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Cryptosporidium spp. are common causes of gastrointestinal disease in both humans and animals. This was a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the infection rate and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium infecting dogs in Jordan. A total of 249 faecal samples were collected from stray, pet, and breeding dogs from kennels (independent of their clinical condition) across three governorates in Jordan (Amman and Zarqa in Central Jordan and Irbid in Northern Jordan). Faecal samples were screened for Cryptosporidium using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S rRNA gene, revealing an overall infection rate of 18.9% (47 out of 249). Cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with indoor dogs, dogs cohabiting with other animals, and consuming raw food. Among the successfully sequenced samples, 25 (58.1%) were Cryptosporidium canis, 15 (34.9%) were Cryptosporidium parvum, and three (7.0%) were Cryptosporidium baileyi. Multiple diversity tests were employed, indicating low genetic differentiation between the studied populations of C. parvum and C. canis. Stability was observed for C. parvum, with minimal expansion observed for C. canis. Notably, each species exhibited a single dominant haplotype, consistent with the AMOVA results, where most of the variability occurred within populations. Further genotyping of C. parvum and C. canis was conducted by sequencing the gp60 gene. C. parvum isolates worldwide displayed solely the zoonotic IId genotypes, namely, IIdA20G1, IIdA22G1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1. In contrast, the C. canis isolates exhibited the animal subtypes XXe and XXd. Consequently, dogs may serve as a source of infection with C. parvum and pose a public health risk in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The random encounter model (REM) for estimating population densities of unmarked species using camera traps is increasingly used and very popular. Main reason is that it requires relatively low human effort and can be used for unmarked or nocturnal species. In this study, we applied REM to estimate the population density of the mesocarnivorous golden jackal (Canis aureus) in an area near Senj in Croatia. This species is rapidly spreading, leading to increase in conflicts with humans, and the data on population densities are very scarce. We systematically placed 22 camera traps in a 25 km2 Mediterranean habitat at the intersections of 1.5-km grid cells and kept them active for 12 months (April 2022 – April 2023) during the entire 24-hour period. All REM parameters (i.e., average movement speed, angle, and radius) were estimated using just camera trap data. The golden jackal was recorded at 21 locations in 582 independent events from 4941 camera-trapping days. The average activity level during the whole period was 55% (i.e., golden jackals were active for 13.2 h per day). Activity patterns did not differ between seasons, being predominantly nocturnal and highest between 8:00 pm and 6:00 am. Over the entire period, the average number of detections per camera was 27.7, the average detection distance was 5.0 m ± 0.1 SE, the movement speed was 1.6 km/h ± 0.2 SE, and the distance travelled was 20.5 km/day ± 2.5 SE. Population density determined by REM was 1.5 individuals/km2 ± 0.4 SE during the whole study period and did not vary greatly between seasons (it was the lowest in winter). Our density estimates are comparable to the unpublished field reports from the region but were obtained with less human effort than field observation. If these estimates are confirmed by the density estimates obtained by the traditional methods, it would confirm the usability of REM as a relatively low effort method for obtaining proper density estimates for elusive species in unapproachable habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most fascinating mammalian range expansions in Europe involves an opportunistic mesocarnivore―the golden jackal (Canis aureus). However, key questions about the origins and dispersal strategies of pioneering individuals, likely the first to establish new populations, remain unanswered. We analyzed genetic data from three golden jackals found at the forefront of the expansion, reaching the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) and Fennoscandia (Finland and Norway, beyond the Arctic Circle). We genotyped two tissue samples and one fecal sample using 15 microsatellites and compared results with an extensive reference dataset. Additionally, we analyzed the mtDNA control region (HVR1) for two individuals. All individuals were males, identified as pure jackals and first-generation migrants. Our results suggested either western Pannonia (1650 km distance) or, less probably, the Adriatic region (1300 km) as the region of origin for the Spanish individual, also western Pannonia for the Finnish individual (2500 km), and the Baltics or the Caucasus for the Norwegian individual (1400 km to 3400 km). These sources represent abundant core populations or relatively recent and successfully colonized areas. Both the Spanish and Finnish individuals carried the prevalent H1 HVR1 haplotype in Europe, confirming matrilineal genetic uniformity on the continent. The recent expansion of C. aureus is fueled by several sources, showcasing the golden jackals' remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal as they extend their range to northernmost and westernmost Europe. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of wildlife distribution, providing insights into species movement across vast distances amidst climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Demodicosis is common in dogs and is caused by proliferation of commensal Demodex canis mites. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of sarolaner in combination with moxidectin and pyrantel (SMP) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs. Animals: One hundred and thirty dogs with generalised demodicosis. Materials and Methods: In two separate randomised masked studies (laboratory and field studies), dogs received monthly oral SMP or afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime (AM). In the laboratory study, dogs received three monthly treatments with biweekly mite counts and clinical evaluations. In the field study, mite counts and clinical evaluations were performed monthly and treatments were administered until two consecutive skin scrapings were negative. Results: Both products were tolerated well. In the laboratory study, mite counts for SMP were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by 88.8% on Day (D)14, by 99.2% on D29, and no live mites were detected thereafter with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.96) between the two treatment groups. In the field study, SMP provided 92.4%, 98.1%, 100% and 100% reduction in arithmetic mean live mite counts on D30, D60, D90 and D120, and was non‐inferior to the control product on D30 and D60. Clinical signs of demodicosis improved in all dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Monthly administration of SMP was effective for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs as it eliminated Demodex mites after two monthly treatments in the laboratory study, and at most after three monthly treatments in the field study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an extensive fossil record, the Plio-Pleistocene canids of South Africa remain little studied compared to other carnivore guilds (felids and hyenids). Minnaar's Cave (Gauteng, South Africa) is a paleontological site dated ca. 2 Ma. In 1937, Broom identified a new jackal-like species, Canis antiquus. The species was never re-identified elsewhere, despite the fossil richness of the other Cradle of Humankind sites and the abundance of medium-sized canids in the assemblages. The present paper reassesses the taxonomic status of C. antiquus in the light of consistent modern and fossil comparison samples for the two species of African jackal (Lupulella mesomelas and Lupulella adusta) as well as raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides , Nyctereutes terblanchei) and Nyctereutes -like species (Canis brevirostris). The paleontological study highlights the considerable morphometric variability of medium-sized canids, which means that a part of individuals shares similarities from one species to another. Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of diagnostic criteria for different anatomical elements (e.g., various teeth) enables specific identification. Our study invalidates the existence of C. antiquus and reassigns the fossils to L. adusta. The study of the Minnaar's Cave specimens contributes to highlighting the presence of L. adusta in the Plio-Pleistocene assemblages of South Africa, previously considered scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a widespread vector-borne disease. In Italy, an endemic region for CanL, overlapping transmission of L. infantum and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) like Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia canis is increasingly reported. Dogs with clinical leishmaniosis often show higher co-infection rates and pronounced clinicopathological abnormalities. This study presents a systematic literature review and new findings from southern Italy, focusing on co-infections with E. canis and A. phagocytophilum in clinically healthy L. infantum seropositive and seronegative dogs. The systematic review identified two eligible studies. The first reported 34/488 (7%) dogs L. infantum seropositive, with 11.8% also seropositive for A. phagocytophilum. Among 454 seronegative dogs, 3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum and 2.4% for E. canis. The second study identified 154/1260 (12.2%) dogs L. infantum seropositive, with co-infection rates of 0.6% and 1.9% for A. phagocytophilum and E. canis, respectively. Among 1106 seronegative dogs, 1.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum and 2.3% for E. canis. In the retrospective study from southern Italy, 90/154 (58.4%) dogs were L. infantum seropositive, with co-infection rates of 4.4% for A. phagocytophilum and 2.2% for A. phagocytophilum and E. canis. Among 64 seronegative dogs, 1.6% showed similar co-infections. This is the first systematic review in Italy, documenting low and comparable co-infection rates with A. phagocytophilum and E. canis in clinically healthy dogs, regardless of L. infantum serostatus. These findings suggest that co-infections may occur independently, offering insights into vector-borne disease dynamics in endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most studies on Daylight Saving Time (DST) focus on human sleep and well-being, there is a dearth of understanding of how this sudden, human-mitigated change affects the routines of companion animals. The objective of this study was to assess how DST influenced the morning activity pattern of dogs (Canis familiaris). We used accelerometers to record activity in 25 sled dogs and 29 caregiver-companion dog dyads located in or near Ontario, Canada during the Fall Back time shift. We looked at morning onset activity based on sunrise time (both groups), handler arrival time (sled dogs), and caregiver Got-up Time (companion dogs), and compared pre-DST measures with the three days following DST. We found that sled dogs were less active around sunrise in all post-DST days compared to pre-DST, as sunrise coincided with handler arrival time before DST but not after. Companion dogs showed no change in morning activity based on sunrise times before and after DST. On the Sunday of DST, sled dogs were more active before handlers arrived, but their activity returned to pre-DST levels in the following two days. Caregiver and companion dog activities did not change on the day of DST. After DST, caregivers woke up earlier on weekdays, but companion dogs maintained their pre-DST activity patterns. Overall, we found that sled dogs took one day to adjust to a change in handler arrival time yet neither companion dogs nor their caregivers showed any morning activity difference after the Fall Back DST transition. In summary, our findings highlight the importance of flexible routines and gradual changes in helping dogs adjust to abrupt schedule modifications, offering valuable insights for optimizing dog care practices during time shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From February 2022 to April 2023, a cross-sectional study on dog gastrointestinal parasites was conducted in Bishoftu, Dukem, Addis Ababa, and Sheno, Central Ethiopia, with the aim of estimating the prevalence and evaluating risk factors. A total of 701 faecal samples were collected and processed using floatation and McMaster techniques. In dogs that were investigated, the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 53.1% (372/701). Nematode (28.2%), cestode (8.4%), and protozoan (5.6%) parasite infections were detected in dogs in both single (42.2%) and combined (10.8%) infections. With respective prevalences of 16%, 9.8%, 5%, 3.9%, and 3.1% Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, Giardia spp., and Taenia/Echinococcus spp. were the most common parasites. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was significantly higher (P<0.05) in female dogs (73.8%, OR = 0.4), adult dogs (55.3%, OR = 0.4), dogs that were given raw food (57.9%, OR = 2.7), and dogs kept free outdoor (60.9%, OR = 2.4). The incidence of gastrointestinal parasites was also higher in dogs with diarrheal faecal consistency (89.1%, OR = 9.1) and dogs from highland areas (62.1%, OR = 1.8). In contrast, statistically significant variation in the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was not recorded among dogs of different breeds. The current study found that dogs in the studied locations had a high overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. In conclusion, gastrointestinal parasites in dogs have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health, so addressing this issue requires a unified approach. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct detailed epidemiological and genetic research on dog parasites in vast study regions across various agro-ecologies zones and seasons in Ethiopia. Additionally, it is crucial to raise public awareness of the prevalence, effects on public health, and financial implications of dog gastrointestinal parasites in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pet dogs pose a potential risk to transmitting zoonotic pathogens by ticks. However information about the prevalence status in pet dogs of tick-borne diseases is currently limited. In this study, 196 blood samples and 223 ticks were collected from pet dogs in Korla, northwestern China. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, all ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus turanicus sensu stricto. We used primers targeting the 16S ribosomal (16S rRNA) gene for detection of Anaplasma bovis species, targeting the small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA(18S rRNA) gene for detection of Hepatozoon canis species and targeting htpAB-associated repetitive element gene (IS111) for detection of Coxiella burnetii species The nested PCR(nPCR)-positive products were sequenced, aligned, and phylogenetically analyzed. three tick-borne pathogens were detected in the samples. Coxiella burnetii were detected both in parasitic ticks and in blood samples with a detection rate of 17.93% (40/233) in tick and 79.1% (155/196) in blood samples, followed by 21.52% H. canis (48/233) in tick, 2.5% A. bovis (5/196) in blood samples. This study provided molecular evidence for the occurrence of A. bovis, H. canis and C. burnetii circulating in pet dogs and their ticks in northwestern China. Understanding the prevalence of Tick-borne diseases in pet dog is essential for developing effective strategies for disease control and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of early dog domestication has been the focus of considerable scholarly interest in recent years, prompting extensive research aimed at pinpointing the precise temporal and geographic origins of this process. However, a consensus among studies remains elusive, with various research efforts proposing differing timelines and locations for domestication. To address the questions related to the domestication process, researchers have employed a wide range of methodologies, including genetic, biomolecular, morphometric, paleontological, biometric, and isotopic analyses, as well as dental wear analysis to reconstruct paleodiets. Each of these approaches requires access to fossil canid specimens, given that they work directly with the skeletal remains of dogs or wolves. Alternatively, some methods can yield insights into the domestication process without necessitating the physical remains of these canids. Taphonomy, for instance, enables the study of bone surfaces for tooth marks, which may serve as indirect indicators of carnivore activity, potentially attributable to dogs or wolves. This study applies a high-resolution taphonomic analysis to bones modified by carnivores at the prehistoric site of Peña Moñuz. Our aim is to identify the specific carnivores responsible for the observed bone modifications. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of this technique in identifying the agents of bite marks, suggesting that taphonomy may complement the paleogenetic, paleontological, and isotopic methodologies traditionally used to explore the origins of dog domestication [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is little known that Acanthamoeba trophozoites and Toxocara canis eggs can reduce tumors in vitro and animal models. Although this has been known for many years, the mechanism that induces the antitumor effect in these parasites is still not known. We employed Western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IFC) by confocal microscopy to explore the potential protein binding between neuroblastoma (NB) SH-SY5Y cells and anti-Acanthamoeba and anti-Toxocara canis antibodies. Using WB, we detected two fragments of 70 kDa and 60 kDa recognized by the anti-Acanthamoeba antibodies, and two fragments of 115 kDa and 70 kDa recognized by the anti-Toxocara canis antibodies. In both cases, the IFC results were positive in the cell membrane of the SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings suggest a potential overlap of similar molecules between these parasites and tumor cells, which may contribute to tumor elimination. Investigating the relationship between anti-Acanthamoeba and anti-Toxocara canis antibodies in neoplastic cells could provide evidence for the future use of these anti-parasitic antibodies in targeting NB or other cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals within social groups respond to costs and benefits of sociality by adjusting the proportion of time they spend in close proximity to other individuals in the group (cohesion). Variation in cohesion between individuals, in turn, shapes important group‐level processes such as subgroup formation and fission–fusion dynamics. Although critical to animal sociality, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing cohesion remains a gap in our knowledge of cooperative behavior in animals. We tracked 574 individuals from six species within the genus Canis in 15 countries on four continents with GPS telemetry to estimate the time that pairs of individuals within social groups spent in close proximity and test hypotheses regarding drivers of cohesion. Pairs of social canids (Canis spp.) varied widely in the proportion of time they spent together (5%–100%) during seasonal monitoring periods relative to both intrinsic characteristics and environmental conditions. The majority of our data came from three species of wolves (gray wolves, eastern wolves, and red wolves) and coyotes. For these species, cohesion within social groups was greatest between breeding pairs and varied seasonally as the nature of cooperative activities changed relative to annual life history patterns. Across species, wolves were more cohesive than coyotes. For wolves, pairs were less cohesive in larger groups, and when suitable, small prey was present reflecting the constraints of food resources and intragroup competition on social associations. Pair cohesion in wolves declined with increased anthropogenic modification of the landscape and greater climatic variability, underscoring challenges for conserving social top predators in a changing world. We show that pairwise cohesion in social groups varies strongly both within and across Canis species, as individuals respond to changing ecological context defined by resources, competition, and anthropogenic disturbance. Our work highlights that cohesion is a highly plastic component of animal sociality that holds significant promise for elucidating ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Intestinal microeukaryote parasites are major contributors to the burden of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals, but their epidemiology in wildlife is not fully understood. We investigated the frequency, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of protists of animal and public health significance in free‐ranging grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations in south‐western Europe.Individually formed faecal samples collected from necropsied wolves or scat trails in Italy (n = 47), Portugal (n = 43) and Spain (n = 225) during the period 2011–2023 were retrospectively analysed using molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods. Complementary epidemiological data were gathered when available.Giardia duodenalis was the most frequent microeukaryote found (40.3%, 127/315; 95% CI: 34.9–46.0), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (3.5%, 11/315; 95% CI: 1.8–6.2), Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. (1.6%, 5/315; 95% CI: 0.5–3.7 each). Blastocystis was not identified in any of the faecal samples analysed. Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of canine‐adapted assemblage D within G. duodenalis (n = 7). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely canine‐adapted C. canis (n = 9), zoonotic C. parvum (n = 1) and primarily anthroponotic C.hominis (n = 1). Genotyping tools enabled the identification of subtype family XXe2 within C. canis. Among microsporidia, the canine‐adapted genotype PtEb IX was identified within E. bieneusi. Two samples were confirmed as Enc. intestinalis and three more as Enc. cuniculi genotype IV. This is the first record of Enc. intestinalis and Enc. cuniculi in the grey wolf globally.Silent carriage of intestinal microeukaryotes seems common in free‐ranging grey wolves in southwestern Europe. Wolves can contribute to environmental contamination through the transmission stages (cysts, oocysts, spores) of species/genotypes potentially infective to humans. Individuals in close contact with wolf carcasses or their faecal material may be at potential risk of infection by microeukaryotic pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large canids (wolves, dogs, and coyote) and people form a close relationship in northern (subarctic and arctic) socioecological systems. Here, we document the antiquity of this bond and the multiple ways it manifested in interior Alaska, a region key to understanding the peopling of the Americas and early northern lifeways. We compile original and existing genomic, isotopic, and osteological canid data from archaeological, paleontological, and modern sites. Results show that in contrast to canids recovered in non-anthropic contexts, canids recovered in association with human occupations are markedly diverse. They include multiple species and intraspecific lineages, morphological variation, and diets ranging from terrestrial to marine. This variation is expressed along both geographic and temporal gradients, starting in the terminal Pleistocene with canids showing high marine dietary estimates. This paper provides evidence of the multiple ecological relationships between canids and people in the north--from predation, probable commensalism, and taming, to domestication--and of their early onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immunoglobulin (Ig)E cross‐reactivity has been shown between Dermatophagoides farinae (Df; house dust mite) and the nematode Toxocara canis (Tc), yet its allergen basis is unknown. Objective s : To identify the Df allergens IgE‐cross‐reactive with those of Tc. Animals: Archived sera from 73 dogs with suspected allergy sensitised to Df. Materials and Methods: We performed a combination of Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibitions with excretory–secretory and somatic (i.e. nematode body) extracts of Tc or recombinant Tc tropomyosin on coats of Df, Der f 15 and Zen‐1 (ELISA) or PAX allergens. Results: The ELISA and PAX inhibitions established that there is mutual yet variable cross‐reactivity between the Tc excretory–secretory extract, purified Der f 15 and purified Zen‐1. This cross‐reactivity is likely to involve cross‐reactive glycans, as there is no inhibition between the Tc excretory–secretory extract and recombinant Der f 15 without its predicted natural O‐glycans. We also confirmed a heterogeneous cross‐reactivity between the somatic Tc extract and Der p 11 (paramyosin), as well as between the recombinant Toxo c 3 and Der p 10 tropomyosins. The cross‐reactivity among tropomyosins and paramyosins is likely to involve peptidic epitopes, as these recombinant allergens are not glycosylated. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: In dogs with suspected allergies, the cross‐reactivity between Tc and Df for dogs is complex and heterogeneous. Some of the cross‐reactive IgE recognises shared glycans on Der f 15 and Zen‐1, while some targets peptidic epitopes on shared paramyosins and tropomyosins. We do not exclude that additional cross‐reactive allergens between Df and Tc also might exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cryptosporidium and Giardia are single-cell parasites that can infect both animals and humans, causing diarrhea and risks to public health. Both parasites can be found in nearly all mammals, including domestic dogs, red foxes, and raccoon dogs, which can act as natural carriers and spread them through direct contact, food, and the environment. This study aimed to understand how common these protozoans are in Latvia and what factors influence their occurrence in domestic and wild canids. We collected fecal samples from 373 domestic dogs, 219 red foxes, and 78 raccoon dogs and tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis. Red foxes and raccoon dogs had higher prevalence of both parasites than domestic dogs. Puppies showed higher infection rates with both parasites. All infected canids were more likely to have both parasites simultaneously. This research highlights the need for responsible pet care and a potential zoonotic risk for humans. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are zoonotic food- and water-borne protozoa of veterinary importance. They are one of the main causes of diarrhea in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Wild canids, such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), can act as natural reservoirs for these parasites. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of these pathogens and analyze possible factors that may affect the infection in wild and domestic canids. A total of 373 domestic dog, 219 red fox, and 78 raccoon dog fecal samples were collected and tested for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis presence with direct immunofluorescent staining. The dog owners filled a questionnaire on the dog's habits and lifestyle to identify and analyze potential factors that may affect the occurrence of these parasites in dogs. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 16.3%, 28.3%, and 28.2% and G. duodenalis in 0.7%, 27.4%, and 30.8% of the examined dogs, red foxes, and raccoon dogs, respectively. The highest prevalence was observed in puppies—15.4% and 18.5% for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, respectively. In all three canid species, infection with Cryptosporidium increases the risk of co-infection with Giardia and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Terrestrial animals, including humans and domestic dogs, naturally create cognitive maps in the horizontal plane in order to navigate; their navigation in the vertical plane is poorer, given their land-based locomotion. For humans, the development of multi-story buildings highlights this difficulty in mapping vertical space: for instance, on an elevator, humans typically rely on visual information about the height of the landing—floor numbers, e.g.,—to know where they are. However, human companions, domestic dogs, cannot rely on number cues, and do not appear to reliably know when the elevator has stopped on their home floor. In this study, we examined if dogs can learn what floor they are on based on a visual or odor cue on their floor, similar to humans' use of a number cue. The subject dogs were able to do so, with some caveats. Our results suggest that cues may help dogs navigate an anthropocentric environment. Spatial navigation allows animals to understand their environment position and is crucial to survival. An animal's primary mode of spatial navigation (horizontal or vertical) is dependent on how they naturally move in space. Observations of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) have shown that they, like other terrestrial animals, navigate poorly in vertical space. This deficit is visible in their use of multi-story buildings. To date, no research has been conducted to determine if dogs can learn how to navigate in an anthropogenic vertical environment with the help of a landmark. As such, we herein investigate the effect of the addition of a visual or olfactory landmark on dogs' ability to identify when they are on their home floor. Subject behaviors toward their home door and a contrasting floor door were compared before and after exposure to a landmark outside of their home door. While subjects initially showed no difference in latency to approach an apartment door on their home or a wrong floor, we found a significant difference in latency to approach the doors in the test trials for subjects who approached the doors in every trial. Other findings are equivocal, but this result is consistent with the hypothesis that dogs can learn to navigate in vertical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac biomarkers in dogs are of great importance in the early diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of treatment for cardiac diseases. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTns) are considered sensitive indicators of myocardial damage. This study was conducted to determine the levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and T (hs-cTnT) in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis (B. canis). The study material consisted of 15 sick dogs aged 3-4 years, brought to the Iğdır University Animal Hospital and diagnosed with B. canis by PCR analysis at the Kafkas University Parasitology Laboratory. For the control group, 10 healthy dogs of the same age range were selected. From both sick and healthy dogs, 5 mL of blood was taken from the V. cephalica into serum tubes (BD Vacutainer, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ), and the serum was separated. These sera were stored at -20 °C and analyzed within 30 days to determine hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT levels. In our study, it was determined that the hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT levels of dogs with B. canis were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.01; p<0.05, respectively). As a result, a statistically significant increase in hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI levels was detected in dogs with babesiosis. Since even small changes in serum hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT levels are prognostically important, it can be said that B. canis causes myocardial damage in dogs. However, future research is needed to clarify the usability of troponins, which are increasingly used, in prognosis monitoring, whether it is beneficial to apply treatment to patients diagnosed with myocardial damage, and whether troponin concentrations in these patients are related to recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Tick-borne pathogens pose a significant problem in canines, other animals, and humans worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Coxiella burnetii in dogs and associated ticks in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 110 tick-infested dogs and 550 whole ticks (divided into 110 pools) were collected and tested for the targeted pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 110 dog blood samples, B. burgdorferi DNA was detected in three samples, E. canis in six samples, and C. burnetii in one kenneled dog. Among the 110 tick pools, B. burgdorferi was detected in four pools, E. canis in 12 pools, and C. burnetii in three pools from kenneled dogs. The overall prevalence of the three agents in dog and tick samples were 3.18%, 8.18%, and 1.81%, respectively. Simultaneous positive PCR reactions in both dogs and their associated tick pools were observed in four cases. B. burgdorferi and E. canis were simultaneously detected in two dogs and two tick pools, whereas C. burnetii was detected in one dog but not in any tick pools. The three agents were simultaneously detected in one dog, but none were found in the corresponding tick pools. A mixed infection of C. burnetii and B. burgdorferi was observed in one dog and one tick pool. Conclusion: Molecular diagnosis is the most reliable method for detecting B. burgdorferi, E. canis, and C. burnetii in dogs and associated ticks. E. canis showed the highest prevalence in both dog and tick samples followed by B. burgdorferi while C. burnetti showed the lowest prevalence. The potential transmission of these diseases from companion dogs to humans through ticks presents a significant challenge for the One Health concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large predators are known to shape the behavior and ecology of sympatric predators via conflict and competition, with mesopredators thought to avoid large predators, while dogs suppress predator activity and act as guardians of human property. However, interspecific communication between predators has not been well‐explored and this assumption of avoidance may oversimplify the responses of the species involved. We explored the acoustic activity of three closely related sympatric canids: wolves Canis lupus, coyotes Canis latrans, and dogs Canis familiaris. These species have an unbalanced triangle of risk: coyotes, as mesopredators, are at risk from both apex‐predator wolves and human‐associated dogs, while wolves fear dogs, and dogs may fear wolves as apex predators or challenge them as intruders into human‐allied spaces. We predicted that risk perception would dictate vocal response with wolves and dogs silencing coyotes as well as dogs silencing wolves. Dogs, in their protective role of guarding human property, would respond to both. Eleven passive acoustic monitoring devices were deployed across 13 nights in central Wisconsin, and we measured the responses of each species to naturally occurring heterospecific vocalizations. Against our expectation, silencing did not occur. Instead, coyotes were not silenced by either species: when hearing wolves, coyotes responded at greater than chance rates and when hearing dogs, coyotes did not produce fewer calls than chance rates. Similarly, wolves responded at above chance rates to coyotes and at chance rates when hearing dogs. Only the dogs followed our prediction and responded at above chance rates in response to both coyotes and wolves. Thus, instead of silencing their competitors, canid vocalizations elicit responses from them suggesting the existence of a complex heterospecific communication network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiostrongylus vasorum, commonly known as the "French heartworm," is a nematode belonging to the Metastrongyloidea superfamily. This parasite was first identified in Toulouse, France in 1853 infecting the pulmonary arteries and the right side of the heart of a Pointer dog. Angiostrongylosis is an important infection due its severe clinical signs and potential for causing high morbidity and mortality in domestic dogs. This nematode has not been studied in Algeria. The aim of this study was investigate the presence of lungworms among different mammal species in a number of Algerian regions. Methods: Between February 2022 and September 2023, 47 road-killed animals were collected from six administrative units (departments) in Algeria. All carcasses underwent a full parasitological necropsy, and lung tissues were preserved in 10% buffered formalin and concentrated ethanol for further study. All collected samples were subjected to histological and PCR (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene) analyses for lungworm identification. Results: Histological examination revealed the presence of nematode eggs and larvae in the alveolar space and chronic obstructive vascular changes were detected in a single golden African wolf (Canis lupaster) collected from the department of Constantine. First-stage larvae were collected and morphologically identified as Angiostrongylus spp. The molecular identification confirmed the presence of A. vasorum. All other animals tested were negative for lungworms. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. vasorum infection in an African golden wolf (Canis lupaster). We report a new host association, highlighting the importance of further studies to update the geographical distribution of A. vasorum and its epidemiology across Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are parasitic nematodes that occur worldwide. As embryonated Toxocara spp. eggs in the environment pose a zoonotic risk, especially for children, optimal diagnostic approaches are necessary for effective disease response and management, including surveillance. However, little is known about the performance of different diagnostic protocols for detecting Toxocara spp. in the faeces of cats and dogs, hampering movement towards an optimal diagnostic process. This study aimed to compare detection methods, including a newly developed sequential sieving protocol (SF-SSV) and a high-throughput multiplex qPCR-based method to facilitate epidemiological studies. Methods: Species-specific Toxocara spp. egg suspensions and canine and feline faecal samples from the field were used to estimate analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of the protocols. The performance of two automated DNA extraction protocols using enzymatic and mechanical lysis were compared by multiplex qPCR, targeting both T. canis and T. cati-specific genomic sequences. All samples were examined by microscopy-based techniques, the sedimentation flotation technique (SF) and a newly developed SF-SSV for the detection, enrichment and purification of parasite eggs. The costs and processing times necessary for all protocols were estimated and compared for both single samples and sets of 100 samples. Results: To detect Toxocara spp. eggs, SF-SSV showed the highest analytical sensitivity and a significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity than the DNA detection methods. Mechanical lysis performed better than enzymatic lysis for automated DNA extraction. In automated DNA extraction, 96-well plates performed better than 24-well plates. DNA detection and microscopy-based parasitological methods showed substantial agreement between the results generated by each method. Microscopy-based techniques required the lowest costs and least hands-on time for a single sample. However, when costs and labour were estimated for a set of 100 samples, the DNA detection protocol using 96-well plates for extraction revealed costs similar to SF-SSV and the fastest processing times. Conclusions: SF-SSV was superior in terms of analytical and diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of Toxocara spp. eggs. For larger sets of samples, multiplex qPCR-based DNA detection represents an alternative to microscopy-based methods, based on the possibility of faster sample processing at similar costs to SF-SSV, and the ability to provide species-specific diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector‐borne diseases pose a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide, with arthropods, including fleas and lice, acting as key vectors for transmitting various pathogens. In Uzbekistan, where millions of domestic dogs coexist with humans, the diversity of vector‐borne pathogens carried by ectoparasites remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and prevalence of lice and pathogens carried by fleas and lice collected from domestic dogs in Uzbekistan. Ectoparasites were collected from 77 dogs across five regions and subjected to morphological identification and molecular analysis. The 47 lice collected were identified as Trichodectes canis Fabricius, 1780 (Psocodea: Trichodectidae), Linognathus africanus Kellogg and Paine, 1911 (Psocodea: Linognathidae) and Bovicola bovis Linnaeus, 1758 (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae), alongside with 197 fleas. Notably, L. africanus was detected for the first time on dogs worldwide. Molecular screening detected Rickettsia spp. in 27.9% fleas and 44.7% lice, Dipylidium caninum Linnaeus, 1758 (Cyclophyllidea: Dipylidiidae) in 1.5% of fleas and Bartonella spp. in 0.5% of fleas. Sequencing confirmed Rickettsia asembonensisMaina et al., 2016 (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), Rickettsia helvetica Beati et al., 1993 (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), Rickettsia monacensis Simser et al., 2019 (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), D. caninum and Bartonella clarridgeiae Lawson and Collins, 1996 (Hyphomicrobiales: Bartonellaceae). These findings highlight the potential role of dogs as reservoirs for vector‐borne pathogens and emphasises the need for further research to inform effective disease control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine vector-borne infections (CVBIs) are a global health problem. The military working dogs of Sri Lanka die at an early age, and CVBIs have been a leading speculated cause. We examined CVBIs in the working dogs of the Sri Lanka air force (SLAF) and free-roaming dogs (FRDs) and privately owned dogs (PODs) country-wide. Giemsa-stained smears were prepared and conventional PCR-positive DNA was subjected to sequencing and phylogeny. Of the 668 dogs sampled, 212 (31.7%) had one or more CVBIs. The prevalence of infections among the FRDs (40.0%) was significantly higher than SLAF working dogs (30.0%; χ2 = 10.5216; p = 0.0012) and PODs (26.2%; χ2 = 5.3414, p = 0.0208) but not between SLAF dogs and PODs (χ2 = 1.7655, p = 0.1838). Many infected dogs were asymptomatic (57.4%), which was higher among the FRDs. Seven infectious agents were identified: Babesia gibsoni, B. canis, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Leishmania sp., Hepatozoon canis, and filaria worms. The most common infection was B. gibsoni (13.8%), followed by E. canis (9.9%). Three tick species: Rhipicephalus linneai, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Haemophysalis bispinosa were found infesting the dogs. The SLAF dogs were thoroughly quarantined upon arrival, but the infection prevalence was similar to PODs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxocara canis, the most prevalent helminth in dogs and other canines, is one of the socioeconomically important zoonotic parasites, particularly affecting pediatric and adolescent populations in impoverished communities. However, limited information is available regarding the proteomes of female and male adult T. canis. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis to identify the proteins with differential abundance (PDAs) and gender-specifically expressed proteins between the two sexes adult T. canis. Methods: The comparative proteomic analysis was carried out by the Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) with asymmetric track lossless (Astral) analyzer. The difference analysis was conducted using t-test and the proteins verification was achieved through parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The potential biological functions of identified adult T. canis proteins and PDAs were predicted by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. The domain, transcription factor and subcellular localization of the identified proteins and PDAs were analyzed by InterPro, AnimalTFDB 4.0 and Cell-mPLOC 2.0 databases, respectively. Results: A total of 8565 somatic proteins of adult T. canis were identified. Compared to male adult, 682 up-regulated PDAs and 844 down-regulated PDAs were identified in female adult with P-values < 0.05 and |log2FC| > 1, including 139 proteins exclusively expressed in female and 272 proteins exclusively expressed in male. The GO annotation analysis using all PDAs revealed that the main biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions corresponded to aminoglycan metabolic process, extracellular region and protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, respectively. The KEGG analysis using all PDAs showed that the pathways were mainly associated with adipocytokine signaling pathway, proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation and PPAR signaling pathway. Conclusions: This study reveals the differential protein expression between female and male adult T. canis, providing valuable resource for developing the novel intervention strategies against T. canis infection in humans and animals, especially from the perspective of sexual development and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to develop a sandwich ELISA, using polyclonal antibodies against excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens specific to coproantigens present in Toxocara canis-positive dogs. Methods: Antibodies were produced at Biological Sciences School, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, México in 2023 by immunization of rabbits with antigenic extracts from in vitro cultures of T. canis larvae. Assays were performed on 100 stool samples from pet dogs, measuring sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity against other parasitic infections. Results: High values of sensitivity (100%), specificity (90.9%), and positive (93.47%) and negative (95.45%) predictive values were obtained, respectively. We obtained an E/S protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa, which showed high sensitivity and specificity by ELISA, but it presented cross-reactivity against Ancylostoma caninum and Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusion: Additional studies are necessary to increase the specificity percentage since this assay demonstrated significant potential as a useful and inexpensive diagnostic tool for immunodiagnostic in dog feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Serbia, Babesia gibsoni in dogs is less common than Babesia canis. Although two clinical cases were reported a decade ago, no additional clinical reports have since been published. Recently, a co-infection of B. gibsoni and B. canis was documented in Austria following a dog's trip to Serbia. The objectives of this study were to present comprehensive clinicopathological results of two clinical cases of B. gibsoni monoinfection in dogs in Serbia. Two male dogs: an 11-year-old Shih Tzu, and a 2-yearold Pit Bull Terrier, presented with clinical signs related to babesiosis with a history of biting by another dog. Both dogs had regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and monocytosis while Shih Tzu had immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). B. gibsoni mono-infection was confirmed by PCR testing. Both dogs were treated with a single dose of imidocarb-dipropionate, and a combination of metronidazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline (MCD protocol). The Shih Tzu also received prednisolone for three weeks. Following the MCD protocol, the Pitt Bull recovered, although thrombocytopenia persisted for nine months. In contrast, Shih Tzu's clinical condition worsened. The prednisolone treatment was discontinued, and azithromycin and atovaquone were introduced, leading to recovery after another three weeks of treatment. Long-term clinical and PCR monitoring revealed that the Pit Bull Terrier exhibited a more favorable response and a lower frequency of relapses compared to Shih Tzu. The findings suggest that B. gibsoni has become a clinically significant pathogen in Serbia. The MCD protocol appears effective for treating acute B. gibsoni infection in dogs, but further investigation is required to evaluate its efficacy in eliminating the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted during August, 2023 to March, 2024 at Veterinary Clinical Complex in department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (PGIVER) Jaipur to study the gestational age during pregnancy in different breeds (Canis familiaris) by using various ultrasonographic parameters such as Gestational Sac Diameter (GSD), Head Diameter (HD), Crown Rump Length (CRL) and Body Diameter (BD) and to also study the expected and actual whelping date in different breeds (Canis familiaris). Using ultrasound, 30 bitches' pregnancy diagnoses were determined. The bitches were examined during different phases. 11 pregnant bitches were examined during first phase 20 to 30 days' post mating, 6 pregnant bitches were examined during second phase 30 to 45 days' post mating and 13 pregnant bitches were examined in third phase 45 to 60 days' post mating. During first phase Gestational sac diameter was measured, during second phase Crown rump length was measured and during third phase Head diameter and Body diameter were measured. During first phase the mean (±SE) gestational sac diameter was 1.23±0.12 cm. The calculated gestational age by using formula I was found to be 27.4±0.74 days. The difference between expected and actual whelping date during this phase mean (±SE) was -2.36±0.20 days. During the second phase the mean (±SE) CRL measurement was 2.99±0.28 cm. The calculated gestational age by using formula II mean (±SE) found to be 35.96±0.85 days. The difference between expected and actual whelping date during this phase mean (±SE) was -1.5±0.62 days. During the third phase the mean (±SE) BPD was 2.04±0.08 cm and BD was 3.37±0.14 cm. The calculated gestational age by formula III mean (±SE) was 50.57±1.33 days, by formula IV mean (±SE) was 52.59±1.01 days and by formula V mean (±SE) was 52.34±0.88 days. The difference between expected and actual whelping date mean (±SE) was -1.85±0.52 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known of helminth parasites in Micronesia in archaeological contexts. This study presents a parasitological analysis of soil and sediment samples from Ebon Atoll in the Marshall Islands, eastern Micronesia. Microscopic eggs of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) nematode Toxocara canis, which could have adversely affected the health of local people as well as their dogs, were found at two sites, in one example in habitation layers dated to 1830–1625 calBP (95% CI), extending the date for the known presence of dogs in the Marshall Islands by at least 600 years. This study represents the first confirmed evidence of pre‐European helminth parasites in Micronesia. As similar Melanesian and Polynesian studies have previously been reported, the study also completes the initial, pre‐contact helminth record for the three main island regions of Oceania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Streptococcusdysgalactiae , Strep. agalactiae , and Strep. canis over a 10-yr period from 2012 to 2022 against the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. For this purpose, all quarter milk samples (QMS) submitted to the milk laboratory of the Bavarian Animal Health Service were analyzed. Each QMS was tested using the California Mastitis Test and categorized as negative, subclinical, or clinical mastitis if the milk character was abnormal. Samples with Strep. dysgalactiae , Strep. agalactiae , or Strep. canis were included and a subset of isolates were further tested for in vitro AMR by breakpoint analysis with broth microdilution. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (61%, n = 65,750) was the most abundant pathogen among those 3 species, followed by Strep. agalactiae (28%, n = 30,486), and Strep. canis (11%, n = 11,336). All 3 species showed the highest resistance to the same 4 antimicrobial agents: erythromycin, marbofloxacin, pirlimycin, and cefalexin/kanamycin with varying degrees of resistance. Throughout the study period, Strep. dysgalactiae , Strep. agalactiae , and Strep. canis were largely susceptible to the remaining antimicrobial agents tested (penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, oxacillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefquinome). Only less than 14% of isolates of Strep. dysgalactiae and Strep. canis were resistant against any of the antimicrobials tested. Streptococcus agalactiae was the species with the highest percentage of resistant isolates. Although the percentage of resistant isolates from Strep. canis and Strep. dysgalactiae decreased, the percentage of resistant Strep. agalactiae isolates increased after 2017. In summary, most isolates were not resistant to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents for mastitis therapy, including β-lactam antibiotics and penicillin should remain the first-choice therapy against streptococcal mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is considered one of the filamentous fungi that cause surface fungal contagion in the humans and animals. The present study aimed to diagnose M. canis via the molecular method and differentiating its local Iraqi isolates from global isolates. Microscopic examination showed 55 specimens with M. canis from 130 specimens collected from children aged between 4-10 years suspected of dermatophytes who attended Medical City Laboratories and Baghdad Hospital in Baghdad city from 1/12/2022 to 1/3/2023. The results showed that the frequency of M. canis infections was 55/130 (42.31%). The results demonstrated significant differences in the animals' contact (p <0.0001), lesions (0.03) and habitation area (p =0.002). Whilst the ages appeared with non-significant differences (p =0.6). In order to confirm the microscopic examination and compare the Iraqi isolates with other global ones, the 55 positive results with M. canis were further diagnosed by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 4 universal primers with a size of 550 bp for PCR amplicons. PCR amplicons sequencing showed only one isolate of M. Canis that differed from global isolates registered in the database of NCBI. The Iraqi local isolate of M. canis was registered with accession number: OM185328. In conclusion, the PCR technique using ITS rDNA aided in confirming the detection of dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. is a ubiquitous, globally distributed intestinal protozoan infecting humans and at least 260 animal hosts. Due to close human contact with pet dogs and identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in these animals, dog health is not only a veterinarian issue but also a public health issue. This study aimed to understand occurrence and genetic characterization at both genotype and subtype levels in pet dogs in Yunnan Province, China. Results: A total of 589 fresh fecal specimens were collected from adult pet dogs in the rural areas of eight cities/autonomous prefectures of Yunnan Province, China. 16 fecal specimens were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, with an average occurrence rate of 2.7% (16/589) being observed. Three zoonotic Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. parvum (n = 7), C. suis (n = 5) and C. canis (n = 4). At the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) locus, only three C. parvum and two C. canis specimens were successfully amplified and sequenced, with subtype IIaA17G2R1 (n = 3) and subtypes XXa4 (n = 1) and XXa5 (n = 1) being identified, respectively. Conclusions: The present finding of three zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in dogs implied that dogs infected with Cryptosporidium spp. may pose a threat to human health. C. suis was identified in dogs in this study for the first time, expanding the host range of this species. Identification of C. parvum subtype IIaA17G2R1 and C. canis subtypes XXa4 and XXa5 will be helpful to explore the source attribution of infection/contamination and assess the transmission dynamics of C. parvum and C. canis in the investigated areas in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the behaviour and physical attributes of domesticated dogs is critical for predicting the suitability of animals for companionship or specific roles such as hunting, military or service. Common methods of behavioural assessment can be time consuming, labour-intensive, and subject to bias, making large-scale and rapid implementation challenging. Objective, practical and time effective behaviour measures may be facilitated by remote and automated devices such as accelerometers. This study, therefore, aimed to validate the ActiGraph® accelerometer as a tool for behavioural classification. This study used a machine learning method that identified nine dog behaviours with an overall accuracy of 74% (range for each behaviour was 54 to 93%). In addition, overall body dynamic acceleration was found to be correlated with the amount of time spent exhibiting active behaviours (barking, locomotion, scratching, sniffing, and standing; R2 = 0.91, p < 0.001). Machine learning was an effective method to build a model to classify behaviours such as barking, defecating, drinking, eating, locomotion, resting-asleep, resting-alert, sniffing, and standing with high overall accuracy whilst maintaining a large behavioural repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high global impacts of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) due to their wide distribution and zoonotic potential, the current epidemiological situation of CVBD in many tropical and subtropical regions remains unknown. This study examines the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and other pathogens causing CVBDs (Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Hepatozoon canis) in dogs living on the island of Boa Vista (Cape Verde Republic). Blood samples and infesting ticks were taken from 150 dogs across the island (stray, shelter, and pet dogs). Serum samples were tested using a rapid immunochromatographic test (Uranotest® Quattro) that detects antibodies against E. canis, L. infantum, Anaplasma spp. and D. immitis antigen. Levels of serum antibodies against E. canis were measured using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). In addition, tick-borne pathogens in blood samples (Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Ehrlichia canis) were detected by microscopy observation and/or PCR plus sequencing. The seroprevalence of E. canis was extremely high at 82% (123/150), as revealed by both immunochromatography and IFAT. Most dogs returning a seropositive test result (82.92%; 102/123) had antibody titres > 1:1280 but showed no clinical signs or notable laboratory abnormalities. Of the 123 animals testing seropositive for E. canis, 67 (54.47%) also presented antibodies against Anaplasma spp., and 13 (10.56%) showed the presence of Hepatozoon spp. gamonts in the blood smear. Ehrlichia canis infection was detected in 17.1% (25/146) of dogs tested by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Co-infections were detected in seven of these dogs: four dogs tested PCR-positive for both E. canis and A. platys, two dogs tested positive for E. canis and Hepatozoon spp., and one dog tested positive for E. canis, A. platys and Hepatozoon spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was the only tick species found infesting the canine study population. The high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens detected in dogs from Boa Vista Island highlights a need for improved control measures designed to prevent the transmission of these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to develop a molecular diagnosis protocol of monocytic ehrlichiosis and granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to compare the results from PCR and a rapid serological test. One hundred and six blood samples from dogs were tested by the rapid serological test SNAP 4Dx Plus (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME) and by conventional PCR. Sixty-two of them (58.49%) were positive for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis/Ehrlichia ewingii and 14 (13.21%) for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasma platys. In 24 (22.64%) blood samples, antibodies against both pathogens were simultaneously detected. Six (5.66%) samples were seronegative. Fourty-six of the 106 tested samples (43.4%) were positive for a 345 bp segment of the ribosomal gene of family Anaplasmataceae. In 28 of them the presence of a 444 bp fragment of the ankA gene of A. phagocytophilum was detected, and in 26: a 409 bp fragment of the gene of E. canis. Nine samples were simultaneously positive for genetic sequences of E. canis and A. phagocytophilum. The target DNA fragments specific for the two studied pathogens were not detected in one of the Anaplasmataceae-positive samples. In the remaining 60 cases (56.6%), the presence of a 345 bp segment of the ribosomal gene was not detected. In the present study, the DNA of E. canis and of A. phagocytophilum was detected for the first time in Bulgarian dogs by the conventional PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: B. canis infections have been reported in many countries of the world. B. canis can cause infections both in dogs and human beings. It can be transmitted to human via laboratory accidents during handling and contact with sick dogs. is an infectious agent for humans and it is transmitted to humans by various ways including laboratory accidents and contact with sick dogs. Methods: In this study serum samples were collected by using stratified random sampling method from the Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality Animal Care and Rehabilitation Center, where approximately 600 dogs were housed. Result: Out of 83 samples, 9.6% and 26.5% of serum samples were found as positive by B.canis RSAT and B.canis ELISA, respectively. While 6% and 9.6% of the samples were positive by B. abortus S99 RSAT and B. abortus ELISA, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of B. abortus S99 ELISA was 98% and 95.5%, respectively. On the other hand, sensitivity and specificity of B.canis M (-) ELISA was 96.6% and 94%. As a result, it was concluded that B. canis infection is common in dogs and this should be considered both for dogs and public health. Unfortunately, there is no standardized commercial serological test for diagnosis of B.canis and other rough Brucella species currently. This is the main reason that rough brucella infections might not represent the real B.canis infection situation. Therefore, most of the cases have the possibility of being undetected. For this reason it is utmost important that B.canis RSAT and ELISA can be used as routine tests in the hospitals and veterinary clinics in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is considered a multisystemic, life-threatening, rickettsial, and tick-borne disease that affects canine species and is caused by Ehrlichia canis (E. canis). Clinical signs of CME vary from asymptomatic to severe illness with three clinical phases. E. canis has the potential to infect humans. Aim: This study aimed to provide recent information as there is limited data about the disease in Egypt. Therefore, this work was conducted to study the molecular prevalence of E. canis and evaluate the corresponding risk factors, hematology, biochemistry, and molecular characterization of the genus Ehrlichia and E. canis species among Egyptian dogs. Methods: One hundred eighty dogs of both sexes from 3 months to 8 years from different breeds: stray and foreign breeds were examined for clinical signs in all seasons in two delta governorates: El-Dakahlia and El-Gharbia. Blood samples were collected from dogs for microscopic and haemato-biochemical analysis, and then molecular characterization of the genus Ehrlichia and species-specific E. canis was performed, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 180 samples examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 42 (23.33%) were positive for the genus of Ehrlichia and the species-specific E. canis. Only twenty-four dogs (13.33%) were positive for PCR, infested with ticks, and showed fever, anemia, loss of body weight, pale mucous membrane of gum and conjunctiva, blindness, paralysis, hemoglobinuria, and Melena. The univariate logistic regression revealed that all variables, including age, season, tick infestation, hemorrhage from natural orifices, and ectoparasitic treatments per year, showed statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05), except breed and sex, which also did not exhibit any relation between CME infection in multivariate logistic regression. The presence of morulae inside leukocytes in 66 dogs out of the total examined 180 (36.67%), only 39 (59.1%) were positive for morulae and PCR-positive for E. canis. Dogs positive for E. canis suffered from anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, the absolute value of WBCs and their fractions, alanine aminotransferas (ALT), AST, ALKP, γ-GT, total. P, T.BIL, urea, globulin, and creatinine were significantly increased in dogs infected with E. canis when compared to those with negative PCR results, while the levels of albumin and A: G ratios were significantly decreased. Conclusion: The current study proves the existence of E. canis in El-Dakahlia and El-Gharbia governorates, and this is the first large-scale study concerning the epidemiological, clinicopathological examination, molecular characterization, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of reported from the center of the Delta of the Nile in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines newly acquired and previously published carbon and nitrogen isotope values in bone collagen from 58 dogs (Canis familiaris) dated to the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. Using the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS, we estimate the marine or freshwater dietary fractions. These estimates, together with a radiocarbon‐based Bayesian statistical model, have allowed us to calculate the freshwater reservoir age for selected Danish regions. The Ertebølle and Funnel Beaker cultures display different feeding traditions, and stable isotope values of dogs cannot be used as a direct proxy for reconstructing human diet, as the foodstuffs appear to have been subject to some deliberate differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scavenging on carrion is critical and often fiercely competitive for a range of vertebrate species, from native apex predators to invasive species and even reptiles. Within Australia, a notable reptilian scavenger is the lace monitor (Varanus varius). In this study, we quantified lace monitor activity at carcasses and compared their use of the resource to common co‐occurring predators that also scavenge; the invasive red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and a native apex predator, the dingo (Canis dingo). To do so, we deployed 80 macropod carcasses equally across seasons (summer and winter) and habitats (open and closed canopy) in a temperate bioregion and monitored vertebrate scavenging with camera traps. Lace monitor activity (visitation at carcass sites inclusive of both non‐scavenging and scavenging events) was 1.67 times higher in summer than in winter, but it did not differ across closed and open habitats. Monitor activity occurred earlier after carcass deployment at sites deployed in summer than winter (1.47‐fold earlier), and at carcasses in open than closed habitats (0.22‐fold earlier). Lace monitors initially discovered carcass sites faster in summer than winter and before both red foxes and dingoes in summer. The species was active diurnally in both summer and winter, differing from the red fox, which was strictly a nocturnal scavenger and the dingo, which was significantly more active at night across both seasons. Finally, we found that lace monitor activity at carcass sites decreased slightly with higher rates of activity for dingoes (0.04‐fold decrease as dingo activity increased), but not with red fox activity. Our results have implications for understanding lace monitor foraging and scavenging and highlight the value of monitoring carcasses to provide important insights into the behaviour of varanid lizards that scavenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne diseases in animals are increasing rapidly worldwide, but there is insufficient information about tick-borne diseases infecting dogs in southern Egypt. Thus, in the current study, we detected the presence of Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) and Babesia canis vogeli (B. canis vogeli) in the blood of dogs. The results revealed that 4/100 (4%) were positive, and a higher infection rate was found in males (75%), than females (25%). The phylogenetic analysis for the major surface protein 4 (msp4) gene in this study was compared with amplicons separate from other reported isolates with alignment by identity 100% with cattle and camels from Egypt, and the phylogenetic analysis for the B. canis vogeli small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene in this study identified identity by 99.89% with dogs from Egypt. This report is considered the first report in southern Egypt about A. marginale in dogs based on the sequence analysis of the msp4 gene, providing new data for the classification and identification of A. marginale in dogs compared to A. marginale isolated from other animals in southern Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The golden jackal has rapidly expanded across Europe in recent decades and was one of the first to reappear in Hungary. Using hunting bag data from the National Game Management Database from 1995 to 2021, we examined the spatial expansion of the species and its population dynamics. Our findings reveal an exponential increase in the golden jackal population since the mid-1990s, with an average annual growth rate of 40% in the hunting bag and an occupancy of 86% of the country. The average speed of the range expansion was 536.9 km2 year-1 until 2007 and increased to an average of 5,289.1 km2 year-1 during the second part of the expansion process. The density of shot golden jackals also shows an increasing trend with a substantial presence of outliers, indicating that nearly 10% of the hunting bag demonstrates exceptionally high numbers, particularly in southwestern Hungary. The spread originated in the southwest and extended towards the northeast and northwest. However, the increase of the hunting bag slowed down and the expansion rate has decreased in the previous two years, leading us to anticipate that the golden jackal population will stabilize soon, as the expansion has reached its maximum in Hungary. This indicates that from the initial settlement to the stabilization of the population, the time span can be two to three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to develop an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the presence of specific IgG against Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati somatic antigens on the serum of patients with toxocariasis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for indirect‐ELISA were calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and Youden's J using Likelihood ratio. All statistics were analysed and graphs are plotted using GraphPad Prism version 8.4.3 (Graph Pad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), with 95% confidence interval (CI). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for T. canis were 100%, 82%, 79% and 100%, respectively. The mentioned variables for T. cati were 97%, 82%, 78% and 98%, respectively. Five immune reactive bands of 38, 40, 72, 100 and 250 kDa were common in both species. Toxocara crude antigens were highly immunogenic in human sera. Immunoreactive bands against T. canis compared to T. cati somatic antigen were about two times more. Unlike Toxocara excretory‐secretory antigen, that was homologue in two species, somatic antigens of T. canis and T. cati showed different immunoreactive bands in our western blot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus linnaei is much wider than previously known. • Rhipicephalus linnaei was recorded on a dingo. • The record of R. linnaei on a dingo suggest that dingoes might aid the spread of Ehrlichia canis in Australia. • We discuss possible incursion routes and how E. canis has apparently spread rapidly in Australia. The tropical brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus linnaei , is a tick of much medical, veterinary, and zoonotic importance. This tick has a nearly world-wide distribution due to its ability to survive and propagate in kennels and houses. Rhipicephalus linnaei is the vector of Ehrlichia canis , the causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, an often debilitating disease of canids and, occasionally, humans. To prevent incursion of E. canis into Australia, dogs entering Australia have been required to have a negative immunofluorescence antibody test for E. canis. In May 2020 however, E. canis was detected in Western Australia. The detection of E. canis in Australia prompted disease investigation and concerted surveillance for R. linnaei and E. canis in regions across Australia. These investigations revealed that R. linnaei was established far beyond the previously recognised geographic range limits of this tick. In the present paper, using records from various collections, published data, and data from our network of veterinarian collaborators and colleagues, we update the current geographic range of R. linnaei in Australia. Our analyses revealed that the geographic range of R. linnaei in Australia is much wider than was previously supposed, particularly in Western Australia, and in South Australia. We also map, for the first time, where E. canis has been detected in Australia. Last, we discuss the possible routes of incursion and subsequently the factors which may have aided the spread of E. canis in Australia which led to the establishment of this pathogen in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of fleas in 318 stray dogs brought to the Van Province Metropolitan Municipality Animal Shelter. Flea infestation rates obtained from dogs were determined and the collected data were evaluated according to variables such as the infestation status of the host and gender. Four flea species were identified in the study, with a flea infestation rate of 46.86% (149/318) in the dogs examined. Among the species identified; Ctenocephalides canis was detected as 25.12%, Ctenocephalides felis as 19.18%, Pulex irritans as 11.06% and Ceratophyllus gallinea as 3.46%. Infestation rate with a single species; while C. canis was detected at 16.98%, C. felis at 11.64%, P. irritans at 5.35% and Ceratophyllus gallinea at 2.52%, the infestation rate with two species was; C. canis + C. felis 3.77%, C. canis + P. irritans 2.20%, C. felis + P. irritans was found to be 1.89%, C. canis + Ceratophyllus gallinea 0.63% and C. felis + Ceratophyllus gallinea 0.31%. The infestation rate with three species at the same time, C. canis + C. felis + P. irritans, was determined as 1.57%. As a result of the statistical analysis, although there was a significant difference in infestation rates according to flea species, no significant relationship was found between flea species and gender. Fleas are important for both animal and public health as they serve as intermediate hosts for various diseases. It is thought that the findings obtained in the study will make significant contributions to studies, especially in the field of medicine and veterinary services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinacalcet is an oral calcimimetic that has potential to non‐invasively treat primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs (Canis lupis familiaris). There is minimal data assessing its efficacy in dogs. This study aimed to determine whether a single dose of cinacalcet decreases serum ionized calcium (iCa), total calcium (tCa), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. Twelve dogs received a median dose of 0.49 mg/kg (range 0.30–0.69 mg/kg) cinacalcet per os. Venous blood samples were collected at time 0 (before cinacalcet administration), 3, 8, and 24 h following cinacalcet administration. PTH, iCa, and tCa concentrations were measured at each time point and compared to 0 hour concentrations. A significant (50%) decrease in serum PTH occurred at 3 h with a median PTH of 4.6 pmol/L (range 2.7–10.8) at baseline and 1.65 pmol/L (range 0.5–14.7) at 3 h; p =.005. A significant, but not clinically relevant, decrease in serum iCa from a median baseline of 1.340 mmol/L (range 1.32–1.41) to a 3 h median of 1.325 mmol/L (range 1.26–1.39), p =.043, was also observed. tCa concentrations were not different. This study showed that a single dose of cinacalcet leads to transient decreases in iCa and PTH concentrations in healthy dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns about controlling dermatophytes due to antifungal drug toxicity and resistance are leading to increased interest in using probiotics to combat skin infections. Our study focussed on evaluating the probiotic and antifungal attributes of the lactic acid bacteria Limosilactobacillus fermentum LfMYSY8 isolated from fermented rice beverage of India, Haria, to impede the growth of Microsporum canis, a common dermatophyte. The isolate showed promising probiotic characteristics like acid tolerance (44.71% at pH 2), bile tolerance (63.40%), cell surface hydrophobicity (43.26%), a strong auto-aggregation ability (74.5%), osmotic stress tolerance, antibacterial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility. While testing the antifungal efficacy, the cells and the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the isolate inhibited M. canis growth with an average 98% biomass reduction. Substantial reduction in conidial germination and disruption of hyphal structure was observed. CFS characterization revealed that the organic acid metabolites were responsible for anti-fungal activity. Therefore, potential exists for using this strain to control skin infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though a large amount of research has focused on testing cognitive traits of dogs, we still know almost nothing about whether these traits associate with dogs' daily behaviour outside the test situation. For these tests to have applied value it would be beneficial that they reflect dogs' behaviour in a broader sense rather than simply during the test situation. Our aim was to deepen our understanding of what cognitive traits can tell us about dogs' behaviour in their daily lives with their owners. We used two validated owner-completed questionnaires, the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) and the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (DIAS), to determine daily behavioural traits of dogs. A cognitive test battery was used to measure cognitive traits. We used linear mixed models for analysis (N = 987) and accounted for control variables such as sex, breed, age and training level of dogs. We found that high inhibitory control in the Cylinder Test was positively associated with trainability and negatively associated with impulsivity (DIAS). A shorter latency to solve the V-detour task was positively associated with management problems, and dogs that were unsuccessful at the Logical Reasoning task were rated as slower at learning new tasks. Human-directed behaviour during the Unsolvable Task was associated positively with trainability and stranger-directed fear, and negatively with impulsivity (DIAS) and management problems. Our findings suggest that cognitive tests can help us to predict and explain dogs' behaviour, personality and behaviour problems. These results provide important information on dogs' behaviour both in cognitive tests and in their daily lives with their owners. • Dogs' cognitive test results were associated with owner-reported behaviour. • Tests measured social cognition, inhibitory control and logical reasoning ability. • Results were linked to trainability, learning, impulsivity and behaviour problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs usually suffer from numerous parasitic diseases and among which tick-borne haemoparasitic infection is one of the major concerns. Common tick-borne haemoparasites which cause disease in dogs are Babesia canis, B. gibsoni, Hepatozoon canis and rickettsial parasites viz. Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys. In the present study, the prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites was assessed in dogs in Agartala, Tripura. Blood samples were collected from a total of 1776 dogs irrespective of breed, age, sex and categories for a period of one calendar year starting from March 2022 to February 2023. The overall prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in dogs was found 59.46 %(1056/1776) with only 11 cases of mixed infection. The study on the basis of breed, sex, age, season and category showed the highest prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in German Spitz (77.20%), male dogs (63.57%), adult dogs (60.71%), monsoon season (73.83%) and stray dogs (68.45%). The high prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasitic infection in dogs in the study area demands the strategic control of tick population and effective management practices necessary to control tick-borne haemoparasitic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of canid population and evolutionary genetics have relied on high-quality domestic dog reference genomes that have been produced primarily for biomedical and trait mapping studies in dog breeds. However, the absence of highly contiguous genomes from other Canis species like the gray wolf and coyote, that represent additional distinct demographic histories, may bias inferences regarding interspecific genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. Here, we present single haplotype de novo genome assemblies for the gray wolf and coyote, generated by applying the trio-binning approach to long sequence reads generated from the genome of a female first-generation hybrid produced from a gray wolf and coyote mating. The assemblies were highly contiguous, with contig N50 sizes of 44.6 and 42.0 Mb for the wolf and coyote, respectively. Genome scaffolding and alignments between the two Canis assemblies and published dog reference genomes showed near complete collinearity, with one exception: a coyote-specific chromosome fission of chromosome 13 and fusion of the proximal portion of that chromosome with chromosome 8, retaining the Canis -typical haploid chromosome number of 2n = 78. We evaluated mapping quality for previous RADseq data from 334 canids and found nearly identical mapping quality and patterns among canid species and regional populations regardless of the genome used for alignment (dog, coyote, or gray wolf). These novel wolf and coyote genome reference assemblies will be important resources for proper and accurate inference of Canis demography, taxonomic evaluation, and conservation genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]