. The detection of molecular hydrogen among the reaction products is of particular relevance. Besides the implications in fundamental chemistry, the mild pressure and irradiation conditions, the efficiency of the process, and the nature of the reactant and product molecules suggest applications in synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The advantages of the use of optical spectroscopy methods (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy) in the study of high pressure transformation and chemical reactions are illustrated considering several examples. In particular, the efficiency of the spectroscopic methods in the analysis of phase transitions at high pressure, of pressure induced changes of the electronic structure and of the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms at very high pressures are considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

High-pressure methods are increasingly used to produce new dense materials with unusual properties. Increasing efforts to understand the reaction mechanisms at the microscopic level, to set up and optimize synthetic approaches, are currently directed at carbon-based solids. A fundamental, but still unsolved, question concerns how the electronic excited states are involved in the high-pressure reactivity of molecular systems. Technical difficulties in such experiments include small sample dimensions and possible damage to the sample as a result of the absorption of intense laser fields. These experimental challenges make the direct characterization of the electronic properties as a function of pressure by linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopies up to several GPa a hard task. We report here the measurement of two-photon excitation spectra in a molecular crystal under pressure, up to 12 GPa in benzene, the archetypal aromatic system. Comparison between the pressure shift of the exciton line and the monomer fluorescence provides evidence for different compressibilities of the ground and first excited states. The formation of structural excimers occurs with increasing pressure involving molecules on equivalent crystal sites that are favorably arranged in a parallel configuration. These species represent the nucleation sites for the transformation of benzene into amorphous hydrogenated carbon. The present results provide a unified picture of the chemical reactivity of benzene at high pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hemorrhagic shock (HS) an increased thymic apoptosis (TA) was described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of the caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxy-carbonil-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK) during the resuscitation phase on TA, organ dysfunctions, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release in HS. Forty rats were randomly assigned to four groups: no HS/resuscitation (sham); HS/resuscitation with shed blood and normal saline (control); HS/resuscitation with shed blood and phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) (vehicle); and HS/resuscitation with shed blood and Z-VAD-FMK (inhibitor). Rats were subjected to HS by blood removal to a MAP of 35-40 mmHg. After a 1-h shock period, the animals were resuscitated according to the protocol. At 1 and 3 h after resuscitation, transaminases, creatinine, urea, lipase, TNF-α, and TA were evaluated. Our study showed that a nonlethal HS is early able to induce organ dysfunctions and increased TA. Administration of Z-VAD-FMK did not significantly decrease organ dysfunctions, while it induced a significant TNF-α release. TA was significantly reduced by Z-VAD-FMK after 1 h, but not after 3 h. Our results suggest that postinjury caspase inhibition does not attenuate organ dysfunctions, and also does not permanently reduce TA induced by HS and resuscitation in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is widely recognized that purely organic molecular systems with multiple bonds undergo chemical condensation at sufficiently high pressures (from tenths to tens of GPa), the fate of organometallics at extreme conditions remains largely underexplored. We have investigated the high pressure (up to 41 GPa) chemical transformations in a simple molecular system known as nickelocene, (C5H5)2Ni, which serves as a representative example of a class of organometallics called sandwich compounds. Nickelocene decomposed above 13 GPa, at room temperature, while lower pressure thresholds have been observed at higher temperatures (295–573 K). The products were identified as nanocomposite materials, primarily composed of disordered, nickel-rich nanoparticles segregated within an extended, amorphous matrix of hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H). The investigation was conducted by means of diamond anvil cells in combination with optical spectroscopies and microscopy, synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction, as well as transmission electron microscopy. Our findings have the potential to stimulate further research into the high-pressure chemical reactivity of organometallics and open up new synthesis routes for the production of metal-based nanoparticles, which find a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural evolution with pressure of icy mixtures of simple molecules is a poorly explored field despite the fundamental role they play in setting the properties of the crustal icy layer of the outer planets and of their satellites. Water and ammonia are the two major components of these mixtures, and the crystal properties of the two pure systems and of their compounds have been studied at high pressures in a certain detail. On the contrary, the study of their heterogeneous crystalline mixtures whose properties, due to the strong N–H⋯O and O–H⋯N hydrogen bonds, can be substantially altered with respect to the individual species has so far been overlooked. In this work, we performed a comparative Raman study with a high spatial resolution of the lattice phonon spectrum of both pure ammonia and water–ammonia mixtures in a pressure range of great interest for modeling the properties of icy planets' interiors. Lattice phonon spectra represent the spectroscopic signature of the molecular crystals' structure. The activation of a phonon mode in plastic NH3-III attests to a progressive reduction in the orientational disorder, which corresponds to a site symmetry reduction. This spectroscopic hallmark allowed us to solve the pressure evolution of H2O–NH3–AHH (ammonia hemihydrate) solid mixtures, which present a remarkably different behavior from the pure crystals likely to be ascribed to the role of the strong H-bonds between water and ammonia molecules characterizing the crystallites' surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of external fixation for the initial treatment of unstable, complex pelvic injuries with hemodynamic instability remains an effective treatment for multiply injured patients. Bowel entrapment within a pelvic fracture is a rarely reported, potentially fatal complication. Here, we report a polytrauma patient with pelvic fractures who developed an intestinal obstruction after an external fixation. At an explorative laparotomy, we found an ileum segment trapped in the sacral fracture. Reported cases of bowel entrapment in pelvic fractures, especially in sacral fractures, are exceedingly rare. The diagnosis is often delayed due to difficulty distinguishing entrapment from the more common adynamic ileus. In conclusion, clinicians and radiologists should be aware of this potentially lethal complication of pelvic fractures treatment. To exclude bowel entrapment, patients with persistent ileus or sepsis should undergo early investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncompressible torso injuries (NCTIs) represent a trauma-related condition with high lethality. This study's aim was to identify potential prediction factors of mortality in this group of trauma patients at a Level 1 trauma center in Italy. Materials and Methods: A total of 777 patients who had sustained a noncompressible torso injury (NCTI) and were admitted to the Niguarda Trauma Center in Milan from 2010 to 2019 were included. Of these, 166 patients with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) <90 mmHg were considered to have a noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH). Demographic data, mechanism of trauma, pre-hospital and in-hospital clinical conditions, diagnostic/therapeutic procedures, and survival outcome were retrospectively recorded. Results: Among the 777 patients, 69% were male and 90.2% sustained a blunt trauma with a median age of 43 years. The comparison between survivors and non-survivors pointed out a significantly lower pre-hospital Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and SBP (p < 0.001) in the latter group. The multivariate backward regression model identified age, pre-hospital GCS and injury severity score (ISS) (p < 0.001), pre-hospital SBP (p = 0.03), emergency department SBP (p = 0.039), performance of torso contrast enhanced computed tomography (CeCT) (p = 0.029), and base excess (BE) (p = 0.008) as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Torso trauma patients who were hemodynamically unstable in both pre- and in-hospital phases with impaired GCS and BE had a greater risk of death. The detection of independent predictors of mortality allows for the timely identification of a subgroup of patients whose chances of survival are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric scooter (ES)-related injuries are increasing but poorly described. Clinicians need more information to be prepared for these patients. We supposed two prevalent patterns of patients: mildly injured (predominant upper-limb injuries) and severely injured (predominant head trauma). This study aims to understand the frequency of ES-related injuries and patients' characteristics despite the heterogeneity of data currently available. A systematic review with a proportion meta-analysis was conducted on studies with a multidisciplinary description of ES-related injuries in adult patients (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42022341241). Articles from inception to April 2023 were identified in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane's databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I. Twenty-five observational studies with 5387 patients were included in the meta-analysis, depending on reported data. Upper-limb (31.8%) and head (19.5%) injuries are the most frequent (25/25 studies included). When injured while riding, 19.5% of patients are intoxicated with drugs/alcohol, and only 3.9% use a helmet, increasing the possibility of severe injuries. About 80% of patients are victims of spontaneous falls. Half of the patients self-present to the ED, and 69.4% of cases are discharged directly from the ED. Studies' limitations include an overall moderate risk of bias and high heterogeneity. Electric scooter-related accidents are commonly associated with upper-limb injuries but often involve the head. Spontaneous falls are the most common mechanism of injury, probably related to frequent substance abuse and helmet misuse. This hot topic is not adequately investigated due to a lack of data. A prospective registry could fill this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widespread in astrochemically relevant environments, often coexisting with water (H2O) ices and thus triggering a great interest regarding the possible formation of their adducts under various thermodynamic conditions. Amongst them, solid carbonic acid (H2CO3) remains elusive, yet being widely studied. Synthetic routes followed for its production have always been characterised by drastic irradiation on solid ice mixtures or complex procedures on fluid samples (such as laser heating at moderate to high pressures). Here we report about a simpler yet effective synthetic route to obtain two diverse carbonic acid crystal structures from the fast, cold compression of pristine clathrate hydrate samples. The two distinct polymorphs we obtained, differing in the water content, have been deeply characterised via spectroscopic and structural techniques to assess their composition and their astonishing pressure stability, checked up to half a megabar, also highlighting the complex correlations between them so to compile a detailed phase diagram of this system. These results may have a profound impact on the prediction and modelisation of the complex chemistry which characterises many icy bodies of our Solar System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is widespread in astrochemically relevant environments, often coexisting with water (H2O) ices and thus triggering a great interest regarding the possible formation of their adducts under various thermodynamic conditions. Amongst them, solid carbonic acid (H2CO3) remains elusive, yet being widely studied. Synthetic routes followed for its production have always been characterised by drastic irradiation on solid ice mixtures or complex procedures on fluid samples (such as laser heating at moderate to high pressures). Here we report about a simpler yet effective synthetic route to obtain two diverse carbonic acid crystal structures from the fast, cold compression of pristine clathrate hydrate samples. The two distinct polymorphs we obtained, differing in the water content, have been deeply characterised via spectroscopic and structural techniques to assess their composition and their astonishing pressure stability, checked up to half a megabar, also highlighting the complex correlations between them so to compile a detailed phase diagram of this system. These results may have a profound impact on the prediction and modelisation of the complex chemistry which characterises many icy bodies of our Solar System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman and infrared spectra of solid nitrogen have been collected between 25 K and room temperature up to 41 GPa. A careful analysis of the spectral band transformations occurring across the high pressure transitions among the δ, δ[sub loc], ε, and ζ phases allowed to define the phase diagram in the whole P-T region investigated. In particular, the transition between the ε and ζ phases has been observed in the range 30-230 K and the corresponding phase-boundary drawn. A significant metastability region (spanning about 10 GPa in pressure) hinders the transformation between the ε and ζ phases when pressure is varied at low temperature. Group theory arguments suggest a centrosymmetric structure for the ζ phase and the number of Raman and infrared ν[sub 1] and ν[sub 2] components can be reproduced both with cubic and tetragonal structures. An appreciable coupling among neighboring molecules is observed, at room temperature, only in the ε phase where the relative orientations of the molecules are fixed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous polymerization of fluid ethylene under high temperature and pressure conditions has been characterized by using FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The fluid has been isobarically heated at pressures ranging between 0.4 and 1.5 GPa by means of a resistively heated membrane diamond anvil cell. Besides tracing the instability boundary for spontaneous polymerization in the fluid, we have also measured the reaction kinetics at 1.5 GPa and temperatures ranging between 340 and 423 K. From the rate constants the activation energy of the overall reaction could be computed, information that joined to the molecularity of the initiation step provides some insight about the reaction mechanism. The polymers recovered from the different reactions have been characterized by FTIR, Raman, and X-ray diffraction revealing in all the cases a crystalline material of astonishing quality, likely related to the growth of the polymer in the hot fluid monomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical reaction between Sb and N2 was induced under high‐pressure (32–35 GPa) and high‐temperature (1600–2200 K) conditions, generated by a laser heated diamond anvil cell. The reaction product was identified by single crystal synchrotron X‐ray diffraction at 35 GPa and room temperature as crystalline antimony nitride with Sb3N5 stoichiometry and structure belonging to orthorhombic space group Cmc21. Only Sb−N bonds are present in the covalent bonding framework, with two types of Sb atoms respectively forming SbN6 distorted octahedra and trigonal prisms and three types of N atoms forming NSb4 distorted tetrahedra and NSb3 trigonal pyramids. Taking into account two longer Sb−N distances, the SbN6 trigonal prisms can be depicted as SbN8 square antiprisms and the NSb3 trigonal pyramids as NSb4 distorted tetrahedra. The Sb3N5 structure can be described as an ordered stacking in the bc plane of bi‐ layers of SbN6 octahedra alternated to monolayers of SbN6 trigonal prisms (SbN8 square antiprisms). The discovery of Sb3N5 finally represents the long sought‐after experimental evidence for Sb to form a crystalline nitride, providing new insights about fundamental aspects of pnictogens chemistry and opening new perspectives for the high‐pressure chemistry of pnictogen nitrides and the synthesis of an entire class of new materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical reaction between Sb and N2 was induced under high‐pressure (32–35 GPa) and high‐temperature (1600–2200 K) conditions, generated by a laser heated diamond anvil cell. The reaction product was identified by single crystal synchrotron X‐ray diffraction at 35 GPa and room temperature as crystalline antimony nitride with Sb3N5 stoichiometry and structure belonging to orthorhombic space group Cmc21. Only Sb−N bonds are present in the covalent bonding framework, with two types of Sb atoms respectively forming SbN6 distorted octahedra and trigonal prisms and three types of N atoms forming NSb4 distorted tetrahedra and NSb3 trigonal pyramids. Taking into account two longer Sb−N distances, the SbN6 trigonal prisms can be depicted as SbN8 square antiprisms and the NSb3 trigonal pyramids as NSb4 distorted tetrahedra. The Sb3N5 structure can be described as an ordered stacking in the bc plane of bi‐ layers of SbN6 octahedra alternated to monolayers of SbN6 trigonal prisms (SbN8 square antiprisms). The discovery of Sb3N5 finally represents the long sought‐after experimental evidence for Sb to form a crystalline nitride, providing new insights about fundamental aspects of pnictogens chemistry and opening new perspectives for the high‐pressure chemistry of pnictogen nitrides and the synthesis of an entire class of new materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a major threat to patients with trauma and spontaneous bleeding. The aim of the study was to investigate early effects of vasopressin on metabolic and hemodynamic parameters and endothelium permeability by measuring capillary leakage compared to those of other resuscitation strategies in a HS model. Methods: Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: S group (n = 5), sham-operated rats without shock or resuscitation; HS group (n = 10), HS and no resuscitation; RL group (n = 10), HS and resuscitation with Ringer’s lactate (RL); RLB group (n = 10), HS and resuscitation with two-third shed blood plus RL; and vasopressin group (n = 10), HS and resuscitation with RL, followed by continuous infusion of 0.04 U/kg/min vasopressin. The effects of resuscitation on hemodynamic parameters [mean arterial pressure (MAP), superior mesenteric artery blood flow (MBF), and mesenteric vascular resistances (MVR)], arterial blood gases, bicarbonate, base deficit, and lactate levels as well as on capillary leakage in the lung, ileum, and kidney were investigated. Capillary leakage was evaluated with Evans blue dye extravasation. Results: In the vasopressin group, the MAP was higher than in the RL and RLB groups (p < 0.001), while MBF was decreased (p < 0.001). MVR were increased only in the vasopressin group (p < 0.001). Capillary leakage was increased in the lungs of the animals in the vasopressin group compared to that in the lungs of animals in the RLB group (p < 0.05); this increase was associated with the lowest partial pressure of oxygen (p < 0.05). Conversely, decreased capillary leakage was observed with vasopressin in the ileum (p < 0.05). Increased capillary leakage was observed in the kidney in the RLB and vasopressin groups (p < 0.05). Lastly, vasopressin use was associated with higher base deficit and lactate levels when compared to the RL and RLB groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although vasopressin was proposed as a vasoactive drug for provisional hemodynamic optimization in the early phase of HS resuscitation, the overall findings of this experimental study focus on the possible critical side effects of vasopressin on metabolic parameters and endothelium permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical properties of picene at ambient conditions have been investigated through the measurement of UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra and of excitation profiles, using one- and two-photon excitation, in solution and in the crystal phase. For solvated picene an assignment of the vibronic structure of the transitions to the four lowest-energy excited singlet states (S1-S4) has been obtained from the absorption data, and the vibronic structure of the fluorescence spectra has been assigned. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the solid phase can be interpreted according to the single molecule analysis. Nevertheless, the strong increase of the optical density in the spectral region of the lowest HOMO-LUMO transitions and the frequency shift of absorption and fluorescence bands may be explained by a mixing of the states of adjacent molecules in the crystal. Moreover, peculiar emission features depending on the crystal dimensions (10-1 to 102 μm) are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we have performed an extensive high pressure study of the condensed phases of pyridine by Raman and IR spectroscopy. We have evidenced three different polymorphs, two crystalline, and one glassy and established the pressure conditions in which they exist as stable or metastable phases by several compression/decompression experiments both on annealed and not annealed samples. Crystallization and phase transitions are found to be kinetically driven. The vibrational spectra are extremely complex due to the low symmetry of the crystals, which implies a large number of crystal components. This complexity required a careful analysis of both IR and Raman data that led to the identification of 20 out of 21 external modes expected for phase II. We did not find any conclusive indication of phase transitions on compressing phase II thus indicating that phase II is likely the stable phase at the onset pressure of the chemical transformation of pyridine. The latter starts at 18 GPa and relevant differences from the well characterized benzene reaction suggest that it is likely driven by crystal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure evolution of the vibrational spectrum of polyethylene was investigated up to 50 GPa along different isotherms by Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy and at 0 K by density-functional theory calculations. The infrared data allow for the detection of the orthorhombic Pnam to monoclinic P21/m phase transition which is characterized by a strong hysteresis both on compression and decompression experiments. However, an upper and lower boundary for the transition pressure are identified. An even more pronounced hysteresis is observed for the higher-pressure transition to the monoclinic A2/m phase. The hysteresis does not allow in this case the determination of a well defined P-T transition line. The ambient structural properties of polyethylene are fully recovered after compression/decompression cycles indicating that the polymer is structurally and chemically stable up to 50 GPa. A phase diagram of polyethylene up to 50 GPa and 650 K is proposed. Analysis of the pressure evolution of the Davydov splittings and of the anomalous intensification with pressure of the IR active wagging mode provides insight about the nature of the intermolecular interactions in crystalline polyethylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase diagram of propene has been investigated at high pressure by using the diamond anvil cell technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The pressure conditions necessary to induce a spontaneous reaction of the sample have been found at different temperatures, allowing the stability boundary of propene to be drawn. The reaction is diffusion controlled and seems to occur only in the fluid phase, implying a slope inversion of the stability boundary at about 250 K. The product of the reaction is a mixture of linear oligomers independently of the P-T conditions. The activation volume and energy of the process have been obtained from the kinetic data. Also the activation of the reaction by laser absorption has been carefully studied. A high proton mobility has been identified as the likely reason that limits the lengthening of the chain up to six to eight monomeric units preventing the polymer formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of light absorption in triggering the high-pressure reaction of solid furane is investigated. When the sample is irradiated with the 458.0-nm line of an Ar[sup +] ion laser the reaction is found to occur just above 3 GPa, well below the pressure value (10 GPa) where it takes place without irradiation. The pressure threshold of the transformation increases as the excitation line is shifted to the red. The analysis of the pressure evolution of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum allows us to identify the injection mechanism as a two-photon absorption process to the lowest excited states of furane. The aromatic ring opening shows, in this case, additional reaction paths with respect to the purely pressure induced reaction, as attested by the presence of CO[sub 2] and by the larger amount of carbonyl groups found in the recovered product. These results suggest the ring opening mechanism to be mainly controlled by the relative molecular orientation both in the disordered phase IV and in the ordered phase III. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FTIR spectroscopy was applied to the study of the high-pressure reactivity of solid butadiene. The chemical transformation from the ordered phase I was observed to occur only above 270 K. The existence of a threshold temperature for the reaction reveals the central role of the lattice phonons in the activation of the transformation. Below 4.0 GPa only dimerization to 4-vinylcyclohexene occurs, while above this pressure an increasing amount of polymer forms with rising pressure. Room temperature kinetic studies have been performed at different pressures, from 2.1 up to 6.6 GPa, and the sign of the activation volume for the dimerization has been obtained. The dimerization reaction is found to follow a first-order mechanism. A reaction pathway for this process is proposed where the internal rearrangement of a diradical intermediate specie is identified as the rate limiting step. An acceleration of the dimerization process is observed above 4.0 GPa and is ascribed to the simultaneous polymer formation. This effect causes the laser assisted reaction, where a large amount of polymer is produced at any pressure, to be not as selective on polymerization as it is in the liquid phase, since also the dimerization rate is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical transformation of benzene under pressure is investigated, at room temperature and at 100 K, by means of infrared spectroscopy. Pressurization-decompression cycles in the 0–50 GPa pressure range have been performed to achieve the complete transformation of the monomer. The yellow-brownish recovered sample has been identified as an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H). A correlation has been established between the pressure behavior of the frequencies of both Raman and infrared internal modes, and the corresponding vibrational energies in the S[sub 1] excited state ([sup 1]B[sub 2u]). From this comparison we conclude that pressure induces a mixing between the ground and the S[sub 1] electronic states. The increased ring flexibility enhances the interactions among nearest-neighbor molecules inducing the formation of a network of interconnected benzene units where the aromatic character is lost. The bond breaking mainly occurs during the decompression cycle favored by the density decrease. Radical species form in this stage and rapidly propagate to give the denser a-C:H final product. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of emergency general surgery (EGS) is higher compared to elective surgery. Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most frequent diseases and its management is dictated by published international clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Adherence to CPG has been reported as heterogeneous. Barriers to clinical implementation were not studied. This study explored barriers to adherence to CPG and the clinico-economic impact of poor compliance. Methods: Data were extracted from the three-year data lock of the REsiDENT-1 registry, a prospective resident-led multicenter trial. We identified 7 items from CPG published from the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) and the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES). We applied our classification proposal and used a five-point Likert scale (Ls) to assess laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) difficulty. Descriptive analyses were performed to explore compliance and group comparisons to assess the impact on outcomes and related costs. We ran logistic regressions to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation of CPG. Results: From 2019 to 2022, 653 LA were included from 24 centers. 69 residents performed and coordinated data collection. We identified low compliance with recommendations on peritoneal irrigation (PI) (25.73%), abdominal drains (AD) (34.68%), and antibiotic stewardship (34.17%). Poor compliance on PI and AD was associated to higher infectious complications in uncomplicated AA. Hospitalizations were significantly longer in non-compliance except for PI in uncomplicated AA, and costs significantly higher, exception made for antibiotic stewardship in complicated AA. The strongest barriers to CPG implementation were complicated AA and technically challenging LA for PI and AD. Longer operative times and the use of PI negatively affected antibiotic stewardship in uncomplicated AA. Compliance was higher in teaching hospitals and in emergency surgery units. Conclusions: We confirmed low compliance with standardized items influenced by environmental factors and non-evidence-based practices in complex LA. Antibiotic stewardship is sub-optimal. Not following CPG may not influence clinical complications but has an impact in terms of logistics, costs and on the non-measurable magnitude of antibiotic resistance. Structured educational interventions and institutional bundles are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of structural disorder on vibrational relaxation in molecular crystals has been investigated by using high resolution Raman spectroscopy. The role of the disorder has been studied by analyzing the temperature dependence of lattice and internal modes linewidths in two isomorphic benzene derivatives: the 1,4-C6H4BrCl (p-BCB) and the 1,4-C6H4Br2 (p-DBB) crystals. The former shows a disorder arising from a random head-to-tail orientation of the molecular dipoles. It has been found that in p-BCB crystals the additional band broadening, ascribed to head-to-tail disorder, can be assumed to be temperature independent. It is shown that corresponding modes in the two crystals involve similar anharmonic decay processes. © 1995 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to articles published within the issue is presented, including a report on the applications of some attracting materials such as nitrides, clathrates, and metastable carbon phases and another on solid-state pressure induced chemistry in acetylenic aromatic compounds.

A recent density functional perturbation theory calculation of the vibrational frequencies of C60 is compared with the infrared spectrum of the crystal. The vibrational assignment of C60 is completed with the help of the calculation plus the available infrared, Raman, and inelastic neutron scattering spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) for acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most performed procedures. The effects of peritoneal lavage (PL) and the reasons to perform it have not been cleared and all meta-analyses didn't show a statistical advantage to prevent infectious complications. This study aims to investigate surgeons' perceptions during LA, comparing intraoperative findings with histological results, and exploring how surgeons' subjectivity influences the decision-making process on PL. Methods: Data were extracted from the two-year data lock from REsiDENT-1 registry, a prospective resident-led multicentre observational trial. This study investigates the relationships between PL and postoperative intraabdominal abscesses (pIAA) introducing a classification for AA to standardize the intraoperative grading. We included pre, intra, and postoperative variables. We applied our classification proposal, used a five-point Likert scale (Ls) to assess subjective LA difficulty and ran a concordance analysis between the assessment of AA and histology. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression model was built to find factors influencing PL. Results: 561 patients were enrolled from twenty-one hospitals and 51 residents. 542 procedures were included in the logistic regression analysis and 441 in the concordance analysis, due to missing data. PL was used in 222 LA (39, 6%). We discovered a moderate positive monotonic relationship between surgical evaluation and histology, p < 0.001. Despite this, the reliability of the surgeon's assessment of appendicitis is progressively lower for gangrenous and perforated forms. The increasing grade of contamination, the increasing grade of subjective difficulty and the intraoperative finding of a gangrenous or perforated appendicitis were independent predictors of PL. Conclusion: This study shows how surgeons' evaluation of AA severity overestimated more than half of gangrenous or perforated appendices with the perception of a challenging procedure. These perceptions influenced the choice of PL. We proved that the evaluation during LA could be affected by subjectivity with a non-negligible impact on the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. During the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID-19), different trends for pediatric trauma (PT) were described. This study aims to explore the trend over time of PT in our center, also considering the effects of COVID-19, focusing on trauma mechanisms, violence-related trauma (VRT) and intentionality, especially suicide attempts (SAs). Methods: All PT patients accepted at Niguarda Trauma Center (NTC) in Milan from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. We considered demographics and clinical variables and performed descriptive and year comparison analyses. Results: There were 684 cases of PT accepted at NTC: 84 in 2015, 98 in 2016, 125 in 2017, 119 in 2018, 114 in 2019 and 144 in 2020 (p < 0.001), 66.2% male, mean age 9.88 (±5.17). We observed a higher number of traffic-related, fall-related injuries and an increasing trend for VRT and SAs, peaking in 2020. We report an increasing trend over time for head trauma (p = 0.002). The Injury Severity Score did not significantly change. During COVID-19 we recorded a higher number of self-presenting patients with low priority codes. Conclusions: NTC is the adult level I referral trauma center for the Milan urban area with pediatric commitment. During COVID-19, every traumatic emergency was centralized to NCT. In 2020, we observed an increasing trend in SAs and VRT among PT patients. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 restriction could explain this evidence. The long-term effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of the pediatric population should not be underestimated. Focused interventions on psychological support and prevention of SAs and VRT should be implemented, especially during socio-demographic storms such as the last pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify preoperative predictive factors for technically challenging laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) and the need for external help to laparoscopically complete the procedure. Methods: We analysed data from a two-year data lock on the Resident-1 multicentre registry. The operator classified each procedure following a five-grade Likert scale to define technical difficulty. We performed univariate analysis comparing Grade 1–3 versus 4–5 procedures and then built a logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of Grade 4–5 procedures defined as needing external help to complete a LA. Results: 561 patients were recruited from 2019 to 2021, and 485 patients were included in the final analysis due to missing data. A BMI > 30 kg/m2, preoperative CT scan, and the AIR score were independent preoperative predictors of complex LA with the need for external help to be completed. Patients undergoing such procedures were more affected by CA, had longer operative times, and had the worst postoperative outcomes. Conclusion: The preoperative identification of technically demanding LA could be helpful in optimising the preoperative planning, maximise surgeons' preparedness, and include expert surgeons in the procedure earlier. Creating a scoring system for the technical difficulty of LA is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thoracic trauma occurs in 20–25% of all trauma patients worldwide and represents the third cause of trauma-related mortality. Retained hemothorax (RH) is defined as a residual hematic pleural effusion larger than 500 mL after 72 h of treatment with a thoracic tube. The aim of this study is to investigate risk factors for the development of RH in thoracic trauma and predictors of surgery. A retrospective, observational, monocentric study was conducted in a Trauma Hub Hospital in Milan, recording thoracic trauma from January 2011 to December 2020. Pre-hospital peripheric oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly lower in the RH group (94% vs. 97%, p = 0.018). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified, as independent predictors of RH, sternum fracture (OR 7.96, 95% CI 1.16–54.79; p = 0.035), pre-admission desaturation (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.77–0.96; p = 0.009) and the number of thoracic tube maintenance days (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.09–1.37; p = 0.0005). The number of tubes placed and the 1° rib fracture were both significantly associated with the necessity of surgical treatment of RH (2 vs. 1, p = 0.004; 40% vs. 0%; p = 0.001). The risk of developing an RH in thoracic trauma should not be underestimated. Variables related to RH must be taken into account in order to schedule a proper follow-up after trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tissue regeneration is a complex process that allows wounds to heal. Many options are currently available to help human skin repair and to reduce the recurrence of hernias. The aim of this study is to analyze the best decellularization protocol for allogenic human dermal tissues. Methods: Dermal flaps from donors were used and compared with a control group. Each flap was subjected to seven different decellularization protocols and washed with a sequence of five solutions. The samples were then subjected to four control tests (such as Nile Red), and long-term contacts were analyzed to assess whether the decellularized dermis samples could support the growth of human fibroblasts. Results: All the samples had an average residual viability of 60%. Except for one sample, the decellularization treatments were able to reduce cell viability significantly. The Nile Red test showed a significant reduction in phospholipid content (mean 90%, p-value < 0.05) in all treatments. The cell growth increased in a linear manner. As described in the literature, sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) caused an interference between the test and the detergent. Conclusions: This paper shows the first step to finding the best decellularization protocol for allografting human dermal tissues. Further biocompatibility tests and DNA quantification are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical reactivity between As and N2, leading to the synthesis of crystalline arsenic nitride, is here reported under high pressure and high temperature conditions generated by laser heating in a diamond anvil cell. Single‐crystal synchrotron X‐ray diffraction at different pressures between 30 and 40 GPa provides evidence for the synthesis of a covalent compound of AsN stoichiometry, crystallizing in a cubic P213 space group, in which each of the two elements is single‐bonded to three atoms of the other and hosts an electron lone pair, in a tetrahedral anisotropic coordination. The identification of characteristic structural motifs highlights the key role played by the directional repulsive interactions between non‐bonding electron lone pairs in the formation of the AsN structure. Additional data indicate the existence of AsN at room temperature from 9.8 up to 50 GPa. Implications concern fundamental aspects of pnictogens chemistry and the synthesis of innovative advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]