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Summary: Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a versatile and conserved second messenger in orchestrating immune responses. In plants, plasma membrane‐localized Ca2+‐permeable channels can be activated to induce Ca2+ influx from extracellular space to cytosol upon pathogen infection. Notably, different immune elicitors can induce dynamic Ca2+ signatures in the cytosol. During pattern‐triggered immunity, there is a rapid and transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+, whereas in effector‐triggered immunity, the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is strong and sustained. Numerous Ca2+ sensors are localized in the cytosol or different intracellular organelles, which are responsible for detecting and converting Ca2+ signals. In fact, Ca2+ signaling coordinated by cytosol and subcellular compartments plays a crucial role in activating plant immune responses. However, the complete Ca2+ signaling network in plant cells is still largely ambiguous. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the collaborative role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in shaping the Ca2+ signaling network during plant immunity, and several intriguing questions for future research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pokkah boeng is an epidemic fungal disease that greatly affects the development of the sugarcane industry in China. Resistance to pokkah boeng disease differs among sugarcane varieties. Breeding and planting resistant cultivars is the most economic and effective measure for controlling this disease. In this study, new sugarcane varieties bred by sugarcane research units in China and the major varieties cultivated in various sugarcane areas, were screened to find new elite pokkah boeng-resistant varieties for application in sugarcane production. Sixty new varieties resistance to pokkah boeng disease were evaluated in regionalized experiments under field conditions. Meanwhile, the resistance of the 31 main cultivated varieties was analyzed under field conditions in Lincang, Puer, and Yuxi, Yunnan Province, and in Yizhou, Guangxi Province, where the incidence of pokkah boeng is particularly high. Field surveys showed that 35 (58.3%) of the 60 new sugarcane varieties were highly resistant to moderately resistant, and 25 (41.7%) were susceptible to highly susceptible. Of the 31 main cultivated varieties, 15 (48.4%) were highly resistant to moderately resistant, and 16 (51.6%) were susceptible to highly susceptible. The results suggested that, in wetter and rainy sugarcane cultivation areas with high incidence of pokkah boeng disease, it is necessary to increase efforts to eliminate the susceptible major cultivated varieties and promote the cultivation of novel resistant varieties. This will help to achieve a reasonable distribution of varieties, fundamentally control the outbreak of pokkah boeng disease, and facilitate the high-quality development of the sugarcane industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown rust is a main sugarcane disease in China, affecting stable development of sugarcane industry. Resistance breeding is an effective measure to control sugarcane rust, and looking for diverse sugarcane rust resistance alternative resources is another important way to improve rust resistance level. This article reviewed from the aspects of construction of sugarcane genetic map, research progress of rust resistance gene, development of rust resistance molecular markers, and research strategies of rust resistance gene, in order to provide scientific guidance and reference for rust resistance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) and brown rust are major plant diseases that disrupt sugarcane production. Identifying disease-resistant parental lines offers an efficient strategy for controlling these diseases in sugarcane. The aim of this study was to clarify the occurrence of RSD and the distribution of the major brown rust resistance gene Bru1 among commonly used sugarcane breeding parents in China. We used PCR assays for the molecular detection of RSD and Bru1 in 255 sugarcane breeding parents collected from the National Germplasm Repository of Sugarcane of China (2019–2020). RSD was detected in 68.6% of the parental lines, indicating that commonly used sugarcane breeding parents in China are severely infected by RSD. However, 80 of the tested lines were RSD negative, indicating these parental lines had good resistance to RSD. The RSD incidence rate varied between different parental line series: VMC had the lowest RSD frequency (40.0%) and Guitang had the highest frequency (84.6%), indicating that the VMC series had good resistance levels to RSD and that a high proportion of parental lines were RSD resistant. Bru1 was present in 87 of the 255 tested parental lines, with greatest frequency detected in the ROC series (71.4%) and lowest frequency detected in the CP series (21.6%). These results indicate that Bru1 is a major source of brown rust resistance in commonly used sugarcane breeding parents in China, with important implications for brown rust resistance breeding programs in sugarcane. Overall, these results provide a reference for selecting appropriate breeding lines that are resistant to RSD and brown rust, offering guidance for effective disease control in sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rainy and humid season from July to September is the crucial period for elongation and jointing and yield performance of sugarcane, and also a peak occurrence and damage period of many important sugarcane diseases. In order to prevent large-area outbreak of sugarcane diseases and ensure safe growth in late stage, the occurrence dynamics of important sugarcane diseases in the rainy and humid season was analyzed and discussed from the aspects of three epidemic outbreak elements of plant diseases: host plant, pathogen and environmental condition. Moreover, the corresponding control ideas and technical countermeasures were put forward according to the epidemic characteristic of sugarcane diseases and the actual sugarcane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper was to understand the major factors causing outbreak of sugarcane pokahh boeng and the losses of yield and sugar content. The occurrence dynamics and influencing factors of pokahh boeng were analyzed. Under natural field condition, the diseased plant rate of main cultivated varieties was investigated in the damaged area and undamaged area established in the same field, and sugarcane yield and sugar content were measured and their losses were calculated at harvest period. The results showed that the prevalence of pokkah boeng mainly attributed to cultivation of susceptible varieties, high temperature and high humidity climate, accumulation of the pathogen and improper cultivation and management measures. Survey data showed the diseased plant rates were 63.3%-95%, with an average of 81.1%; the yield loss rates were 30. 2% -- 48. 5%, with an average of 38. 42%; the sugar content were reduced by 2. 63% -- 5.21%, with an average of 3.61%; the sugarcane juice brix were dropped by 2. 4 - 4.69 °BX, 3. 61°BX on average; the gravity purities of sugarcane juice were decreased by 1. 99% - 8.14%, 4. 83% on average; the reducing sugars of sugarcane juice were increased by 0.05% - 0.6%, 0.16% on average. It is confirmed that the occurrence and damage of sugarcane pokkah boeng is severe at present stage, leading to huge loss of sugarcane yields and sugar content. Sugarcane pokkah boeng has become one of the main barriers of sugarcane production, and scientific and effective prevention and control of sugarcane pokkah boeng is very important for sustainable development of sugar industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The paper was to provide scientific basis for popularization and application of 70% Thiamethoxam ZF. [Method] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was selected and applied in the soil for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner and Baliathrips serratus Kobus. [Result] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF had good control effect against C. lanigera and B. serratus. The optimum dosage of 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was 450 g/hm²(effective ingredients 315 g). 70% Thiamethoxam ZF (dosage per hm²) mixed with the regular fertilizer (dosage per hm²) should be applied together in sugarcane planting and management from February to June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus were above 98.4% and 82.9% respectively. The actual yield and sugar content were increased by more than 34 290 kg/hm² and 6.8% respectively compared to blank control. [Conclusion] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was a new ideal pesticide with characteristics of sustainedrelease, long-lasting and low-toxic for controlling C. lanigera and B. serratus, and should be applied widely in the sugarcane planting area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to clarify the pathogens causing suspected sugarcane leaf scald symptoms in sugarcane plants found in the Xinping sugarcane area of Yunnan in 2019. [Methods] The XAF1/XAR1 specific primers of X=thamona.s albilineaJts were used to detect 8 suspected samples from Xinping County, Yunnan Province. [Results] The specific band 600 bp in size was detected. The sequencing results showed that the sequences detected were all 608 bp, and were 100% identical. The BLAST search results showed that the obtained sequence was 100% identical to the nucleotide sequence of X. albilineans GPE PC73 strain ( GenBank accession number: FP565176) from France, and they were located in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree. According to the field symptom diagnosis and molecular identification results, the sugarcane disease in Xinping, Yunnan was confirmed to be the quarantine disease sugarcane leaf scald caused by X. allbilinea.sn. [Conclusions ]The pathogens were identified by molecular biological identification methods, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of leaf scald disease in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]