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Botulinum toxin, originally used in the treatment of spastic neuromuscular diseases, received increased attention in recent decades and a deeper research, further mechanisms of action being carefully studied in order to determine other possible therapeutic properties. Method and material: This is an experimental study conducted on 60 CD1 mice, divided into 4 groups of 15 each, injected with saline solution and 3 different doses of type A botulinum toxin. Objectives: Our study aims to establish an anti-nociceptive properties of botulinum toxin, dose-dependent, remote from the injection site. Results: We could observe possible anti-nociceptive effects of botulinum toxin at doses of 20 U / kg after the statistical data analysis. Conclusions: We can draw a conclusion on the existence of an anti-nociceptive effect of type A botulinum toxin, remote from the injection site, through retrograde axonal mechanisms or interaction with central μ-opioid receptors. The study represents a starting point for subsequent experiments for possible interactions with other substances with analgesic or anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is based on experimental studies. Medical science has known progress to the current state, only with lab animals. Human anatomy and physiology research was performed since ancient times along with animal studies. The benefits of animal biomedical research, although widely accepted by scientists, raised a big problem among animal rights activists. It is based on well-conceived philosophical arguments such as that people have no right to use animals for experiments (Singer, 1975; Regan, 1983), although these studies could help to develop new directions for treatment or diagnosis in certain diseases. In order to achieve optimal conditions for these experiments, to reduce pain and unnecessary damage caused to the animals, international rules have been established for conducting such studies, since the late 20th century. Romanian legal frame experiregarding the ethics of animal research for scientific purpose, adopted in 2006, is a takeover from the provisions and laws of the European Union, first adopted in 1986 in Strasbourg and modified until now, to protect vertebrates and invertebrates laboratory animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science is based on experimental studies. Medical science has known progress to the current state, only with lab animals. Human anatomy and physiology research was performed since ancient times along with animal studies. The benefits of animal biomedical research, although widely accepted by scientists, raised a big problem among animal rights activists. It is based on well-conceived philosophical arguments such as that people have no right to use animals for experiments (Singer, 1975; Regan, 1983), although these studies could help to develop new directions for treatment or diagnosis in certain diseases. In order to achieve optimal conditions for these experiments, to reduce pain and unnecessary damage caused to the animals, international rules have been established for conducting such studies, since the late 20th century. Romanian legal frame experiregarding the ethics of animal research for scientific purpose, adopted in 2006, is a takeover from the provisions and laws of the European Union, first adopted in 1986 in Strasbourg and modified until now, to protect vertebrates and invertebrates laboratory animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxina botulinică, folosită iniţial în tratarea afecţiunilor neuromusculare spastice, a primit în ultimele decenii o atenţie crescută şi o cercetare din ce în ce mai aprofundată, mecanismele de acţiune fiind în continuare atent studiate, în vederea stabilirii altor posibile proprietaţi terapeutice. Material si metodă: Este un studiu experimental realizat pe 60 de şoareci CD1, împărţiţi în 4 loturi de câte 15, injectaţi cu ser fiziologic şi respectiv 3 doze diferite de toxină botulinică tip A. Obiective: Studiul nostru îşi propune să stabilească existenţa unei proprietăţi antinociceptive a toxinei botulinice, dependentă de doză, la distanţă de locul injectării. Rezultate: După analiza statistică a datelor, am putut observa posibile efecte antinociceptive ale toxinei botulinice la doze de 20 U/kg. Concluzii: Putem formula o concluzie privind existenţa unui efect antinociceptiv al toxinei botulinice tip A, la distanţă de locul injectării, fie prin mecanisme retrograde axonal, fie prin interacţiunea cu receptori opioizi centrali. Studiul reprezintă un punct de plecare pentru experimente ulterioare, privind posibilele interacţiuni ale toxinei cu alte substanţe cu efecte antialgice sau antiinflamatorii. Botulinum toxin, originally used in the treatment of spastic neuromuscular diseases, received increased attention in recent decades and a deeper research, further mechanisms of action being carefully studied in order to determine other possible therapeutic properties. Method and material: This is an experimental study conducted on 60 CD1 mice, divided into 4 groups of 15 each, injected with saline solution and 3 different doses of type A botulinum toxin. Objectives: Our study aims to establish an anti-nociceptive properties of botulinum toxin, dose-dependent, remote from the injection site. Results: We could observe possible anti-nociceptive effects of botulinum toxin at doses of 20 U / kg after the statistical data analysis. Conclusions: We can draw a conclusion on the existence of an anti-nociceptive effect of type A botulinum toxin, remote from the injection site, through retrograde axonal mechanisms or interaction with central opioid receptors. The study represents a starting point for subsequent experiments for possible interactions with other substances with analgesic or anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nasal reconstruction has be one of the most challenging procedures in reconstructive plastic surgery. Small nasal defects may be closed by primary suture or covered by small local flaps or skin graft. But in large nasal defects, we need to find a bigger source of color and texture matching tissue that will ensure functional and aesthetical outcomes. Material and Methods: We chose a case report of one patient admitted in our clinic in 2012, who represented a daring task for us. Best suited for paramedian forehead flap reconstruction, the patient underwent a procedure in 2 steps, which led to a very satisfying nose both for the patient and for the surgeon. Conclusions: In order to achieve a good coverage with the smallest donor site defect, we used a flap based only on the left supratrocheal artery, which gave us the possibility to rotate the flap without distorting the vessels. In such cases, the best option, aesthetically and functionally, for the patient still remains the paramedian flap, modified from the original version, and adapted to every case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nasal reconstruction has be one of the most challenging procedures in reconstructive plastic surgery. Small nasal defects may be closed by primary suture or covered by small local flaps or skin graft. But in large nasal defects, we need to find a bigger source of color and texture matching tissue that will ensure functional and aesthetical outcomes. Material and Methods: We chose a case report of one patient admitted in our clinic in 2012, who represented a daring task for us. Best suited for paramedian forehead flap reconstruction, the patient underwent a procedure in 2 steps, which led to a very satisfying nose both for the patient and for the surgeon. Conclusions: In order to achieve a good coverage with the smallest donor site defect, we used a flap based only on the left supratrocheal artery, which gave us the possibility to rotate the flap without distorting the vessels. In such cases, the best option, aesthetically and functionally, for the patient still remains the paramedian flap, modified from the original version, and adapted to every case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restitution of function and aesthetic appearance of the nasal alla can only be achieved with a very good knowledge of the local and loco-regional anatomy so that,depending on the size of the postexcisional defect,one can use the best surgical procedure with resulting coverage as close to physiological. From all the local flaps,the article presents a case report of a nasolabial flap used for defect coverage on the right alla. As highlighted in the article,the most frequently used method of reconstructing the nasal alla is this type of flap,which provided good aesthetic and functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restitution of function and aesthetic appearance of the nasal alla can only be achieved with a very good knowledge of the local and loco-regional anatomy so that, depending on the size of the postexcisional defect, one can use the best surgical procedure with resulting coverage as close to physiological. From all the local flaps, the article presents a case report of a nasolabial flap used for defect coverage on the right alla. As highlighted in the article, the most frequently used method of reconstructing the nasal alla is this type of flap, which provided good aesthetic and functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]