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This article presents a narrative review that explores the potential link between kisspeptin—a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis—and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Kisspeptin plays a significant role in regulating reproductive functions by modulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Recent studies suggest that kisspeptin may also impact peripheral reproductive tissues and influence inflammatory processes involved in the development of endometriosis. Altered kisspeptin signaling has been associated with the abnormal hormonal environment observed in endometriosis, which affects menstrual cycles and ovarian function. Research indicates that women with endometriosis exhibit altered levels of kisspeptin and its receptor, KISS1R, in both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues, suggesting a role in disease progression, particularly in tissue invasion and lesion formation. Kisspeptin's role in regulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes essential for tissue remodeling, further supports its potential contribution to the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Moreover, kisspeptin-based therapeutic strategies are currently under investigation, with the aim of providing targeted treatments that reduce the side effects commonly associated with existing therapies. Despite promising findings, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which kisspeptin influences endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water pollution is increasing globally every year, disrupting the hormonal balance of the human body, and inducing human aging, and menopausal and andropausal transition. • The most important water pollutants which influence the human body are: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA). • Water pollutants cause early-onset menopause, andropause and associated health changes (mainly cardiovascular, neurological, skeletal, endocrine and reproductive issues). • It is important to be aware and spread awareness of the effects of water pollution on the human body. • Water quality standards need to be improved. Water pollution exerts a negative impact on the health of both women and men, inducing hormonal changes, accelerating aging, and consequently leading to the premature onset of age-related health problems. Water pollutants can in general be classified as chemical (both organic and inorganic), physical, and biological agents. Certain chemical pollutants have been found to disrupt hormonal balance by blocking, mimicking, or disrupting functions within the intricate homeostasis of the human body. Moreover, certain water pollutants, including specific pesticides and industrial chemicals, have been associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as mood swings, depression, cognitive decline, and anxiety, impacting both women and men. Water pollution is also associated with physical ailments, such as diarrhea, skin diseases, malnutrition, and cancer. Exposure to specific pollutants may promote premature menopause and vasomotor symptoms, elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, and reduce bone density. In men, exposure to water pollution has been shown to reduce LH, FSH, and testosterone serum levels. The oxidative stress induced by pollutants prompts apoptosis of Sertoli and germ cells, inhibiting spermatogenesis and altering the normal morphology and concentration of sperm. Environmental estrogens further contribute to reduced sperm counts, reproductive system disruptions, and the feminization of male traits. Studies affirm that men generally exhibit a lower susceptibility than women to hormonal changes and health issues attributed to water pollutants. This discrepancy may be attributed to the varied water-related activities which have traditionally been undertaken by women, as well as differences in immune responses between genders. The implementation of effective measures to control water pollution and interventions aimed at safeguarding and enhancing the well-being of the aging population is imperative. The improvement of drinking water quality has emerged as a potential public health effort with the capacity to curtail the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia in an aging population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proficient use of spatial terms such as under, to the left of or in front of is a central component of daily communication and is important in the development of language and spatial cognition. Here we examine spatial language abilities in intellectually high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder, an area previously overlooked in autism research. Twenty-five high-functioning individuals with ASD and 25 typically developing controls, matched for chronological age and cognitive abilities, completed a novel battery tapping a broad range of spatial language abilities. We report selective difficulties in the production of spatial terms and spatial description recall in high-functioning ASD. Overall verbal abilities did not account for the observed group differences. Crucially, however, the intensity of autism spectrum traits predicted individual performance in both spatial language production and spatial description recall. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings and explore their significance for both clinical practice and intervention. How we think and talk about space is an essential ability, necessary for understanding the world around us. We recruit spatial thinking every day when finding our way or using tools but also in more advanced tasks, such as reading complex graphs or maps. We do so also in daily communication when we use spatial language, terms such as under, over, to the left of or in front of, and when we give instructions. Spatial terms appear in children's early vocabularies and continue to develop until late childhood or even early adolescence. Because spatial language develops over many years, some spatial terms are mastered very early, whereas others take longer to acquire. In the current set of studies, we tested how intellectually high-functioning children and adults on the autism spectrum use and understand these early- and late-acquired spatial terms in comparison to typically developing age-matched individuals. We found that children and adults on the autism spectrum experience difficulties with the use of some spatial terms (e.g. near and far or out of and down off) but not with others, which are acquired early (e.g. in and on or over and under). We also found that remembering spatial terms from short stories was more difficult for the individuals on the autism spectrum compared with typically developing individuals. These results reveal difficulties that can profoundly affect everyday communication of children and adults on the autism spectrum but also open new directions of research on language development in autism spectrum disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures were created with the use of fur keratin associated proteins (F-KAPs) as scaffolds. The procedure of preparation F-KAP involves combinations of chemical activation and enzymatic digestion. The best result in porosity and heterogeneity of F-KAP surface was received during pepsin digestion. The F-KAP had a stable structure, no changes were observed after heat treatment, shaking and washing. The 0.15-0.5 mm fraction had positive effect for formation of 3D scaffolds and cell culturing. Living rat mesenchymal cells on the F-KAP with no abnormal morphology were observed by SEM during 32 days of cell culturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Grammatical categories represent implicit knowledge, and it is not known if such abstract linguistic knowledge can be continuously grounded in real‐life experiences, nor is it known what types of mental states can be simulated. A former study showed that attention bias in peripersonal space (PPS) affects reaction times in grammatical congruency judgments of nominal classifiers, suggesting that simulated semantics may include reenactment of attention. In this study, we contrasted a Chinese nominal classifier used with nouns denoting pinch grip objects with a classifier for nouns with big object referents in a pupil dilation experiment. Twenty Chinese native speakers read grammatical and ungrammatical classifier‐noun combinations and made grammaticality judgment while their pupillary responses were measured. It was found that their pupils dilated significantly more to the pinch grip classifier than to the big object classifier, indicating attention simulation in PPS. Pupil dilations were also significantly larger with congruent trials on the whole than in incongruent trials, but crucially, congruency and classifier semantics were independent of each other. No such effects were found in controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the nature and extent of food marketing on popular children's websites and food product websites in Australia.Methods: Food product websites (n 119) and popular children's websites (n 196) were selected based on website traffic data and previous research on frequently marketed food brands. Coding instruments were developed to capture food marketing techniques. All references to food on popular children's websites were also classified as either branded or non-branded and according to food categories.Results: Websites contained a range of marketing features. On food product websites these marketing features included branded education (79.0% of websites), competitions (33.6%), promotional characters (35.3%), downloadable items (35.3%), branded games (28.6%) and designated children's sections (21.8%). Food references on popular children's websites were strongly skewed towards unhealthy foods (60.8% v. 39.2% healthy food references; P<0.001), with three times more branded food references for unhealthy foods. Branded food references displayed similar marketing features to those identified on food product websites.Conclusions: Internet food marketing uses a range of techniques to ensure that children are immersed in brand-related information and activities for extended periods, thereby increasing brand familiarity and exposure. The relatively unregulated marketing environment and increasing use of the Internet by children point to the potential increase in food marketing via this medium. Further research is required to investigate the impact of Internet food marketing on children's food preferences and consumption, and regulatory options to protect children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for new drugs for cancer pain management has been a long-standing goal in basic and clinical research. Classical opioid drugs exert their primary antinociceptive effect upon activating opioid receptors located in the central nervous system. A substantial body of evidence points to the relevance of peripheral opioid receptors as potential targets for cancer pain treatment. Peptides showing limited blood-brain-barrier permeability promote peripheral analgesia in many pain models. In the present study we examined the peripheral and central analgesic effect of intravenously administered biphalin - a dimeric opioid peptide in a mouse skin cancer pain model, developed by an intraplantar inoculation of B16F0 melanoma cells. The effect of biphalin was compared with morphine - a golden standard in cancer pain management. Biphalin produced profound, dose-dependent and naloxone sensitive spinal analgesia. Additionally, the effect in the tumor-bearing paw was largely mediated by peripheral opioid receptors, as it was readily attenuated by the blood-brain-barrier-restricted opioid receptor antagonist - naloxone methiodide. On the contrary, morphine facilitated its analgesic effect primarily by activating spinal opioid receptors. Both drugs induced tolerance in B16F0 - implanted paws after chronic treatment, however biphalin as opposed to morphine, showed little decrease in its activity at the spinal level. Our results indicate that biphalin may be considered a future alternative drug in cancer pain treatment due to an enhanced local analgesic activity as well as lower tolerance liability compared with morphine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design. A biodegradable glue was biomechanically tested for annulus closure using nondegenerated goat intervertebral discs. Ultimate strength and endurance tests were performed using native and punctured discs as positive and negative controls, respectively. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and biomechanical properties of a biodegradable glue for annulus closure. Summary of Background Data. There is an unmet clinical need for annulus closure techniques. Isocyanate-terminated tissue glues show potential because they adhere to annulus tissue, have an elastic modulus similar to the annulus, and show limited cytotoxicity to human annulus fibrosus cells. Methods. Three biomechanical tests were performed divided in 2 parts: part 1: ultimate strength tests comparing native, punctured (2.4-mm needle), and glued caprine intervertebral discs (n = 11 per group); part 2: 10 discs per group were subjected to a 10-day ex vivo endurance test of 864,000 load cycles, followed by ultimate strength tests. Outcome parameters include the restoration of strength after puncture, reduction of herniation in the endurance test, and conservation of glue strength after endurance testing. Results. Part 1: The glue partially restored subsidence to failure and yield strength/ultimate strength ratio of intervertebral discs. Part 2: During endurance testing, 40% of punctured discs failed compared with none of the glued discs. Endurance testing did not affect glue strength, and pooling of ultimate strength tests showed that the glue restored ultimate strength, work to failure, and yield strength/ultimate strength to 79%, 75%, and 119% of native values, respectively. Conclusion. A biodegradable isocyanate-terminated glue increases the force at which nucleus protrusion occurs, and it limits herniations during endurance or ultimate strength tests. Biomechanical tests in a bioreactor provide a low-cost assessment for annulus repair strategies; however, the clinical efficacy needs to be further addressed using long-term in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and is considered an important potential animal model for human lung cancer. The precise mechanisms of OPA oncogenesis are still uncertain. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is activated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) in many cancers, but this aspect is unknown in OPA. We therefore aimed to evaluate the expression of IL-6 and STAT3 in OPA for its potential role in pulmonary carcinogenesis. Results: Lung tissues from 9 grossly normal and JRSV-negative sheep and 20 cases of JSRV-positive OPA sheep were included in the study. Tissue samples were stained with antibodies against IL-6, STAT3, and JSRV-MA. IL-6 and STAT3 were further quantified in both groups using Western Blot (WB). Immunohistochemically, IL‑6 was expressed in stromal, inflammatory, and epithelial cells in all cases of OPA, while STAT3 immunoexpression was restricted to epithelial cells. In the OPA group, the percentage of immunolabelled cells for STAT3 accounted for a mean value of 96%. Using the H-SCORE method, 95% of cases were considered positive for STAT3 expression. Control tissues showed multifocal and weak immunoexpression for both markers. Using WB analyses, a highly significant amount of both IL-6 (p = 0.0078) and STAT3 (p < 0.0001) proteins were present in lung neoplasms, by comparison to the control lungs. Conclusions: Our data showed overexpression of IL-6 and STAT3 in lung tissues from OPA compared to lungs from JSRV-negative sheep. These results suggest a potential role of IL6-STAT3 in OPA carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to mentally rotate objects in space is a fundamental cognitive capacity. Previous studies showed that the time to rotate the image of a figure to match another increases progressively with angular disparity. It remains unclear whether this increase in response time with angular disparity could reflect increased processing operations or more cognitive effort instead of a sustained use of a 'rotate' mechanism without a change in workload. We collected response times as well as pupillary responses that index cognitive workload and activity in the brainstem's locus coeruleus, from a sample of 38 young adults performing a chronometric mental rotations task. The results showed the expected increase in response times but no increase in pupil diameters between 60, 120, and 180 degrees of rotation, suggesting no significant changes in arousal levels when rotating figures near and far. This indicates that during mental rotation the load on cognitive resources remains constant irrespective of angular distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Categories in classifier languages and category-specific semantic deficits overlap. • The patients were not imbued with these semantic categories through their languages. • The semantic categories are dispersed across macro-areas and language typologies. • The commonality of classifiers and impairments suggests a universal semantic system. • The frequencies of overlapping categories correlate in classifiers and impairments. We compared two non-overlapping data sets: (a) the semantic categories in representative samples of nominal classification languages (N = 334); and in a non-overlapping population (b) semantic category-specific impairments of European neurological patients (N = 121). Each of these appears to organize world objects in natural kinds (e.g., animal, body part, plant, fruit and vegetable, liquid) or manmade kinds (e.g., food, clothing, tool, vehicle, furniture). We show that whenever a specific semantic category is found as a cognitive impairment, this category also exists in some language as a semantic classifier. Since all of the existing semantic impairments reports are with speakers whose languages lack semantic nominal classification systems, the present regularities between grammar and cognitive deficit suggests the idea that cognitive universals may constrain how the neural substrate of knowledge is organized and can break apart but also how they can become expressed in different grammars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) show spatial language difficulties. • Representations of space can be compromised in language while intact in memory. • Spatial language errors reflect the structure of the non-linguistic spatial system. • Eye gaze is drawn to the invisible axes imposed on the reference object in spatial tasks. Previous studies have shown that the basic properties of the visual representation of space are reflected in spatial language. This close relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic spatial systems has been observed both in typical development and in some developmental disorders. Here we provide novel evidence for structural parallels along with a degree of autonomy between these two systems among individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder, a developmental disorder with uneven cognitive and linguistic profiles. In four experiments, we investigated language and memory for locations organized around an axis-based reference system. Crucially, we also recorded participants' eye movements during the tasks in order to provide new insights into the online processes underlying spatial thinking. Twenty-three intellectually high-functioning individuals with autism (HFA) and 23 typically developing controls (TD), all native speakers of Norwegian matched on chronological age and cognitive abilities, participated in the studies. The results revealed a well-preserved axial reference system in HFA and weakness in the representation of direction within the axis, which was especially evident in spatial language. Performance on the non-linguistic tasks did not differ between HFA and control participants, and we observed clear structural parallels between spatial language and spatial representation in both groups. However, there were some subtle differences in the use of spatial language in HFA compared to TD, suggesting that despite the structural parallels, some aspects of spatial language in HFA deviated from the typical pattern. These findings provide novel insights into the prominence of the axial reference systems in non-linguistic spatial representations and spatial language, as well as the possibility that the two systems are, to some degree, autonomous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetate kinase (ACK) converts acetyl phosphate to acetate along with the generation of ATP in the pathway for mixed-acid fermentation in Lactococcus lactis. The reverse reaction yields acetyl phosphate for assimilation purposes. Remarkably, L. lactis has two ACK isozymes, and the corresponding genes are present in an operon. We purified both enzymes (AckA1 and AckA2) from L. lactis MG1363 and determined their oligomeric state, specific activities, and allosteric regulation. Both proteins form homodi-meric complexes, as shown by size exclusion chromatography and static light-scattering measurements. The turnover number of AckA1 is about an order of magnitude higher than that of AckA2 for the reaction in either direction. The Km values for acetyl phosphate, ATP, and ADP are similar for both enzymes. However, AckA2 has a higher affinity for acetate than does AckA1, suggesting an important role under acetate-limiting conditions despite the lower activity. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate, and phospho-enoZ-pyruvate inhibit the activities of AckA1 and AckA2 to different extents. The allosteric regulation of AckA1 and AckA2 and the pool sizes of the glycolytic intermediates are consistent with a switch from homolactic to mixed-acid fermentation upon slowing of the growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both chronic stress conditions and hyperergic reaction to environmental stress are known to enhance cancer susceptibility. We described two mouse lines that displayed high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA) to investigate the relationship between inherited differences in sensitivity to stress and proneness to an increased growth rate of subcutaneously inoculated melanoma. These lines display several genetic and physiological differences, among which distinct sensitivity to mutagens and susceptibility to cancer are especially noticeable. High analgesic mice display high proneness both to stress and a rapid local spread of B16F0 melanoma. However, stress-resistant LA mice do not develop melanoma tumors after inoculation, or if so, tumors regress spontaneously. We found that the chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure leads to enhanced interlinear differences in melanoma susceptibility. Tumors developed faster in stress conditions in both lines. However, LA mice still displayed a tendency for spontaneous regression, and 50% of LA mice did not develop a tumor, even under stressed conditions. Moreover, we showed that chronic stress, but not tumor progression, induces depressive behavior, which may be an important clue in cancer therapy. Our results clearly indicate how the interaction between genetic susceptibility to stress and environmental stress determine the risk and progression of melanoma. To our knowledge, HA/LA mouse lines are the first animal models of distinct melanoma progression mediated by inherited differences in stress reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the findings of a research conducted on examining the prevalence of parents of children, aged between 0-17 years within a mental health service system and collect contextual data regarding this group. It discusses the methodology of the research including census approach. The research reveals an emerging relationship between parental diagnosis and parental contact. It concludes that Census is an effective approach to determine the prevalence of parenthood.

The National Mental Health Plan 2003-2008 identified that consumer and carer participation and partnership at all levels of policy, planning and treatment should be a hallmark of a quality mental health system. Despite this limited evidence exists in the literature of consumer participation within the youth mental health field. In 2006 the NSW Youth Mental Health Service Model Central Coast Pilot (NSW YMHSM - CC Pilot) funded and developed a model for youth participation, which was subsequently implemented and evaluated by headspace Central Coast between 2007 and 2009. This paper describes this jointly funded youth participation initiative from its development to implementation and evaluation, including the establishment of the Youth Alliance. The Youth Alliance consisted of 15 young people from across the Central Coast, supported by a Youth Alliance Coordinator. The Youth Alliance were a core element of they central and headspace Central Coast service model and were actively involved in the development of youth mental health services on the Central Coast. The Youth Alliance participated in a wide range of training opportunities, consultations, working parties and community awareness activities. The challenges and lessons learnt in implementing the youth participation model will be discussed as will recommendations for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The few studies reporting the prevalence of parental mental problems or mental illness estimate that anywhere between 20-50% of clients of mental health services may be parents. The studies often fail to fully describe the population, the children involved, and their exposure to potential risk factors. A recent Department of Community Services review identified that parents with mental health issues are over-represented among maltreating families, and the National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children emphasised the need to increase the capacity and capability of adult services to identify and respond to the needs of children at risk. This paper describes the historical context, development, and implementation of the Mental Health and Parenting Census which is conducted annually across Central Coast Mental Health Services in New South Wales. In 2008 and 2009, almost one third of clients were identified as parents of children aged 0-17 years. The majority of parents were female, and the most common diagnoses were mood and psychotic disorders. Almost 60% of children were living with the parent with a mental illness on a permanent basis, and over 40% of parents experience low levels of support. The Mental Health and Parenting Census is thought to be the first of its kind to not only determine the prevalence of parenthood amongst active clients of an adult mental health service on a given day, but also to generate contextual information about the parents and the children, including exposure of children to risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an internet-based, forced-choice, test of the ‘face race lightness illusion’, the majority of respondents, regardless of their ethnicity, reported perceiving the African face as darker in skin tone than the European face, despite the mean luminance, contrast and numbers of pixels of the images were identical. In the laboratory, using eye tracking, it was found that eye fixations were distributed differently on the African face and European face, so that gaze dwelled relatively longer onto the locally brighter regions of the African face and, in turn, mean pupil diameters were smaller than for the European face. There was no relationship between pupils’ size and implicit social attitude (IAT) scores. In another experiment, the faces were presented either tachistoscopically (140 ms) or longer (2500 ms) so that, when gaze was prevented from looking directly at the faces in the former condition, the tendency to report the African face as “dark” disappeared, but it was present when gaze was free to move for just a few seconds. We conclude that the presence of the illusion depends on oculomotor behavior and we also propose a novel account based on a predictive strategy of sensory acquisition. Specifically, by differentially directing gaze towards to facial regions that are locally different in luminance, the resulting changes in retinal illuminance yield respectively darker or brighter percepts while attending to each face, hence minimizing the mismatch between visual input and the learned perceptual prototypes of ethnic categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary function of hair and fur covering mammalian skin is to provide mechanical and thermal protection for the body. The proteins that constitute hair are extremely resistant to degradation by environmental factors. However, even durable materials can be slowly broken down by mechanical stresses, biodegradation mediated by endogenous enzymes in the skin or host microbes. We hypothesised that the biodegradation products of hair may possess bioprotective properties, which supplement their physical protective properties. Although evolutionary processes have led to a reduction in the amount of hair on the human body, it is possible that the bioprotective properties of hair biodegradation products have persisted. The human skin is exposed to various environmental carcinogenic factors. Therefore, we hypothesised that the potential bioprotective mechanisms of hair degradation products affect melanoma growth. We used pepsin to partially digest hair enzymatically, and this process produced a water-soluble lysate containing a mixture of peptides, including fragments of keratin and keratin-associated proteins. We found out that the mixtures of soluble peptides obtained from human hair inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma cells in vitro. Moreover, the hair-derived peptide mixtures also inhibited the proliferation of B lymphoma cells and urinary bladder cancer cells. Normal human cells varied in their susceptibility to the effects of the lysate; the hair-derived peptide mixtures modulated the proliferation of normal human fibroblasts but did not inhibit the proliferation of human mesenchymal cells derived from umbilical cord stromal cells. These results suggest that hair-derived peptides may represent a new class of anti-proliferative factors derived from basically structural proteins. Identification of active regulatory compounds and recognition of the mechanism of their action might pave the way to elaboration of new anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory cells (Treg) in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) remains uncertain. The influence of methimazole (MMI) on the human immune system is still poorly understood. The aim of the present research was to assess changes in the frequencies of peripheral blood Th17 and Treg cells during GD treatment in the group of teenagers. The frequencies of Th17 and Treg were measured by flow cytometry in 60 adolescents at the time of GD diagnosis and after achieving MMI-induced euthyreosis. The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. Lower percentages and absolute counts of Treg cells were found in the study group before the treatment in comparison with healthy controls ( p = 0.032 and p = 0.006, respectively). Treatment with MMI caused an increase in the percentages and absolute counts of Treg lymphocytes ( p = 0.037 and p = 0.007). After the treatment, no clinically significant differences in Treg cells between GD patients and controls were found. Higher absolute counts of Th17 lymphocytes were found in hyperthyroid adolescents before the treatment initiation and after achieving euthyreosis than in healthy individuals ( p = 0.0001 and p = 0.047). Treatment with MMI caused a significant decrease in the percentages and absolute counts of Th17 lymphocytes ( p = 0.047 and p = 0.043). The present study demonstrates that both Th17 and Treg cells might play a role in the pathogenesis of GD. Increased percentage of Treg after MMI therapy seems a predictor of response to anti-hypertensive treatment as it is associated with the normalization of thyroid hormone levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE-I) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) disturbances were investigated by means of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The changes in rCBF were compared with the results of the medical examination and neuropsychological tests. The sample consisted of 41 patients with the Alzheimer''s dementia (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). The effect of ChE-I (rivastigmine) treatment was studied on 33 patients, while the nontreated control group consisted of 8 patients. In the treated patients, an increase in the rCBF was observed, while the scores of the neuropsychological tests decreased slightly. In the VaD group, the increase in rCBF was more significant in the frontal regions, whereas in the group with AD in the temporal regions, respectively. In the nontreated patients, a decrease of both rCBF and scores of neuropsychological tests were observed. The scores of the neuropsychological tests correlated with the results of rCBF. Increased levels of acetylcholine in the brain after ChE-I treatment may support the cholinergic regulation of rCBF, and in result increase it. Such effects seem to be more pronounced in the more affected brain regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]