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Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of "one‐airway‐one‐disease," coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper‐ and lower‐airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper‐ and lower‐airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the "Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis." This review determined that the "one‐airway‐one‐disease" concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme "allergic" (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Rhinitis alone and rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity represent two distinct diseases with the following differences: (i) genomic and transcriptomic background (Toll‐Like Receptors and IL‐17 for rhinitis alone as a local disease; IL‐33 and IL‐5 for allergic and non‐allergic multimorbidity as a systemic disease), (ii) allergen sensitization patterns (mono‐ or pauci‐sensitization versus polysensitization), (iii) severity of symptoms, and (iv) treatment response. In conclusion, rhinitis alone (local disease) and rhinitis with asthma multimorbidity (systemic disease) should be considered as two distinct diseases, possibly modulated by the microbiome, and may be a model for understanding the epidemics of chronic and autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma guidelines advise addressing adherence at every visit, but no simple tools exist to assist clinicians in identifying key adherence-related beliefs or behaviours for individual patients. Aims: To identify potentially modifiable beliefs and behaviours that predict electronically recorded adherence with controller therapy. Methods: Patients aged ≥14 years with doctor-diagnosed asthma who were prescribed inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) completed questionnaires on medication beliefs/behaviours, side-effects, Morisky adherence behaviour score and Asthma Control Test (ACT), and recorded spirometry. Adherence with ICS/LABA was measured electronically over 8 weeks. Predictors of adherence were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: 99/100 patients completed the study (57 female; forced expiratory volume in 1 s mean ± standard deviation 83 ± 23% predicted; ACT 19.9 ± 3.8). Mean electronically recorded adherence ( n= 85) was 75% ± 25, and mean self-reported adherence was 85% ± 26%. Factor analysis of questionnaire items significantly associated with poor adherence identified seven themes: perceived necessity, safety concerns, acceptance of asthma chronicity/medication effectiveness, advice from friends/family, motivation/routine, ease of use and satisfaction with asthma management. Morisky score was moderately associated with actual adherence ( r=−0.45, P < 0.0001). In regression analysis, 10 items independently predicted adherence (adjusted R2= 0.67; P < 0.001). Opinions of friends/family about the patient's medication use were strongly associated with poor adherence. Global concerns about ICS/LABA therapy were more predictive of poor adherence than were specific side-effects; the one-third of patients who reported experiencing side-effects from their steroid inhaler had lower adherence than others (mean 62% vs 81%; P= 0.015). Conclusions: This study identified several specific beliefs and behaviours which clinicians could use for initiating patient-centred conversations about medication adherence in asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis often impairs social life and performance. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to use cell phone data to assess the impact on work productivity of uncontrolled rhinitis assessed by visual analogue scale ( VAS). A mobile phone app ( Allergy Diary, Google Play Store and Apple App Store) collects data from daily visual analogue scales ( VAS) for overall allergic symptoms ( VAS-global measured), nasal ( VAS-nasal), ocular ( VAS-ocular) and asthma symptoms ( VAS-asthma) as well as work ( VAS-work). A combined nasal-ocular score is calculated. The Allergy Diary is available in 21 countries. The app includes the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Allergic Specific Questionnaire ( WPAI: AS) in six EU countries. All consecutive users who completed the VAS-work from 1 June to 31 October 2016 were included in the study. A total of 1136 users filled in 5818 days of VAS-work. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis were controlled ( VAS-global <20) in approximately 60% of the days. In users with uncontrolled rhinitis, approximately 90% had some work impairment and over 50% had severe work impairment ( VAS-work >50). There was a significant correlation between VAS-global calculated and VAS-work (Rho=0.83, P<0.00001, Spearman's rank test). In 144 users, there was a significant correlation between VAS-work and WPAI: AS (Rho=0.53, P<0.0001). This pilot study provides not only proof-of-concept data on the work impairment collected with the app but also data on the app itself, especially the distribution of responses for the VAS. This supports the interpretation that persons with rhinitis report both the presence and the absence of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess any improvements in knowledge of asthma patients after a tailored education program delivered by pharmacists and measure the sustainability of any improvements. To ascertain patients' perceptions about any changes in their knowledge. METHODS: Ninety-six specially trained pharmacists recruited patients based on their risk of poor asthma control. A tailored intervention was delivered to patients based on individual needs and goals, and was conducted at three or four time points over six months. Asthma knowledge was assessed at the beginning and end of the service, and six and 12 months after it had ended. Patients' perceptions of the impact of the service on their knowledge were explored qualitatively in interviews. RESULTS: The 96 pharmacists recruited 570 patients, 398 (70%) finished. Asthma knowledge significantly improved as a result of the service (7.65±2.36, n=561, to 8.78±2.14, n=393). This improvement was retained for at least 12 months after the service. Patients reported how the knowledge and skills gained had led to a change in the way they managed their asthma. CONCLUSION: Improvements in knowledge are achievable and sustainable if pharmacists used targeted educational interventions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Pharmacist educational interventions are an efficient way to improve asthma knowledge in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To examine the impact of healthcare professional versus patient goal setting for the self-management of intermittent allergic rhinitis (AR) on symptom severity and quality of life. Methods: This was a 6 week, parallel group study. Group A participants, with pharmacist facilitation, nominated personally relevant goals and strategies relating to their AR. Group B participants had their goals and strategies set by the pharmacist. The main outcome measures used included perceived symptom severity and quality of life. In addition, goals and strategies data from participants of both groups were collected and analysed. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in symptom severity and quality of life scores however Group B symptom severity scores improved more. Group B set a greater number of goals and strategies which were better structured and more task specific. Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate the impact of goal setting on patient behaviour in a chronic yet episodic illness. Our results suggest that self-management goals set by the healthcare professional which are clinically indicated but tailored to the patient''s nominated symptoms yields better outcomes than goals nominated by the patient. Practice implications: A brief, structured intervention, tailored to patient symptoms, can enhance self-management of intermittent allergic rhinitis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: A pharmacy asthma care program in Australia, which included specific education on asthma and asthma medication, trigger factors, use of inhalers, and medication adherence, as well as goal setting and patient review aspects, assessed the impact of a community pharmacy asthma service on the severity of patients' asthma over 6 months. Data from this study were used to estimate the cost effectiveness of the program. Methods: The intervention population was compared with a control population and results at 6 months were included in a Markov model in order to estimate the cost effectiveness over 5 years from the perspective of the Australian healthcare system. The model had a cycle length of 6 months and included transition probabilities for switching between classes of severity of asthma, the costs of asthma treatment and program delivery, and utility values for a patient's quality of life with asthma. Costs were Australian dollars ($A), year 2006 values, and both costs and benefits were discounted at a rate of 5% per annum. Results: Over the 5 years following an initial review, the program generated 0.131 additional quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), at an additional net cost of $A623 if annual reviews were required to maintain asthma improvements (annual review scenario) or $A376 if annual reviews were not required (no annual review scenario), resulting in costs per QALY gained of $A4753 and $A2869, respectively. Conclusions: The program appears to be cost effective compared with no program, whether or not annual reviews were required to maintain improvements and under a range of other assumptions. Current evidence suggests that the pharmacy asthma care program should be implemented and funded for the treatment of adults with asthma in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that breathing techniques reduce short acting β2 agonist use and improve quality of life (QoL) in asthma. The primary aim of this double blind study was to compare the effects of breathing exercises focusing on shallow nasal breathing with those of non-specific upper body exercises on asthma symptoms, QoL, other measures of disease control, and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose. This study also assessed the effect of peak flow monitoring on outcomes in patients using breathing techniques. Methods: After a 2 week run in period, 57 subjects were randomised to one of two breathing techniques learned from instructional videos. During the fallowing 30 weeks subjects practised their exercises twice daily and as needed far relief of symptoms. After week 16, two successive ICS downtitration steps were attempted. The primary outcome variables were QoL score and daily symptom score at week 12. Results: Overall there were no clinically important differences between the groups in primary or secondary outcomes at weeks 12 or 28. The QoL score remained unchanged (0.7 at baseline v 0.5 at week 28, p=0.11 both groups combined), as did lung function and airway responsiveness. However, across both groups, reliever use decreased by 86% (p<0.0001) and ICS dose was reduced by 50% (p<0.0001; p>0.10 between groups). Peak flow monitoring did not have a detrimental effect on asthma outcomes. Conclusion: Breathing techniques may be useful in the management of patients with mild asthma symptoms who use o reliever frequently, but there is no evidence to favour shallow nasal breathing over non-specific upper body exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]