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Stripe rust poses a severe menace to wheat cultivation worldwide, occurring as the most devastating disease threatening global wheat industry. The use of resistance genes has been considered as an effective method for management of rust diseases. However, for most of yellow rust (Yr) genes, the molecular mechanisms and pathways responsible for resistance response against Puccinia striiformis (Pst) infection are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis was conducted in two cultivars viz. PBW343 (susceptible) and FLW30 (resistant) to the pathotype 46S119 of Pst in India. The inoculation with Pst pathotype 46S119 was followed by leaf sample collection at different hours per inoculation (hpi) viz. 12, 48, and 72. The transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 18,482 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across different time points. However, a set of 159 genes were identified to exhibit a genome-wide association with P ≤ 0.05 level of significance, which can be represented as Nominally Significant GWAS Geneset (NSGG). By utilizing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we identified 924 and 79 genes from the DEGs and NSGG dataset belonging to different modules. Functional validation of genes was done to confirm the transcriptional expression of four potential genes, including two hub genes associated with the defence mechanism against rust infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is one of the most common life-threatening diseases in dogs. Immuno-suppression and intestinal barrier disruption predispose affected dogs for sepsis and make them a suitable population to study sepsis. The present study focuses on the diagnostic efficacy of faecal antigen test kit and on the occurrence of sepsis in canine parvovirus enteritis along with its association with morbidity and mortality. Tentative diagnosis for CPV was based on clinical signs and haematology, confirmation was done by Snap® parvo antigen test kit and PCR using faecal samples. Total 29 dogs between 6 weeks to 1 year of age were included comprising 6 healthy and 23 non-vaccinated CPV positive dogs. Efficacy of diagnosing CPV via faecal antigen test kit was found to be 69.50%, while PCR showed 100% efficacy. The overall occurrence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) on the day of presentation in CPV dogs was 60.80% and survivability with SIRS was 71.43%. Blood culture revealed Staphylococcus spp. This study concludes that faecal antigen test kit gives rapid result with minimum labour and cost, but might give false negative results, and identification of sepsis at early stage might help the clinician in shifting the patient to more aggressive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stripe rust (Sr), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is the most devastating disease that poses serious threat to the wheat-growing nations across the globe. Developing resistant cultivars is the most challenging aspect in wheat breeding. The function of resistance genes (R genes) and the mechanisms by which they influence plant-host interactions are poorly understood. In the present investigation, comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out by involving two near-isogenic lines (NILs) PBW343 and FLW29. The seedlings of both the genotypes were inoculated with Pst pathotype 46S119. In total, 1106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at early stage of infection (12 hpi), whereas expressions of 877 and 1737 DEGs were observed at later stages (48 and 72 hpi) in FLW29. The identified DEGs were comprised of defense-related genes including putative R genes, 7 WRKY transcriptional factors, calcium, and hormonal signaling associated genes. Moreover, pathways involved in signaling of receptor kinases, G protein, and light showed higher expression in resistant cultivar and were common across different time points. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further confirm the transcriptional expression of eight critical genes involved in plant defense mechanism against stripe rust. The information about genes are likely to improve our knowledge of the genetic mechanism that controls the stripe rust resistance in wheat, and data on resistance response–linked genes and pathways will be a significant resource for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Cochlear implantation in late implanted prelinguals necessi-tates a complex decision-making process for clinicians and patients due to the uncertainty of achieving adequate benefit in auditory and speech perception. This study longitudinally evalu-ated clinical and social outcomes of prelingually deaf children with implantation in their late childhood. Subjects and Methods: A total of 113 (49 females and 64 males) participants, with an age range of 5-15 years, were assessed for the pre-implant parameters such as hearing loss etiology, aided responses, anatomical aspects, and psychological evaluation. The Category of Auditory Performance, Speech Awareness Threshold, Speech Reception Threshold, and Speech Discrimination Score were administered to assess the patient's audi-tory skills. Further, the Speech Intelligibility Rating scale was administered to evaluate the pa-tient's speech intelligibility at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months post-surgery. Subjectively per-ceived benefits were evaluated using the satisfaction rating scale and a questionnaire. Results: The statistical results showed a significant impact of cochlear implantation in all do-mains. Positive impact and improvement post-implantation were noted in all the spheres, in-cluding auditory, linguistic, social, and educational. Conclusions: The study highlighted that the outcomes of a cochlear implant at a later age might not parallel with the implantation at a younger age. However, this still provides measurable benefits even after a longer period of auditory deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil released into the environment has become one of the foremost concerns that rigorously impact the environmental system. Therefore, there is a need to develop newer membranes, modify existing membranes, or tune the wettability of membranes. The present study focuses on the synthesis of thermo-responsive polymeric membranes based on cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) (CA-P) produced by the electrospinning process for oil/water separation. The hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity is easily tuned by increasing the amount of PNIPAM in the electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat. The electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat possesses switchability in terms of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity with increasing temperature. A higher contact angle of 122° at 50 °C was observed for the CA-P fibrous membrane/mat (1:3), indicating that a higher amount of PNIPAM loaded electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat has higher hydrophobicity. The electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat shows high hydrophilicity at room temperature and high hydrophobicity at higher temperatures, attributed to the switchable ability of the prepared electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat. Therefore, the prepared electrospun CA-P fibrous membrane/mat has the potential ability for high-efficiency oil/water separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions in the world which impairs one's ability to move, and their general quality of life. In modern medicine, High-intensity Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Therapy (HILT) in particular, is commonly used in conjunction with exercise therapy to enhance the effectiveness of treating musculoskeletal complaints. However, there is insufficient data to support the combined therapeutic efficacy of HILT and exercise therapy in treatment of LBP. Aim: To investigate several databases to find out the effectiveness of combined approach of HILT and exercise therapy in pain alleviation in LBP. Materials and Methods: Using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords, authors searched across various electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Medline, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Full text randomised Introduction: Myofascial trigger points are considered to be a major cause of neck pain and shoulder muscle tenderness among the working population. Aim: To investigate the efficacy of combining Myofascial Release Therapy (MFR) and Positional Release Therapy (PRT) on pain clinical and controlled studies were included from last 15 years. After an initial screening of 3,913 records and the removal of articles whose title and abstract didn't meet the inclusion criteria, 54 records were considered for eligibility. Among these, the review incorporated three articles focusing on the treatment of LBP using a combination of HILT and exercise therapy. Results: The findings demonstrated the advantages of HILT, especially in terms of pain relief, may improve exercise compliance by lessening limitations brought on by pain and permitting more thorough low back rehabilitation. Conclusion: The current literature analysis showed that treating individuals with LBP with a combination of HILT and exercise therapy is more effective in reducing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a globally cultivated oilseed crop renowned for its historical significance and widespread growth in tropical and subtropical regions. With notable nutritional and medicinal attributes, sesame has shown promising effects in combating malnutrition cancer, diabetes, and other diseases like cardiovascular problems. However, sesame production faces significant challenges from environmental threats such as charcoal rot, drought, salinity, and waterlogging stress, resulting in economic losses for farmers. The scarcity of information on stress-resistance genes and pathways exacerbates these challenges. Despite its immense importance, there is currently no platform available to provide comprehensive information on sesame, which significantly hinders the mining of various stress-associated genes and the molecular breeding of sesame. To address this gap, here a free, web-accessible, and user-friendly genomic web resource (SesameGWR, http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/sesameGWR/) has been developed This platform provides key insights into differentially expressed genes, transcription factors, miRNAs, and molecular markers like simple sequence repeats, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertions and deletions associated with both biotic and abiotic stresses.. The functional genomics information and annotations embedded in this web resource were predicted through RNA-seq data analysis. Considering the impact of climate change and the nutritional and medicinal importance of sesame, this study is of utmost importance in understanding stress responses. SesameGWR will serve as a valuable tool for developing climate-resilient sesame varieties, thereby enhancing the productivity of this ancient oilseed crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the epidemiology, clinical profile, and the role of rapid tests in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in children (1-59 months).Materials and Methods: A total of 250 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 187 blood samples received from clinically suspected cases of ABM were processed based on standard microbiological protocols. CSF samples were also subjected to antigen and nucleic acid detection. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Children were also evaluated for outcomes and were followed up until 6 months after discharge.Results: Eighty one cases were reported to be having clinically confirmed ABM, out of which group B Streptococcus was the most common pathogen detected in 49.3% (40) patients followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae type b, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis ACYW135 in 23.4% (19), 7.4% (6), 6.1% (5), 6.1% (5), 6.1% (5), and in 1.2% (1) patients, respectively. Complications were observed in 54.3% of the children. A follow-up of 6 months after discharge was possible in 39.5% (32) patients among whom sequelae were recorded in 93.7% (30) patients.Conclusion: ABM remains a major cause of neurological sequelae worldwide. Although culture is the gold standard test for its detection, the investigation takes a longer time and the results are influenced by prior antimicrobial therapy. In such cases, rapid tests aid in the early diagnosis of ABM for instituting appropriate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine Devices (IUD) have many advantages over other methods of contraception. At the same time, some complications may also occur. Missing string of IUD is a common problem and an IUD in uterus is easily removed by hysteroscopy. However, embedment of IUD in myometrium may pose challenges. Perforation of uterus by IUD is another serious complication. Hereby three such enlightening cases are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition method using Ferrocene and Benzene as hydrocarbon source. Use of ferrocene serves the dual purpose as the floating catalyst for the CNT formation and as well as to facilitate arsenic sorption. CNTs were further activated by two ways (1) chemical treatment of CNTs using nitric acid which oxidized CNTs (FCNT-OX), (2) heat treatment at 1000 °C in N 2 atmosphere and further oxidized with nitric acid to obtain FCNT-HOX. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of FCNT, FCNT-OX and FCNT-HOX revealed the presence of iron in the CNTs. The specific surface area of FCNT, FCNT-OX and FCNT-HOX were found to be the prepared 74, 129 and 169 m 2 /g respectively. The adsorption properties of As(III)/As(V) as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics fitted the Pseudo Second Order Kinetics with correlation coefficients >0.99. The equilibrium data were modeled with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and various isotherm parameters were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity of FCNT-HOX towards As(III) and As(V) were found to be 5.99 and 6.37 mg/g respectively. It was found that the As(III)/As(V) adsorption capacity for the prepared adsorbents were in the order of FCNT-HOX > FCNT-OX > F CNT. Using XPS studies suitable mechanism for sorption of As(III) and As(V) has been postulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thiocarbamoyl chitosan (TC-Chitosan) was prepared, characterized and evaluated for the removal of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) from electroplating waste effluents. TC-Chitosan was characterized by various spectral techniques like SEM, EDAX, BET and FTIR. It was observed that Cd(II) adsorption was maximum at alkaline pH (7.5) in contrast to acidic pH (2.0) for Cr(VI). Langmuir isotherm model fitted better compared to the Freundlich model indicating monolayer adsorption. Equilibrium studies revealed a maximum adsorption capacity of 666.7mg/g for Cd(II) and 434.8mg/g for Cr(VI). The sorption process was found to follow pseudo second order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0498 and 0.028g/mg/h for Cr(VI) and Cd(II) respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔS, ΔH and ΔG indicated the suitability of TC-Chitosan towards the removal of Cr(VI) and cadmium. Simultaneous removal of both Cr(VI) and Cd(II) were achieved and applied to the removal of these heavy metals from electroplating wastewater. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Removal of hexavalent chromium by xanthated chitosan was investigated in a packed bed up-flow column. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important design parameters such as bed height and flow rate. At a bed height of 20cm and flow rate of 5mLmin−1, the metal-uptake capacity of xanthated chitosan and plain chitosan flakes for hexavalent chromium was found to be 202.5 and 130.12mg g−1 respectively. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was used to analyze the experimental data. The computed sorption capacity per unit bed volume (N 0) was 4.6±0.3 and 78.3±2.9gL−1 for plain and xanthated flakes respectively at 10% breakthrough concentration. The rate constant (K a) was recorded as 0.0507 and 0.0194Lmg−1 h−1 for plain and xanthated chitosan respectively. In flow rate experiments, the results confirmed that the metal uptake capacity and the metal removal efficiency of plain and xanthated chitosan decreased with increasing flow rate. The Thomas model was used to fit the column sorption data at different flow rates and model constants were evaluated. The column was successfully applied for the removal of hexavalent chromium from electroplating wastewater. Five hundred bed volumes of electroplating wastewater were treated in column experiments using this adsorbent, reducing the concentrations of hexavalent chromium from 10mgL−1 to 0.1mgL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decontamination of lead ions from aqueous media has been investigated using cross linked xanthated chitosan (CMC) as an adsorbent. Various physico-chemical parameters such as contact time, amount of adsorbent, concentration of adsorbate were optimized to simulate the best conditions which can be used to decontaminate lead from aqueous media using CMC as an adsorbent. The atomic absorption spectrometric technique was used to determine the distribution of lead. Maximum adsorption was observed at both pH 4 and 5. The adsorption data followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Langmuir isotherm gave a saturated capacity of 322.6±1.2mg/g at pH 4. From the FTIR spectra analysis, it was concluded that xanthate and amino group participate in the adsorption process. The developed procedure was successfully applied for the removal of lead ions from real battery wastewater samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study two relatively new arsenic field kits, namely Wagtech Digital Arsenator (WFTK) and Chem-In Corp field test kit (CFTK) for arsenic were evaluated. The response of the two field test kits to known standards (Both As(III) and As(V)) is detailed. In addition around 157 arsenic-contaminated field samples obtained from various locations of Ballia and Kanpur districts, U.P., India were tested using the two kits and the results were compared with the laboratory-based colorimetric method (silver diethyldithiocarbamate method, SDDC). The concentration of arsenic in the 157 samples ranged from 0 to 468 µg l−1. WFTK is seen to be suitable for measuring arsenic concentration <5–100 µg l−1 using the digital meter. CFTK was not able to detect As(V) and its usage is cautioned in Uttar Pradesh where As(V) is seen to occur in appreciable concentrations. The Pearson''s correlation between the silver diethyldithiocarbamate method and WFTK was found to be 0.87 and for the corresponding correlation with CFTK was 0.41 in the concentration range used in this study. Spearman''s rank correlation coefficients comparing the WFTK and CFTK to laboratory measurements in the concentration range of 0–100 µg l−1 were 0.95 (p <0.001) and 0.64 (p <0.001) respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a commentary on cytological yield in detecting malignant cells in axillary lymph nodes showing abnormal morphology on imaging with experience in a tertiary center in North India. Topics include assessment of axillary lymph node status is important for the management and prognosis of the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient; and ultrasound examination as well as fine-needle aspiration cytology is important in evaluating axillary lymph nodes.

Objectives: To evaluate clinicolaboratory profile and the outcomes in children (1 to 59 months) diagnosed with Group B streptococcus (GBS) meningitis over a period of 1 year. Materials and Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 250 pediatric patients (1 to 59 months) admitted with suspected acute bacterial meningitis(ABM)were subjected to cell count, biochemical profile, culture, latex particle agglutination (LPA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).They were also evaluated for complications and were followed-up till 6 months after discharge. Results: Forty patients (25 boys and 15 girls), 16% of total suspected cases of ABM were diagnosed with GBS by LPA method and 30 (75%) out of these were above 3 months of age. The median duration of hospital stay was 7 days (range 1 to 72 days). State of coma was observed in two (5%) and one (2.5%) died, while 20 (50%) patients recovered completely. Conclusion: GBS should be considered as an important cause of ABM in Indian children beyond the neonatal period and further studies are warranted to determine the actual problem of the disease in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Split Hand/Foot Malformation (SHFM) is a rare genetic disorder. It is also known as ectrodactyly. In this disorder, the central rays of the hand and feet are affected leading to various malformations of the hands and feet. Any number of limbs can be affected. It can present in isolation affecting only the limbs or it can be associated with the syndrome. The prevalence of this malformation is 0.06 per 1000 total births. Here, authors report a case in which a pregnant patient had SHFM and the fetus also suffered the same anomaly. The anomaly was detected on ultrasound and medical termination of pregnancy was done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of bacterial resistance is increasing continuously due to the misuse of antibiotics that results in difficulty controlling the bacterial infection or the lack of treatment. Therefore, a new class of antibiotic or nano-antibiotic materials must be developed to treat bacterial infectious diseases. In this context, the present study focuses on synthesizing Cu-metal incorporated WS2 nanosheet (Cu–WS2-NS)-based antibiotic materials. The Cu–WS2-NS was synthesized via a liquid exfoliation process, followed by the incorporation of Cu-metal using a microwave process. The as-prepared WS2-NS and Cu–WS2-NS based antibiotics were characterized via SEM, EDS, and FT-IR analysis. The as-prepared WS2-NS and Cu–WS2-NS based antibiotic materials showed high biocompatibility or insignificant toxicity (∼0.78% and 3.7%) against erythrocyte cells, respectively. The as-prepared WS2-NS and Cu–WS2-NS based antibiotic materials effectively inhibited or killed (99.99%) both E. Coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of the Cu–WS2-NS based antibiotic materials was mainly due to the Cu metal that binds with the sulfide group of WS2-NS. Interestingly, the Cu–WS2-NS-based antibiotic materials showed superior or comparable antibiotic ability to that of commercially available Ampicillin antibiotics. Therefore, the as-prepared Cu–WS2-NS based antibiotic materials might be potential emerging materials to treat infectious diseases or control bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes Zn metal incorporation within BiOI microsponge structures for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics. Interestingly, Zn metal incorporation increased the band gap value of BiOI. At the same time, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency is increased due to the increment of photodegradation ability and the generation of hydroxyl radicals, and the decrement of the recombination rate. The Zn–BiOI microsponges showed ∼87 and 100% degradation at 10 and 1 mg L−1 of TC concentration, respectively. TC antibiotics degradation was pH-dependent, which increased with the pH of the TC solution. The synthesized Zn–BiOI microsponges were tested against both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria and were found to effectively inhibit or kill both bacterial strains. Hence, it is concluded that the synthesized Zn–BiOI microsponges could potentially degrade the TC antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beetroot is a health-promoting vegetable packed with essential components like vitamins, minerals, nitrates, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, triterpenes, and betalains. These bioactives are responsible for the pharmacological properties of beetroot along with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. It is also utilized as a natural colorant or additive in products like desserts, ice cream, and yogurt. In the current review nutritional aspect of beetroot has been discussed, and the article aims at giving an overview of processing and preservation of beetroot by using thermal processing techniques, freezing, microwave, ultrasounds, high-pressure processing, high-pressure carbon dioxide, pulsed electric field, cold plasma and irradiation along with encapsulation of beetroot extracts using spray drying and freeze drying. In addition, the article also covers different beetroot value-added products like jam, jelly, powder, chips, yogurt, candy, ice cream, ready-to-drink juice, wine, and noodles. This review is the first of its kind to summarize and discuss various processing techniques and value addition methods for beetroot used in different works of literature, making it easy for food processors and scientists to have a glance. Though thermal processing techniques do inactivate microbes and enzymes in beetroot, they degrade the bioactive and colouring compounds present. Processing techniques like microwave, ultrasounds, high-pressure processing, high-pressure carbon dioxide, cold plasma technology, pulsed electric field, and irradiation can help in increasing its shelf life along with aiding extraction, drying, and bringing modifications in food matrix without affecting the bioactives present in beet. Freezing as a pretreatment has been found to be effective in reducing drying time. Beetroot can also be converted into stable microcapsules using spray dryer and freeze dryer. Converting beetroot into more convenient forms like jam, jelly, powder, chips, and other products can help consumers to get their nutrition from these different products. Value addition can also help in increasing its market opportunities and economic value. [Display omitted] • This article appraises beetroot bioactive compounds shows medicinal and therapeutic effects. • Spray drying helps in encapsulation of beetroot extracts. • Thermal processing may lead to microbial and enzyme inactivation in beetroot. • It includes non-thermal processing techniques for assisted drying, extraction and preservation of beetroot. • Value added products from beetroot: jam, jelly, candy, powder etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuously increased existence of contaminants such as chemical and biological mainly dye, bacteria, and heavy metals ions (HMI) in water bodies has increased environmental concern due to their hostile effects on living things. Therefore, there is necessity to be developed newer materials that skirmishes such environmental menace. The present works focus on the synthesis of a novel three-dimensional (3D) polymer-metal–carbon (3D-PMC) framework for the exclusion of contaminants (chemical and biological) from water bodies. Initially, polyurethane (PU) foam was treated with nitric acid and used as a framework for the development of 3D-PMC materials. The copper nanosheet (Cu-NS) was deposited onto the functionalized PU foam to produce Cu-NS-PU material. The mechanically exfoliated graphene was mixed with chitosan to produce a graphene-chitosan homogenous suspension. The produce homogenous suspension was deposited Cu-NS-PU for the development of the 3D-PMC framework. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-rays diffraction (XRD) analysis. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was subjected to various adsorption parameters to assess the sorption ability of the material. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was effectively used for the removal of chromium (Cr) metal ions and Congo-red (CR) dye from the water system. The synthesis of the 3D-PMC framework is simple, novel, cost-effective, and economically viable. Therefore, the prepared 3D-PMC framework has the potential to be used as a filter assembly in water treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Customer priority for consuming dairy products with intact natural characteristics is leading the food processing trends towards the extensive exploration of non‐thermal technologies. Pulsed electric field (PEF) technique has arisen as a potential and sustainable processing solution. This review discusses the microbial and enzyme inactivation potential of PEF technique in milk and milk products. Alongside its effect on their natural characteristics. Its potential for better probiotic retention in spray‐dried powders, dairy waste treatment and nutrient enrichment application in dairy products has also been highlighted. PEF has demonstrated its effectiveness in ensuring the dairy product's safety with minimal effects on quality parameters. However, these findings are limited to lab and pilot scale level. Further, extensive research is needed at a commercial scale for the implementation of this technology in the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable bio nano composite comprising of nanoMgS/FeS doped cellulose nanofibres (FeMgSCNF) was prepared, characterized by various techniques and assessed for the decontamination of Cr(VI). Cellulose nanofibres (CNF) acts as a template and stabilizer and prevents agglomeration of FeS/MgS nano particles. MgS present in the nano-composite provides a barrier to suppress aerial oxidation of Fe(II) and provided additional source of sulfide ions. An adsorption capacity in the order of 142.8 mg/g of the bionano composite was exhibited towards hexavalent chromium. Both FeSCNF and FeMgSCNF followed pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetics with regression coefficients >0.96. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicated that decontamination of Cr(VI) follows the route of electrostatic attraction, ion-exchange followed by reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and immobilization of Cr(III) as chromic oxide and Fe-Cr mixed oxide. Toxicity characteristics leaching tests revealed the efficacy of immobilization. Finally the developed sorbents were successfully applied to the removal of chromium from tannery waste effluents. Image 1 • Novel FeS and MgS doped cellulose nanofibres (CNF) were prepared for the first time. • MgS acts as a barrier to suppress aerial oxidation of Fe(II). • CNF prevents agglomeration of FeS. • FeMgSCNF exhibited very high adsorption capacity for Cr(VI). • XPS Studies revealed complete decontamination of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by FeMgSCNF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the future demand for food crops, increasing crop productivity in drought-prone rainfed areas has become essential. Drought-tolerant varieties are warranted to solve this problem in major crops, with drought tolerance as a high-priority trait for future research. Maize is one such crop affected by drought stress, which limits production, resulting in substantial economic losses. It became a more serious issue due to global climate change. The most drought sensitive among all stages of maize is the reproductive stages and the most important for overall maize production. The exact molecular basis of reproductive drought sensitivity remains unclear due to genes’ complex regulation of drought stress. Understanding the molecular biology and signaling of the unexplored area of reproductive drought tolerance will provide an opportunity to develop climate-smart drought-tolerant next-generation maize cultivars. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in maize to understand the drought tolerance mechanism. However, improving maize drought tolerance through breeding is ineffective due to the complex nature and multigenic control of drought traits. With the help of advanced breeding techniques, molecular genetics, and a precision genome editing approach like CRISPR-Cas, candidate genes for drought-tolerant maize can be identified and targeted. This review summarizes the effects of drought stress on each growth stage of maize, potential genes, and transcription factors that determine drought tolerance. In addition, we discussed drought stress sensing, its molecular mechanisms, different approaches to developing drought-resistant maize varieties, and how molecular breeding and genome editing will help with the current unpredictable climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracycline (TC) antibiotic that is effective against wide-range micro-organisms, thereby used to control bacterial infection. The partial metabolism of TC antibiotics in humans and animals leads to the contamination of TC in the environments like water bodies. Thus, requirements to treat/remove/degrade TC antibiotics from the water bodies to control environmental pollution. In this context, this study focuses on fabricating PVP-MXene-PET (PMP) based photo-responsive materials to degrade TC antibiotics from the water. Initially, MXene (Ti 2 CT x) was synthesized using a simple etching process from the MAX phase (Ti 3 AlC 2). The synthesized MXene was encapsulated using PVP and cast onto the surface of PET to fabricate PMP-based photo-responsive materials. The rough surface and micron/nano-sized pores within the PMP-based photo-responsive materials might be improved the photo-degradation of TC antibiotics. The synthesized PMP-based photo-responsive materials were tested against the photo-degradation of TC antibiotics. The band gap value of the MXene and PMP-based photo-responsive materials was calculated to be ∼1.23 and 1.67 eV. Incorporating PVP within the MXene increased the band gap value, which might be beneficial for the photo-degradation of TC, as the minimum band gap value should be ∼1.23 eV or more for photocatalytic application. The highest photo-degradation of ∼83% was achieved using PMP-based photo-degradation at 0.1 mg/L of TC. Furthermore, ∼99.71% of photo-degradation of TC antibiotics was accomplished at pH ∼10. Therefore, the fabricated PMP-based photo-responsive materials might be next-generation devices/materials that efficiently degrade TC antibiotics from the water. • The fabrication of PVP-MXene-PET (PMP) based photoactive materials on degrading TC antibiotics from the water. • Incorporating the PVP within the MXene and cast on PET enhances photodegradation ability. • The formation of micron-nanosized groves and internal channels improved the photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MEL (Melatonin) regulates the physiological and biochemical signaling pathways in plants. • Under stress conditions MEL upregulates the downstream signaling. • MEL cross-talks with different phytohormones perform different development functions. • MEL-based genetic engineering could be utilized to unfold the stress tolerance mechanism. • Regulatory pathways of MEL need to be more accurate clarification in future. Melatonin is a derivative of tryptophan and consists of a conserved domain present ubiquitously from bacteria to higher organisms. Melatonin is an emerging pleiotropic plant growth hormone that is pivotal in coping with various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. It regulates downstream signaling transduction that modulates plants' physiological and biochemical pathways. Melatonin can be externally applied and could strengthen the stress tolerance mechanism of plants by enhancing ROS-scavenging enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Which consequently exhibits lower lipid peroxidation, MDA content, greater enzyme activity, metabolic pool, ion homeostasis, and plasma membrane integrity under stress conditions. In addition, melatonin protects photosynthetic machinery by maintaining cell membrane stability and chlorophyll recovery. It also stimulates the electron transport chain during photosynthesis and D1 protein biosynthesis and maximizes the photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II and photochemical quenching. Besides abiotic stress, melatonin plays a significant role in biotic stress tolerance. This review emphasizes Melatonin as a stress protectant under biotic and abiotic stress. Further, we have highlighted integrating advanced biotechnology tools with recent information for the possible application of melatonin in the current scenario of changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumour markers are widely used in clinical practice for diagnosis; follow-up, prognosis and to predict recurrence of certain malignancies. Markers for ovarian cancer include CA-125 antigen, CA-15-3 antigen, and Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA). CA-19-9 antigen is usually elevated in malignancies including colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma but significantly raised levels of <10,000 U/mL were seen in advanced stage of gastrointestinal malignancy. A reported case of 60-year-old female who had abnormally high levels of CA19-9 in the blood associated with mucinous carcinoma right ovary invasive endocervical type. At one month post surgery CA 19-9 dropped significantly. There are few case reports which have shown an association of raised CA19-9 with benign pathology but the present case is first case showing such high levels of CA19-9 associated with mucinous carcinoma of ovary. This highlights the fact that although CA19-9 is a marker of gastrointestinal malignancy; thorough evaluation to rule out ovarian malignancy in suspected cases should be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis: Daily huddles are 15 golden minutes in antenatal clinics which can aid in the reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity as well as mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial resistance in humans led to infectious diseases, one of the global health concerns. Therefore, developing newer biocidal material that combats such associated issues with existing antibiotics molecules is needed. In this aspect, the present study focuses on synthesizing the MXene and Cu-MXene materials for efficient antibacterial activity. The prepared MXene and Cu-MXene materials showed high biocompatibility against erythrocyte cells. The Cu-MXene materials showed superior antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) bacterial strains. It was observed that the prepared Cu-MXene materials had an intermediate antibiotic activity with high biocompatibility. Moreover, incorporating Cu within the inter-layered spacing of MXene might enhance the antibacterial activity. Therefore, the prepared MXene and Cu-MXene materials can be used against bacterial strains and safely in biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Cu-MXene materials were synthesized using etching process. • The incorporation of the Cu within the MXene enhances applicability. • The prepared Cu-MXene materials highly biocompatible and safer for use in biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clindamycin is an alternative antibiotic in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) infections, both in infections by methicillin susceptible and resistant (MSSA and MRSA) strains. The major problem of use of clindamycin for staphylococcal infections is the presence of inducible clindamycin resistance that can lead to treatment failure in such infections. Aim: To determine inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of S. aureus in a tertiary care centre of sub Himalayan region of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 350 isolates of S. aureus from various clinical samples were subjected to routine antibiotic sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was detected by cefoxitin (30μg) disc. All isolates were subjected to inducible clindamycin resistance was by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommended D test. Results: Among 350 S.aureus isolates, 82 (23.42%) were MRSA and 268 (76.57%) were MSSA. Erythromycin resistance was detected in 137 (39.14%) isolates. Erythromycin resistance in MRSA and MSSA was 71.6% and 29.36% respectively. Overall clindamycin resistance was seen in 108 (30.85%) isolates. Constitutive MSLB phenotype predominated (29.62% MRSA; 13.38% MSSA) followed by iMLSB (28.39% MRSA; 9.29% MSSA) and MS phenotypes (13.58% MRSA; 6.69%MSSA). Both inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance was significantly higher (p=0.00001, 0.0008 respectively) in methicillin resistant strains than in methicillin susceptible strains. Conclusion: The present study gives a magnitude of clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of S. aureus from this region of the country. Our study recommends routine testing of inducible clindamycin resistance at individual settings to guide optimum therapy and to avoid treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism (CKD-SHPT) heightens fracture risk through impaired mineral homeostasis and elevated levels of uremic toxins (UTs), which in turn enhance bone remodeling. Etelcalcetide (Etel), a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist, suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hyperparathyroidism to reduce excessive bone resorption, leading to increased bone mass. However, Etel's effect on bone quality, chemical composition, and strength is not well understood. To address these gaps, we established a CKD-SHPT rat model and administered Etel at a human-equivalent dose concurrently with disease induction. The effects on bone and mineral homeostasis were compared with a CKD-SHPT (vehicle-treated group) and a control group (rats without SHPT). Compared with vehicle-treated CKD-SHPT rats, Etel treatment improved renal function, reduced circulating UT levels, improved mineral homeostasis parameters, decreased PTH levels, and prevented mineralization defects. The upregulation of mineralization-promoting genes by Etel in CKD-SHPT rats might explain its ability to prevent mineralization defects. Etel preserved both trabecular and cortical bones with attendant suppression of osteoclast function, besides increasing mineralization. Etel maintained the number of viable osteocytes to the control level, which could also contribute to its beneficial effects on bone. CKD-SHPT rats displayed increased carbonate substitution of matrix and mineral, decreased crystallinity, mineral-to-matrix ratio, and collagen maturity, and these changes were mitigated by Etel. Further, Etel treatment prevented CKD-SHPT-induced deterioration in bone strength and mechanical behavior. Based on these findings, we conclude that in CKD-SHPT rats, Etel has multiscale beneficial effects on bone that involve remodeling suppression, mineralization gene upregulation, and preservation of osteocytes. • In CKD-induced SHPT rats, Etel improved hormonal and mineral balances, renal function, and reduced uremic toxins. • In CKD-induced SHPT rats, Etel preserved the number of viable osteocytes. • In CKD-induced SHPT rats, Etel increased mineralization and expression of mineralization genes. • In CKD-induced SHPT rats, Etel decreased cortical porosity and improved bone mechanical response. • In CKD-induced SHPT rats, Etel improved the chemical composition of bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Threat to human health worldwide due to the natural contamination of arsenic in ground waters has led to extensive studies on factors controlling the distribution of arsenic and conditions leading to arsenic mobilization in different arsenic contaminated areas. Another aspect of the arsenic crisis, especially in South Asia, is the degree of spatial variability of ground water arsenic concentrations. Thus it becomes necessary to study the source and the processes involved in arsenic mobilization into ground water under such conditions. An arsenic contaminated area namely, Ballia district of UP was chosen for this study. A set of 56 samples were collected from India Mark II hand pumps (30–33m depth) thrice in a year namely pre-monsoon (April ’07), monsoon (July ’06) and winter seasons (December ’06). Nine samples were also collected from deep bore well hand pumps (66–75m) to study the difference in geochemistry with the shallow pumps. Various water quality parameters like As(III), As(V), sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, bicarbonate, ammonia, were determined. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0 to 468μgL−1 in ground water collected from depths of 30–33m. In the deeper wells (66–75m), arsenic concentrations ranged from 12 to 20μgL−1. Most samples contained both As(III) and As(V) and the concentration of As(III) was generally equal/higher than As(V). Not much variation of arsenic concentration was observed when sampled in summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Correlation studies among various water quality parameters revealed that reductive dissolution of FeOOH was the most probable mechanism for release of arsenic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present work describes the synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) assisted Fe-BiOI based Fe/Bi-povidone‑iodine (Fe/Bi-P-I) micro-flowers based composite and its photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. The Fe/Bi-P-I micro-flowers-based composite material was synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method. The prepared Fe/Bi-P-I micro-flowers-based composite materials were characterized using various characterization techniques and tested against photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye and antibacterial analysis. The PVP or povidone‑iodine provides more exposure of reactive sites and oxygen vacancies, which leads to a high separation rate of photoinduced charge carriers, and migration, thereby 100% of photodegradation efficiency at 1 mg/L initial concentration of RhB dye towards the synthesized P-Fe-BiOI based micro-flowers composite. Interestingly, Povidone-Iodine in Fe/Bi-P-I micro-flowers-based composite might be advantageous for antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative (E. coli), and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacterial strains. Therefore, the prepared Fe/Bi-P-I micro-flowers-based composite improved both photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants as well as high antimicrobial activity. The method of synthesizing the Bi/Fe-P-I micro flower composite in the present study is novel, facile, and economically viable. [Display omitted] • A novel Fe/Bi-P-I micro-flowers composite is synthesized. • PVP facilitates the oxygen vacancy within the composite. • The prepared Povidone-Iodine compound within the composite might increase the antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beetroot is rich in various nutrients. Hence the present study was conducted to develop a ready to serve (RTS) drink using beetroot juice. The juice of beetroot was extracted and added with different concentrations of sugar and citric acid to optimize the best-suited combination of ingredients. Standardization of RTS was done using ranking sensory evaluation test. Two variants of ginger and black pepper flavor were also prepared and standardized. The standardized amount of ingredients after sensory analysis for RTS was found to be 17.7% juice content, 7.5% sugar and 0.1% citric acid. The black pepper variant was standardized at 0.4% black pepper in the original product and the ginger variant standardized at 1.5% ginger extract. The beetroot drink and its variants having an optimized amount of ingredients were analysed for their physico-chemical properties. Shelf life analysis for a period of one month was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Codelivery of Paclitaxel (PTX) and Baicalein (BCLN) exhibited a good synergistic effect. • PTX-BCLN loaded nanoemulsion showed improved in vitro release compared to the free drug. • Enhanced antitumor efficacy was found with PTX-BCLN nanoemulsion compared to other formulation treatments. • Nanoemulsion maintained both drugs synergistic molar weight ratio at the tumor site. • Nanoformulation showed better biosafety and animal survival in comparison to free drug treatment. The most prevalent clinical option for treating cancer is combination chemotherapy. In combination therapy, assessment and optimization for obtaining a synergistic ratio could be obtained by various preclinical setups. Currently, in vitro optimization is used to get synergistic cytotoxicity while constructing combinations. Herein, we co-encapsulated Paclitaxel (PTX) and Baicalein (BCLN) with TPP-TPGS 1000 containing nanoemulsion (TPP-TPGS 1000 -PTX-BCLN-NE) for breast cancer treatment. The assessment of cytotoxicity of PTX and BCLN at different molar weight ratios provided an optimized synergistic ratio (1:5). Quality by Design (QbD) approach was later applied for the optimization as well as characterization of nanoformulation for its droplet size, zeta potential and drug content. TPP-TPGS 1000 -PTX-BCLN-NE significantly enhanced cellular ROS, cell cycle arrest, and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in the 4T1 breast cancer cell line compared to other treatments. In the syngeneic 4T1 BALB/c tumor model, TPP-TPGS 1000 -PTX-BCLN-NE outperformed other nanoformulation treatments. The pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and live imaging studies pivoted TPP-TPGS 1000 -PTX-BCLN-NE enhanced bioavailability and PTX accumulation at tumor site. Later, histology studies confirmed nanoemulsion non-toxicity, expressing new opportunities and potential to treat breast cancer. These results suggested that current nanoformulation can be a potential therapeutic approach to effectively address breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracycline (TC) is one of the most commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection. TC antibiotics enter into the environment because of partial metabolism in the humans and animals, thereby increasing the environmental toxicity. Therefore, it is highly needed to treat TC antibiotics from the water system. In this aspect, the present work focus on the synthesis of Fe and Zn (bimetal) incorporated with different concentrations into the bismuth-oxy-iodide (Fe/Zn–BiOI) based photocatalyst materials. The synthesized Fe/Zn–BiOI was tested against photocatalytic degradation of TC antibiotics and bacteria. The band gap value of the synthesized Fe/Zn–BiOI was calculated ~2.19 eV. The incorporation of the Fe and Zn metals within the BiOI aided advantages that increased the reactive sites, oxygen defects, photon adsorption, production of hydroxyl radicals, and decrease the recombination rate, thereby high photo-degradation ability. The maximum degradation of ~83% was observed using Fe/Zn–BiOI-1-1 at 10 mg/L of TC antibiotics concentration. Moreover, ~98% of degradation was observed at pH~10 of the TC antibiotics. The photo-activity against bacteria of the Fe/Zn–BiOI was also determined. The data suggested that the synthesized Fe/Zn–BiOI based photocatalyst materials effectively inhibited the bacterial strains. Therefore, Fe/Zn–BiOI based photocatalyst materials might be promising materials that effectively degrade TC antibiotics as well as bacteria. • Bimetal (Fe–Zn)–BiOI nanostructure photocatalytic materials are synthesized. • The incorporation Fe and Zn metal increase the oxygen defects and create heterjunction. • The Fe–Zn–BiOI might be promising material for the photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]