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This paper proposes the design and analysis of a flux modulated (FM) permanent magnet (PM) linear actuator for the long track gantry robot system used to detect fire hazards in an electric energy storage system (ESS). A detailed design framework for the FM-linear actuator inspired by the magnetic gearing effect is proposed which includes the selection of slot-pole pair numbers and assigning optimal geometric parameters based on working harmonic characteristics. Using the optimal model, the electromagnetic performances both under no-load and full load conditions are performed to check the feasibility of the actuator for the gantry system. A prototype is built to validate the results obtained using the 2D and 3D finite element analysis (FEA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposed a low-cost and superior design of linear actuator for agricultural robots. • Useful for long-track and multi-actuator operation. • Uses a stator permanent magnet less actuator model to reduce the cost. • Mathematical and finite element model of the design process are proposed. • Experiments are performed to validate the results. The electromagnetic performance improvement of a double saliency (DS) flux modulated (FM)- permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSM) for agricultural robots is proposed in this work by minimizing the effect of cross-coupling. To understand the effect of the cross-coupling on the electromagnetic performance, a dq axes model of the DS FM-PMLSM is developed and analyzed under different driving conditions. Based on the result obtained, winding modification schemes are proposed to minimize the thrust ripple and improve the zero torque control. The modified models are studied using finite element analysis (FEA) and the model with the best performance is selected for prototyping. The prototype is then tested and the results are validated against the electromagnetic performance obtained using the FEA. This research targeted the development of a low-cost linear actuator for a sapling grower gantry robot that can be used by farmers around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the design and characteristic research of the coaxial magnetic gear for the contra-rotating propeller in the premium yacht are presented. The scale-down model of 1/25 is reviewed as the research of the applicability of the coaxial magnetic gear. The space harmonic characteristics of the magnetic field in the coaxial magnetic gear with the low gear ratio from 1 to 2 are investigated, and the optimized models with the surface-mounted permanent magnet and quasi-Halbach array are obtained using the response surface method. In the several operating points of the diesel engine, the magnetic loss and the resultant thermal characteristics are analyzed and compared in each model. Finally, the desired coaxial magnetic for the contra-rotating propeller in the premium yacht is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the permanent magnet vernier machine (PMVM) is studied extensively because of its merits such as the high torque density. Similar to the magnetic gears, the PMVM operates on the principle of flux modulation. However, there is a distinct difference in between the two as unlike the magnetic gear, in case of PMVM, the winding MMF harmonics rotates with different speed as that of the fundamental. As a result, these harmonics are capable of making a working magnetic field by interacting with different permeance harmonics. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an analytical explanation of this whole process, which is helpful to understand the effect of the flux modulation on the output torque. Furthermore, using the analytical formulation, this work finds the optimal geometric parameters which maximize the working magnetic field and hence the torque. A detailed analysis of the PMVM with the doubly salient structure is studied and the performance is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) and the experimental setup. The FEM and experimental results verify the maximum torque production by using the optimal geometric parameters in the PMVM modeling, obtained using the analytical formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the coaxial magnetic gear (CMG), the magnetic geared machine (MGM) has the ac armature winding on the inner part or the outer part. Besides, the PM excitation field of the CMG and the ac armature field of the MGM have different space harmonic components of magnetic field from one other. Hence, the flux modulation characteristics in the CMG and the MGM are different, and the resultant magnetic radial forces at the modulating pieces are also occurred differently from one another. Thus, in this paper, first, the flux modulation characteristics of the PM excitation field in the CMG and the ac armature field in the MGM are presented. Second, the characteristics of the magnetic radial forces at the modulating pieces are analyzed, and the causes of the radial force according to the space harmonic components of the magnetic field are compared in the CMG and the MGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the computationally efficient analysis of the electromagnetic system with nonlinearity is considered in the proposed work. Unlike the previously proposed proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based model order reduction (MOR), the proposed method based on the dynamic mode decomposition works well even under the highly nonlinear system. Using the proposed method, a highly saturated interior permanent-magnet (IPM) motor model is analyzed. Comparisons in terms of the radial air-gap flux density and torque are made with that of the full and POD-based models. The results show that the proposed method is capable of giving a good approximation of the full model of the IPM motor. Also, a reduction in the computational time can be achieved compared with that of the traditional POD-based MOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the vibration and noise characteristics of the coaxial magnetic gear (CMG) by the electromagnetic forces. In the CMG, the vibration and noise can be generated by the exciting forces acting on three parts, namely, low-speed rotor, high-speed rotor, and modulating pieces, respectively. The electromagnetic forces acting on three parts of the CMG and their force frequencies are calculated by using the Maxwell stress tensor method. Also, the mode shapes of the CMG full model and their resonance frequencies are obtained by the modal analysis. Through the electromagnetic forces and the result of the modal analysis, the vibration calculation is performed by using the 3-D-finite element method. Then, the effect of displacement on noise is confirmed by comparing the vibration calculation data and experiment data. The result shows the most affected part among the three parts of the CMG due to the noise is the low-speed rotor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the characteristics of the radial force density according to the shapes of the flux modulation poles (FMP) in a surface-mounted vernier machine (SPMVM). The air-gap flux density harmonics obtained from the finite-element analysis method are analyzed using the analytical equations derived from the magnetomotive force and the air-gap permeance distributions. Then, in order to find the radial force density harmonics that generate the exciting force on the stator, the spatial orders and the angular frequencies of the radial force density harmonics are calculated by using the Maxwell stress tensor method. The analysis results show that the permeance harmonics generate the radial force density harmonics, but the resulting harmonics of the radial force density are time-invariant in the spatial domain. Consequently, the variation of the FMP shape can improve the torque characteristics of the SPMVM without the increase of the exciting force on the stator core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an accurate initial pole position (IPP) estimation method for a surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) without the use of pole sensors. To estimate the IPP, the proposed method uses the concept of reference frame. In this method, three torque commands, separated by 45° electrically from each other, are applied to the PMSM. Using the reference torque commands, moving distances are measured and transformation matrix is applied to eliminate the load torque term. Finally, the IPP is determined using the secant method. The IPPs under no load and at specific loaded condition are measured. The result of the load condition is compared with the previously proposed two reference frame method. The proposed method gives better result under load condition, compared with the two reference frame method, which fails to give satisfactory result under load condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Model-Based design of a 60 kW nonsalient-pole PMSG is proposed. • The model-based design considers different subsystems. • Mechanical constraints, power electronics, control logics, and speed profiles are used to generate κ. • κ is combined with machine geometric coefficients to realize the PMSG model. This paper proposes the model-based design methodology of a 60-kW direct drive variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) used in an urban water pipeline energy harvesting system. The whole study aims to design the PMSG considering different system parameters of the energy harvesting system such as the mechanical parameters, electric circuit, power electronics and the variable speed drive operation. The electric and geometric parameters of the PMSG is then designed based on different design constraints imposed by the system. To incorporate the effect of the variable speed drive into the PMSG electric parameters, this work introduces a parameter called κ , which can map the electric parameter variations with the variation of the PMSG input speed profile. This proposed work achieved a successful coupling among the system mechanical and variable speed drive parameters with the PMSG electric and geometric parameters. The coupling is performed in a python-based environment which couples MATLAB and Altair FLUX. The results are tested and validated against the desired values of the PMSG which shows a good agreement among different results. This whole design process can be useful in achieving a model-based design that can provide a detail analysis option before prototyping and testing different components of the harvester system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transmission line robots use batteries or diesel generators as a power source. • There is a need to find a sustainable and greener alternative as a power source. • Purpose is served by using a dual-core electromagnetic energy harvester. • The electromagnetic design, analytical model, airgap shape design are considered. • 3D-finite element coupled with MATLAB in python is used to analyze the harvester. The present work proposes the design process of a novel dual-core electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) for the use in a deicing robot, used on power transmission lines. The EMEH is designed with a dual-core where Silicon (Si) and Nickel (Ni) steels have been used in order to take advantage of both materials characteristics. An analytical model for the EMEH has been proposed in this paper which is compared with the 3D finite element method (FEM) based model of the EMEH under the same design specification. Moreover, considering the magnetic equivalent circuit model of the EMEH, equivalent circuit parameters are determined. Furthermore, to obtain the impedance matching and to extract the maximum real power from the EMEH, power optimization circuit consisting of a capacitor and a buck-boost converter is proposed and the parameters for the power optimization circuit are evaluated. To validate the effectiveness of the EMEH and its power optimization circuit, a co-simulation design platform is developed using the 3D-FEM and MATLAB coupled in a python-based environment. On the co-simulation platform, the charging of a rechargeable battery of 15 V is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a design method for the flux modulation poles (FMPs) formed on the stator of surface-mounted permanent magnet vernier machines (SPMVM) considering the winding configurations. In three types of the SPMVM with the different winding configurations, the FMP shapes to maximize the output torque are optimized by employing the analytical equations for the magneto-motive force (MMF) due to the windings, permeance, and flux density in the air-gap. Then, the validity of the optimal shapes for the FMPs is verified by the finite element analysis. It is found that the optimal FMP shapes are designed differently in the three types of the SPMVM and increase the output torque by different ratios according to the winding configurations. In addition, the experimental results for the prototype show that the proposed method can optimally design the FMP shape by analyzing mathematically the effects of the winding configuration and the FMP shape on the output torque of the SPMVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic geared motor, which has improved torque density because of the magnetic gearing effect, has been researched. However, its narrow operating region due to the operating mechanism by the magnetic gearing effect and field flux by the PM is a challenge that needs to be overcome. Whereas, the doubly fed magnetic geared motor (DFMGM) can extend the operating region because of the double stator and double winding structure with the individual frequency control of the current fed to the inner and outer windings. However, two rotating magnetic fields, which are produced by the inner and outer winding flux, exist at the air-gap, and the large numbers of space harmonic components of the modulated flux density are produced at the air-gaps. These space harmonic components, which are produced by the winding MMF, influence not only the back-EMF of the winding but also the performances of the operating torque. Besides, the inner and outer windings affect each other in the back-EMF, and its characteristics appears differently in the inner and outer windings. Thus, in this paper, the structure, operating strategy, and basic characteristics according to the frequency condition in the inner and outer windings are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel parametric design analysis of the magnetic sensor module used to find mover positions in linear motors. The proposed framework utilizes a computationally inexpensive proper orthogonal decomposition-dynamic mode decomposition-based model order reduction (MOR), coupled with a multiparameter moment matching method. The model is then utilized by a moment-based probabilistic design optimization method that considers the manufacturing uncertainties to find the optimal sensor design. A magnetic sensor module is designed for employing the proposed framework, and the results show that: 1) the proposed MOR technique is accurate; 2) the reliability analysis performed during the probabilistic design optimization can help to reduce the excessive non-compliance costs for the manufacturers; and 3) the combined framework is able to significantly expedite the optimal design search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a 65 kW rim-driven direct-drive flux concentrated permanent magnet synchronous generator (FCPMSG) used in urban water pipeline energy harvester (UWEH) system. The proposed UWEH system plans to use hydraulic bearing; thus, a balanced radial force topology should be selected with high electromagnetic performance. Considering the hydraulic bearing mechanism and the installation of the proposed PM synchronous generator (PMSG), the effect of the loading and slot harmonics on the radial magnetic forces is analyzed. Furthermore, by studying the effect of the passive and active electric loads on the PMSGs, radial force characteristics are analyzed to select the operation region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes the design and driving mechanism of a single drive motor integrated electromechanical actuator system for the application in computer numerical control (CNC) lathe machines. The electromechanical actuator is designed in such a way that it can replace the conventionally used hydraulically powered headstocks of the lathe machine. To achieve a drawbar thrust of 50 kN and a spindle speed of 4000 r/m, a detailed design with an explanation of different internal parts of the electromechanical actuator is presented. The production ready model was simulated to select the safety factor of the whole system and to enquire the amount of deformation when 50 kN thurst is generated. A prototype is manufactured based on the analysis model and is tested for different modes of operation. The experimental results validate the capability of the electromechanical actuator to produce the require drawbar thrust of 50 kN and spindle speed of 4000 r/m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposed operation needs to ensure a high torque (>1 KNm) magnetic coupling. • A radial flux-CPMC (RF-CPMC) with magnet retaining rings and a flux concentrating-CPMC (FC-CPMC) are compared. • The electromagnetic and electromechanical characteristics are used for comparison. • Based on the installation environment and the magnet use, RF-CPMC is prototyped and tested. This paper presents design and comparative study of high torque coaxial permanent magnet couplings (CPMC) for the use in a tidal current generation (TCG) system. Two different models such as a radial flux-CPMC (RF-CPMC) with magnet retaining rings and a flux concentrating-CPMC (FC-CPMC) with inner and outer rotor yoke changed by retaining rings are analyzed to find the best model under certain design constraint conditions to achieve a minimum pull-out torque of 1.0 kNm. Moreover, the effect of the electromechanical characteristics such as the radial force, stress and deformation are analyzed for both models. Based on the analysis it is found that both RF-CPMC and FC-CPMC are capable of producing the pull-out torque higher than 1.0 kNm, however considering the installation environment and the magnet use, RF-CPMC is selected for prototyping, which is tested using a 3 MW induction motor based dynamometer system to compare its torque production capability with respect to the simulated model. The comparison shows that the prototype is capable of producing the required amount of pull-out torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial‐flux permanent magnet synchronous machines (AF‐PMSM) using printed circuit board (PCB) windings are attracting interest because of an increased demand for machines with thinner geometries. A critical element in designing these machines is the choice of its PCB winding which should ensure high‐performance characteristics with an efficient use of the PCB surface. However, there is a gap in the knowledge regarding the performance of different PCB topologies. The research reported here is motivated by the need to compare common wave‐type PCB windings stator topologies. Accordingly, overlapping parallel wave, non‐overlapping radial wave and overlapping radial wave PCB winding topologies are assessed, using finite‐element analysis, and compared based on their key performance characteristics such as the generated back‐electromotive forces, inductances and electromagnetic torque. The PCB winding that provides the best torque production is then chosen and manufactured. Experimental tests on the prototyped PCB AF‐PMSM provide validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An electro-mechanical actuator system for CNC-Lathe is proposed • Electro-mechanical actuator aims to substitute the traditional hydraulic CNC lathes • A whole mechatronics system operation with different modes are proposed • Different tests are performed to validate applicability of the actuator A superior model of a novel electromechanical actuator for the computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe has been proposed. The proposed actuator aims to achieve a high thrust of 50 kN and a spindle speed of 6000 RPM. Furthermore, a ball screw drawbar is used in the proposed model to reduce friction losses and improve mechanical efficiency. The clutch, which decides the operation mode transition in the actuator is designed by combined operation of friction plates and solenoid operated air-piston. The improved mechanical efficiency of the drawbar has helped in the reduction of the torque-speed rating of the actuator drive motor. Moreover, In terms of system power consumption, the proposed actuator consumes 90% lower power than its hydraulic counterpart. Different tests are performed on the prototype to validate its performance and machining precision. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposes an alternative method to scavenge power from transmission lines to power vibration deicing robots. • The energy harvester uses the electromagnetic field around the transmission line. • Proposes a nonlinear mathematical mode to have an initial system level design of the energy harvester. • Proper test platform has been developed to validate the performance of the energy harvester. This paper proposed the nonlinear modeling and a full-scale testing method for an electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) used to power-up a vibration de-icing robot used in power transmission line. The aim of the proposed work is to have an detailed analytical model of the EMEH on MATLAB environment which is capable of considering the EMEH ferromagnetic core material nonlinear characteristic in the design stage and can provide a fast and accurate analytical model with different design parameters for manufacturing. The nonlinear model is derived by considering Norton equivalent circuit of the EMEH with a nonlinear Norton equivalent inductance. With the nonlinear model design data, a prototype is manufactured and different performance tests such as the validation for the Norton equivalent circuit parameters, AC-DC conversion, and maximum power transfer from the EMEH using the discontinuously conducting DC-DC converters are conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]