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Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a well-documented degenerative arthropathy prevalent among the elderly population. KOA is a persistent condition, also referred to as progressive joint Disease, stemming from the continual deterioration of cartilage. Predominantly afflicting individuals aged 45 and above, this ailment is commonly labeled as a "wear and tear" joint disorder, targeting joints such as the knee, hand, hips, and spine. Osteoarthritis symptoms typically increase gradually, contributing to the deterioration of articular cartilage. Prominent indicators encompass pain, stiffness, tenderness, swelling, and the development of bone spurs. Diagnosis typically involves the utilization of Radiographic X-ray images, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT) Scan by medical professionals and experts. However, this conventional approach is time-consuming, and also sometimes tedious for medical professionals. In order to address the limitation of time and expedite the diagnostic process, deep learning algorithms have been implemented in the medical field. In the present investigation, four pre-trained models, specifically CNN, AlexNet, ResNet34 and ResNet-50, were utilized to predict the severity of KOA. Further, a Deep stack ensemble technique was employed to achieve optimal performance resulting to the accuracy of 99.71%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe single source precursor tris(N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine)Al(III)Cl3 has been synthesized by the reaction of N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) with AlCl3 in 3:1 molar ratio in ethanol. The precursor is stable for long periods of time and cleanly generated aluminum nitride upon pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process was optimized by varying parameters such as temperature, pressure, and the flow rate of gases (N2 and Ar). Thin films of AlN were prepared by spin coating the precursor onto Si(100) and quartz substrates followed by pyrolysis under optimized CVD conditions obtained from bulk pyrolysis. Pyrolyzed powders and films were characterized with a variety of techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed 8.5 nm grain size with a dominant 220 orientation. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a band gap for the AlN films of ∼5.7 eV, which is close to bulk AlN (6.1 eV). FESEM showed a smooth and homogeneous film surface and EDAX showed a 1.4:1 ratio of Al:N, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored longitudinal associations between religion/spirituality (R/S) Salience and R/S Attendance, and colorectal cancer screening, among adults aged ≥ 50 years in Alberta, Canada. R/S Salience was not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer screening (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–1.28). Conversely, R/S Attendance was statistically significantly associated with higher odds of colorectal cancer screening: the aOR was 1.28 (95% CI 1.02–1.59) for participants attending services at least once a month and 1.31 (95% CI 1.01–1.69) for participants attending between one and four times yearly, compared to participants who never attended. Researchers should explore the possibility of delivering colorectal cancer screening programs in R/S settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fruit crops, including tropical and subtropical fruits like Avocado (Persea americana), Fig (Ficus carica), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), and Banana (Musa acuminata) are economically vital, contributing significantly to global agricultural output, as classified by the FAO's World Programme for the Census of Agriculture. Advancements in next-generation sequencing, have transformed fruit crop breeding by providing in-depth genomic and transcriptomic data. RNA sequencing enables high-throughput analysis of gene expression, and functional genomics, crucial for addressing horticultural challenges and enhancing fruit production. The genomic and expression data for key tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops is currently lacking a comprehensive expression atlas, revealing a significant gap in resources for horticulturists who require a unified platform with diverse datasets across various conditions and cultivars. Results: The Fruit Expression Atlas (FEAtl), available at http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/FEAtl/, is a first-ever extensive and unified expression atlas for tropical and subtropical fruit crops developed using 3-tier architecture. The expressivity of coding and non-coding genes, encompassing 2,060 RNA-Seq samples across 91 tissue types and 177 BioProjects, it provides a comprehensive view of gene expression patterns for different tissues under various conditions. FEAtl features multiple tabs that cater to different aspects of the dataset, namely, Home, About, Analyze, Statistics, and Team and contains seven central functional modules: Transcript Information,Sample Information, Expression Profiles in FPKM and TPM, Functional Analysis, Genes Based on Tau Score, and Search for Specific Gene. The expression of a transcript of interest can be easily queried by searching by tissue ID and transcript type. Expression data can be displayed as a heat map, along with functional descriptions as well as Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Conclusions: This atlas represents a groundbreaking compilation of a wide array of information pertaining to eight distinct fruit crops and serves as a fundamental resource for comparative analysis among different fruit species and is a catalyst for functional genomic studies. Database availability: http://backlin.cabgrid.res.in/FEAtl/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurosurgery is a challenging and prestigious field that requires extensive training and dedication. The history of neurosurgery residency programs in the United States dates back to the 1940s, and the Residency Review Committee was established in 1953 to standardize these programs. However, aspiring neurosurgeons face obstacles when it comes to conducting research early in their careers. Limited mentorship, lack of resources, and time constraints are some of the challenges they encounter. To address these obstacles, enhanced mentorship programs, improved access to resources, and the implementation of structured research time within residency programs are potential strategies. Overall, entering the field of neurosurgery requires efforts from both candidates and the government. [Extracted from the article]

Mercury and lead toxicity in water has serious repercussions on human health. There is an urgent need to develop effective and efficient small moieties for their removal. The convenient one-pot synthesis of a few N3Se3 type small sized moieties is reported herein. The highest metal ion uptake capacity of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions was found to be 314.3 mg g−1 and 93.5 mg g−1, respectively, by ICP-MS analysis. These ion uptake values are the highest for small sized moieties known in the literature to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear systems of equations lie at the heart of numerous scientific and engineering challenges. In cutting-edge arena like artificial intelligence, machine learning and neuro-computation, these systems serve as a fundamental tool for mathematical modeling. Classical algorithms for solving linear systems have been extensively developed and forms the backbone of diverse applications across various scientific disciplines. While classical algorithms exist for solving linear systems, they often encounter limitations termed "NP-completeness" as data complexity increases. The emerging field of quantum computing offers a revolutionary approach to deal with these kinds of problems. The Harrow–Hassidim–Lloyd (HHL) algorithm tackles these challenges and opens new avenues for research. This study delves into the contemporary effectiveness of the HHL algorithm to address systems of linear equations. By examining recent research in quantum machine learning, we aim to assess the HHL algorithm's potential to revolutionize the process of optimizing hyperparameters for machine learning models, resulting in increased efficiency and cost savings. This paper meticulously analyzes the HHL algorithm and explores its evolution from conception to the latest advancements. A comprehensive examination of the HHL algorithm, including its evolution over time, is thoroughly explored. The investigation delves into the potential challenges and limitations that might hinder the practical deployment of the HHL algorithm. Identifying these roadblocks will pave the way for future research and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a sophisticated approach to network security, with a primary emphasis on utilizing deep learning for intrusion detection. In real-world scenarios, the high dimensionality of training data poses challenges for simple deep learning models and can lead to vanishing gradient issues with complex neural networks. Additionally, uploading network traffic data to a central server for training raises privacy concerns. To tackle these issues, the paper introduces a Residual Network (ResNet)-based deep learning model trained using a federated learning approach. The ResNet effectively tackles the vanishing gradient problem, while federated learning enables multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or clients to engage in joint training without sharing their data with third parties. This approach enhances accuracy through collaborative learning while maintaining privacy. Experimental results on the X-IIoTID dataset indicate that the proposed model outperforms conventional deep learning and machine learning methods in terms of accuracy and other metrics used for evaluation. Specifically, the proposed methodology achieved 99.43% accuracy in a centralized environment and 99.16% accuracy in a federated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of quantum information theory, the performance of conventional 2-D techniques is often unsatisfactory for the study of Bell states that hold a unique status as maximally entangled states. Therefore, 3-D approaches are increasingly employed to achieve more accurate and detailed analysis, offering improved performance and insights in complex scenarios. Among the diverse background of mixed two-qubit states, certain configurations exhibit unique quantum correlations that harness advanced quantum information processing tasks such as Bell diagonal states. Although, these states may appear superficially simple and exhibit a rich spectrum of correlations. The present research employs a methodology that involves a convex combination of distinct Bell states to generate the entire class of Bell diagonal states. This work explores the time evolution of Bell diagonal states, when exposed to various quantum channels and investigates the dynamics of quantum correlations such as entanglement, discord, and state of separability. Finally, the behaviour of Bell diagonal states is analysed and results are compared between theory and practice. A threedimensional visual approach is used to illustrate a deeper understanding of various quantum features and dynamic behaviour of the Bell diagonal states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic materials are extensively used as propellants in rockets demanding the understanding of their chemical and thermal stability for safe storage and transportation as well as ease of decomposition. Nitromethane (NM) is one such material with significant performance advantage over other mono propellants. In this manuscript, we report the detailed molecular-level behavior of NM under static and dynamic compression. Dynamic compression experiments were performed up to ∼6.4 GPa using a 2 J/8 ns Nd: YAG laser coupled with time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS) setup. Static compression experiments were performed up to ∼20 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. During laser-driven shock compression, NM undergoes three phase transitions at 1.1, 2.5, and 3.4 GPa. However, in the case of static compression, the corresponding phase transitions were observed at 0.3, 1.3–1.8, and 2.5 GPa. TRRS was also performed at 300 mJ (1.47 GW/cm2), 500 mJ (2.45 GW/cm2), and 800 mJ (3.9 GW/cm2) and intensity ratios of shocked and un-shocked Raman peaks were utilized to experimentally calculate the shock velocities, which were determined to be 2.66 ± 0.09, 3.58 ± 0.40, and 3.83 ± 0.60 km/s, respectively. These experimental results were corroborated with the one-dimensional (1D) radiation hydrodynamics simulations, performed to obtain shock pressure. The shock velocities at these laser intensities were calculated to be 2.98, 3.69, and 3.92 km/s, respectively, which are in reasonably close agreement with our observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of edge layer devices connected to fog servers in fog computing environments has led to a rise in vulnerable and unauthorized actions. Implementing authorized access control with secure key management is essential to address this issue. As the traditional key management methods rely on third-party involvement, which suffers from drawbacks such as single points of failure and inconsistent key management in centralized architecture, so establishing efficient and secure key management between edge devices while ensuring effective access control is the main challenge in the digital environment. This study introduces a novel Blockchain-Based Access Control Protocol in IoT-Enabled Fog Computing (BACP-IeFC) environment for intra-network, inter-network, and mobile device communication models. The BACP-IeFC protocol eliminates the necessity for third-party intermediaries by leveraging Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for secure data sharing and hash chains for key pair generation. The BACP-IeFC protocol utilizes session keys generated by fog servers, which are securely recorded on a blockchain, ensuring robust authentication at edge devices. A Permissioned Blockchain is also used for secure key storage at the fog layer. The BACP-IeFC security has undergone comprehensive evaluation, including testing its session key (SK) security under the Real-or-Random (ROR) model, confirming its effectiveness in achieving SK security. An informal security analysis confirms the BACP-IeFC protocol resilience against known attacks. For the formal security verification, the BACP-IeFC protocol utilized the ProVerif security tool, and the results show that it is secure against major attacks. Additionally, the performance analysis of the proposed protocol using MIRACL shows a significant improvement in computation overhead, communication, storage cost, and energy consumption cost compared to existing protocols. The scalability and latency analysis of the BACP-IeFC protocol demonstrates that it supports high scalability with low latency costs. The BACP-IeFC protocol is implemented on Truffle Blockchain using Ethereum 2.0, and a lightweight Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus algorithm demonstrates that the BACP-IeFC protocol significantly outperformed existing protocols in terms of average response time for edge device registration time, authentication time, and block preparation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we defined a class of Colombeau-type generalized functions and established the Paley–Wiener theorem for the Bessel wavelet transformation on $ E^{2}_{\mu, \sigma } $ E μ , σ 2 and Colombeau-type generalized functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate high-resolution flow field prediction based on limited experimental data is a complex task. This research introduces an innovative framework leveraging physics-informed neural network (PINN) to reconstruct high-resolution flow fields using sparse particle image velocimetry measurements for flow over a periodic hill and high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics data for flow over a curved backward-facing step. Model training utilized mean flow measurements, with increased measurement sparsity achieved through various curation strategies. The resulting flow field reconstruction demonstrated marginal error in both test cases, showcasing the ability of the framework to reconstruct the flow field with limited measurement data accurately. Additionally, the study successfully predicted flow fields under two different noise levels, closely aligning with experimental and high-fidelity results (experimental, direct numerical simulation, or large eddy simulation) for both cases. Hyperparameter tuning conducted on the periodic hill case has been applied to the curved backward-facing step case. This research underscores the potential of PINN as an emerging method for turbulent flow field prediction via data assimilation, offering reduced computational costs even with sparse, noisy measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Regulatory requirement of fixed holding time (6 h) of whole blood (WB) at room temperature, that is, 22–24°C (RT) results in sub‐optimal component separation. The aim was to evaluate the platelet concentrates (PC) prepared by both platelet rich plasma (PRP) and buffy coat (BC) methods after overnight hold (18–24 h) at RT. Materials and Methods: A prospective experimental study was performed. A total of 48 WB units collected were divided into four groups (12 each) control‐1 (C1) and test‐1 (T1) for PRP and control‐2 (C2) and test‐2 (T2) for the BC method. Control groups were processed within 6 h, and in test groups, components were prepared after overnight hold, followed by evaluation of quality parameters. Results: Irrespective of the method used, all PCs had similar volume, platelet yield, swirling, no bacterial contamination, RBC contamination, PaO2 and PaCO2 levels. PCs in the T1 group had significant differences in glucose and MPV values on d1, which were resolved by d5 of storage. PCs in T2 has significant differences in pH, glucose, and MPV levels throughout storage. PRBC in test and control groups had similar quality parameters till d42 of storage. FFPs in all tests were noninferior to the concurrent control groups till 3 months of storage. Conclusion: Overnight holding of WB had no lasting deleterious changes. Though a few biochemical parameters in the test groups were significantly different, they can be accepted to improve the logistics of component separation. Overall PRP method seemed to have a better result than the BC method after an overnight hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently garnered significant attention due to their exceptional performance across various applications, including hyperspectral (HS) image classification. However, most existing GNN-based models for HS image classification are limited depth models and often suffer from performance degradation as model depth increases. This study introduces HyperGCN, an exclusive GNN-based model designed with multiple graph convolutional layers to exploit the rich spectral information inherent in HS images, thereby enhancing classification performance. To address performance degradation, HyperGCN incorporates techniques resistant to oversmoothing into its architecture. Additionally, multiple-side exit branches are integrated into the intermediate layers of HyperGCN, enabling dynamic management of the complexity of HS images. Less complex HS images are processed by fewer layers, exiting early via attached branches, while more complex images traverse multiple layers until reaching the final output layer. Extensive experiments on four benchmark HS datasets (Indian Pines, Pavia University, Salinas, and Botswana) demonstrate HyperGCN's superior performance over basic GNN-based models. Notably, HyperGCN outperforms or performs comparably to the CNN-GNN combined model in classifying HS images. Furthermore, the superior performance of multi-exit HyperGCN over its single-exit counterpart emphasizes the effectiveness of incorporating side exit branches in GNN-based HS image classification. Compared to state-of-the-art models, multi-exit HyperGCN demonstrates competitive performance, highlighting its effectiveness in handling complex spectral information in HS images while maintaining an acceptable balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review highlights the evolution in the scope of eye banking activities in India. The roles and responsibilities of the eye banks have expanded to match the requirements and necessities that arose because of advancements in keratoplasty techniques and the need for corneal surgeons. Adoption of different types of corneal preservation solutions and methods of donor cornea preservation was a consequence of the changing and unprecedented times. The growth of eye banking in India has been a commendable journey and has placed the country in an "almost sufficient" category in eye banking and corneal transplantation. There exists a potential to reach the status of cornea surplus country in the future. The rules and laws governing eye banking operations need dynamic amendments based on the trends in keratoplasty, surgical practice patterns, and status of self-sufficiency. Newer technological advances and quality measures must be adopted in donor cornea evaluation and tissue preparation. Research should be integrated as an important component of eye banking, especially in developing novel methods of donor preservation, and evaluating and validating the existing and changing practices of eye banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 24-year-old female diagnosed with familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) who initially presented with catatonia, a rare manifestation of the condition. Topics discussed include the diagnostic challenges of distinguishing FENIB from other psychiatric disorders, the role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in managing catatonic symptoms, and the impact of genetic findings on treatment and prognosis.

Key Clinical Message: Early biopsy and multidisciplinary collaboration with imaging and physical examination are crucial for the diagnosis of such rare tumor presenations. Highlighting the importance of maintaining a broad differential for intra‐nasal lesions given the rare presentation of craniopharyngioma as nasal mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ethylcellulose-based polymeric microsponges for the topical delivery of therapeutic agents has attracted the interest of pharmaceutical scientists around the globe in recent years. This work represents preparation, optimization (using Box–Behnken design [BBD]), and characterization (in-vitro and ex-vivo) of ethylcellulose microsponges loaded with vanillin for effective topical delivery to treat wounds. Vanillin-ethylcellulose microsponges were prepared by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion and optimized formulation (F9) (containing 100 mg ethylcellulose, 10 mL dichloromethane, 100 mg vanillin, and 90 mg polyvinyl alcohol) developed showed particle size (90.3 ± 2.9 µm), high entrapment of vanillin (79.0 ± 2.8%), and optimum colloidal properties (zeta potential = −37.91 ± 2.44 mV; polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.224 ± 0.23). Optimized formulation extended the release of vanillin (96.68 ± 3.11%) in-vitro for 24 h. Vanillin-ethylcellulose microsponges (F9) dispersed in Carbopol 940 gel showed limited ex-vivo skin permeation (steady-state flux, JSS = 243.7 ± 6.2 µg/cm2/h) and higher skin retention (82.46 ± 6.74%) for 24 h in pig ear skin compared to plain vanillin Carbopol 940 gel (steady-state flux, JSS = 1350 ± 10.8 µg/cm2/h, skin retention = 33.66 ± 4.53%). Results of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of Vanillin-ethylcellulose microsponges (F9) Carbopol 940 gel revealed accumulation of microsponges in the stratum corneum layer of skin as a depot. Microsponges-based Carbopol 940 gel also displayed excellent in-vitro antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition = 24.2 ± 1.3 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus for 24 h compared to plain vanillin Carbopol 940 gel (zone of inhibition = 10.30 ± 1.2 mm) that was considered good for its wound healing activity. Therefore, developed vanillin-loaded ethylcellulose microsponges could be effectively used in the treatment of wounds by reducing side effects associated with vanillin and promoting its localized delivery in Carbopol 940 gel form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article dives into a captivating journey, unraveling the intricate tapestry of challenges, opportunities, and Governmental strides shaping the vibrant realm of Public Libraries in India. Not just that, it delves into the fascinating history, dissecting the state of these libraries before and after independence. Venturing beyond the surface, this exploration delves into the heart of matters. It exposes the pivotal role the Government plays in nurturing these havens of intellect, sparking a deeper appreciation for their contribution. Going beyond surface-level observations, this discourse penetrates the core of the subject and highlights the indispensable role of government in nurturing these bastions of intelligence. The article does not end here; Instead, it serves as a repository of solutions, addressing urgent needs for financial support, essential resources and innovative strategies that highlight a visionary path forward. With its interesting, practical and forward-looking approach, this article serves as a guiding compass, taking us through the complex labyrinth of library development. Intriguing, insightful, and forward-looking, this article is a compass guiding us through the intricate maze of library development. It promises to captivate your mind and ignite your curiosity, leaving you with a newfound respect for the past, present, and the limitless potential of Public Libraries in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth overweight and obesity (OWOB) surveillance often uses body mass index (BMI) derived from self-reported height and weight, but these measures can suffer from high proportions of missing data. Complete case analysis (CCA) is the most common approach to handle missing data, but this approach can introduce bias if missing data are not missing completely at random. Using BMI and related covariate data from 36,546 female and 37,126 male youth aged 12–19 years who participated in the COMPASS study in 2018/19, where approximately 30% of BMI data were missing, results and inference were compared between CCA and multiple imputation (MI) approaches to examine associations with youth BMI. Results of regression joint models showed contrasting findings between MI and CCA, highlighting that appropriate methodological choices in the handling of missing data are essential in youth OWOB research and that choices can impact research inference and thereby associated policy and programming recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to present the spectrum of radiological findings in patients with intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The study was conducted over a period of 14 months (June 2022-August 2023) in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, M.L.B. College, Jhansi. A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiology in MLB Medical College Jhansi in 120 cases with IUCD, referred from various departments. These patients were primarily evaluated on transabdominal and transvaginal sonography (3D, 4D) (ultrasound machine-Medison sono Ace-X8, Vivid T8, and Hitachi Aloka SSDF-31), which is the first-line imaging for the evaluation of IUCD position. Out of 120 cases, in 100 cases, findings were confirmed on USG and the rest cases require further radiological modalities such as X-ray, CT scan, and MRI which were used accordingly the presenting symptoms of the patient and findings of ultrasound. As in one of our case, X-ray pelvis has shown completely inverted IUCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize brain surgery and improve patient outcomes. AI can enhance preoperative planning by optimizing surgical strategies and supporting diagnostic processes. Machine learning models combined with neural networks can suggest optimal surgical approaches based on MRI and CT scans, reducing the risk of complications. AI can also predict surgical outcomes and provide real-time guidance and automation in the operating room. Additionally, AI-assisted robotics can improve precision and accuracy in procedures like brain tumor removal. AI can assist in intraoperative imaging and decision-making, prevent postoperative complications, and predict long-term outcomes. However, there are challenges to address, such as ethical considerations, biases, patient data safety, and decision-making transparency. It is important to invest in infrastructure and training programs to effectively integrate AI into clinical workflows. With these considerations, AI can offer safer, more efficient, and personalized care for patients undergoing brain surgery. [Extracted from the article]

This document discusses the importance of combating stroke prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Stroke is a significant cause of death and disability in these nations and places a burden on their healthcare systems. The document explains the different types of stroke, risk factors, and diagnostic tools used in stroke cases. It emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment, as well as the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. The document also highlights the role of genetics and the potential for gene therapy in stroke prevention. It suggests implementing policies, awareness campaigns, and cost-effective strategies to reduce the burden of stroke in LMICs. The authors emphasize the importance of training healthcare professionals, international collaborations, and research in combating stroke in low-income settings. [Extracted from the article]

The use of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) during brain tumor resection has become increasingly popular in neurosurgery. 5-ALA is a compound that accumulates in both healthy and malignant tissues and can be metabolized into a fluorescent compound called protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). This fluorescence allows for real-time visualization of malignant tissue during surgery, leading to improved rates of complete tumor resection and better patient outcomes. However, there are limitations to the technique, including reduced effectiveness in less malignant tumors, potential false-positive fluorescence in non-tumorous tissues, logistical considerations, and the high cost of equipment. Careful patient selection and further research may help address these limitations and expand the use of 5-ALA in clinical practice. [Extracted from the article]

Breast cancer is a worldwide fatal disease that exists mostly among women. The deep learning technique has proven its effectiveness, but the performance of the existing deep learning systems is quite compromising. In this work, a deep transfer learning system is suggested for efficient breast cancer classification from histopathology images. This system is based on a novel multi‐level progressive feature aggregation (MPFA) and a spatial domain learning approach. The combination of a pretrained Resnet101 backbone network with MPFA is implemented to extract more significant features. In addition, a mixed‐dilated spatial domain learning network (MSLN) is further incorporated to enhance the receptive field and increase discrimination between features. The proposed method achieved superior performance as compared to the existing state‐of‐the‐art methods, offering 99.24% accuracy, a 98.79% F‐1 score, 98.59% precision, and 98.99% recall values over BreaKHis dataset. An ablation study is carried out over the ICIAR2018 dataset to verify the generalizability and effectiveness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blood transfusions play a pivotal role in medical care, saving millions of lives annually. The timely provision of safe blood is critical in various clinical scenarios, necessitating a careful balance between supply and demand. Despite advanced blood banking facilities globally, challenges persist in ensuring appropriate blood component utilization, prompting a need for clinical audits and optimization strategies. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to analyze the patterns of blood product utilization in a tertiary care hospital in Madhya Pradesh over 1 year, focusing on transfusion requests, cross-match-to-transfusion (C/T) ratios, transfusion indices (TIs), and indications for transfusions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Shyam Shah Medical College from January 01, 2023, to December 31, 2023. Data from transfusion and cross-match requests in various departments were collected. C/T ratios, TI, and non-usage probability were computed to assess blood utilization efficiency. Results: Out of 16,682 crossmatched units, 71.93% were transfused. The overall C/T ratio was 1.39. The department of medicine demonstrated the most efficient blood usage with a C/T ratio of 1.16. Obstetrics and gynecology had the highest TI (1.06), while surgery had the lowest (0.71). Indications for transfusion included anemia (29.9%), pre-operative (17.2%), intraoperative (21.8%), and post-operative (31.1%). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into blood utilization patterns, offering a foundation for refining transfusion practices and enhancing the efficiency of blood management in the studied tertiary care hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, two‐step process was developed for the easy access of polycyclic pyrrolopyridine derivatives. The first step involves a multicomponent reaction of aryl glyoxal, cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione derivatives and 2‐amino‐1,4‐napthoquinone in AcOH: H2O (1 : 1 v/v) under reflux conditions which led to the formation of 1,5‐diketones in 15 min of reaction time. In the second step, the reaction of ammonium acetate with 1,5‐diketones in AcOH under reflux conditions resulted the formation of polycyclic pyrrolopyridine derivatives. All the products were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The single crystal XRD of one compound was recorded to further confirm the structure of the product. The presence of several bioactive moieties in our product, simple reaction process, metal‐free reaction conditions, easy purification method, and good yields of the products are the notable features of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic realm of digital twin modeling, where advancements are swiftly unfolding, users now possess the unprecedented ability to capture and generate geospatial data in real time. This article delves into a critical exploration of this landscape by presenting a meticulously devised workflow tailored for the creation of Level of Detail 3 (LOD3) models. Our research methodology capitalizes on the integration of Apple LiDAR technology alongside photogrammetric point clouds acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The proposed process unfolds with the transformation of point cloud data into Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models, which are subsequently refined into LOD3 Geographic Information System (GIS) models leveraging the Feature Manipulation Engine (FME) workbench 2022.1.2. This orchestrated synergy among Apple LiDAR, UAV-derived photogrammetric point clouds, and the transformative capabilities of the FME culminates in the development of precise LOD3 GIS models. Our proposed workflow revolutionizes this landscape by integrating multi-source point clouds, imbuing them with accurate semantics derived from IFC models, and culminating in the creation of valid CityGML LOD3 buildings through sophisticated 3D geometric operations. The implications of this technical innovation are profound. Firstly, it elevates the capacity to produce intricate infrastructure models, unlocking new vistas for modeling digital twins. Secondly, it extends the horizons of GIS applications by seamlessly integrating enriched Building Information Modeling (BIM) components, thereby enhancing decision-making processes and facilitating more comprehensive spatial analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Over the last decade, hospital-acquired infections, particularly in the critical care setting, have become more common, with Gram-negative bacterial infections having the highest prevalence. This study aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas species to WHO's, aware class of antibiotics, which are commonly prescribed across various ICU's, medical and surgical wards of our tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: This prospective study conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 at a tertiary care centre of central India identified Pseudomonas species from clinical samples using standard procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (M100; 32th Edition). Results: A total of 1490 non duplicate Pseudomonas species isolates were grown from 21,019 culture positive clinical samples, of which 1247 were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of these 1247 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 384 were MDR (30.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most commonly isolated from the pus samples (85%). ICU isolates were significantly more resistant to antibiotics than those from other units. P. aeruginosa strains from ICUs showed the highest rates of resistance to ceftazidime (93.9%). Reserve drug colistin showed good susceptibility (98.2%). All the 18 colistin resistant strains were found to be negative for plasmid mediated mcr-1,2,3 genes. Conclusion: The study shall help to generate and disseminate the data so that proper antibiotic policy can be made for judicious use of Access, Watch and Reserve antibiotics and antibiotic de-escalation plan can be put forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Notifying blood donors of their reactive status for transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) plays a vital role in enabling early diagnosis and management while also preventing these donors from making future donation and transmission of the infectious agent. Given the limited data on donor notification processes in India, a narrative review was conducted to assess the existing notification process and identify areas requiring enhancement. Materials and Methods: We conducted literature searches using PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, employing various keywords. The review included data on the year of the study, study design, donor numbers, TTI screening methods, sero‐reactive donor confirmation, notification frequency and methods, donor responses, post‐test counselling and risk factor assessment. Results: Out of the 29 identified articles, 16 studies were included in the analysis. Repeat testing for initially reactive results was conducted in nine studies for 24.3% reactive donors. Phone calls were the primary notification method in most studies (8; 50%), with letters sent in cases of no response. Only 12 studies provided data on notified donors, revealing a notification rate of 71.2%. Of all initially reactive donors, 33.3% sought post‐test counselling. Data from six studies indicated that 74.3% of responsive donors had identifiable TTI risk factors. Conclusion: Our review revealed significant variability in the notification processes across different studies. To enhance the management of TTI‐reactive donor notifications and responses, we recommend the establishment of universal protocols encompassing pre‐donation counselling, repeat/confirmatory testing, notification methods and comprehensive follow‐up and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: The case is exceptional in view of its rarity, lack of medical literature, unfamiliar clinical presentation, and devastating disease course. Case description: An 80-year-old male with extensive dry gangrene resulting from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in urosepsis due to Escherichia coli. The disease course was devastating, and the patient pleaded for euthanasia due to his debilitating illness, which was denied. Diagnosis: Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) in sepsis with involvement of face and lower limbs and sparing of upper limbs. Interventions: Strict medical management in the intensive care unit, and thrombolysis was attempted. Outcomes: The patient succumbed to the disease within 2 months of the onset of illness. Clinical significance: Gangrene in sepsis-associated DIC can also involve the face, and the definition of SPG may need an expansion to accommodate that. It is a rapidly progressive condition with a high mortality rate, and a formal consensus needs to be established for appropriate diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar epidural varicose veins (LEVs) present a challenging clinical scenario with limited literature. This series addresses the scarcity of comprehensive understanding, emphasizing the need for nuanced exploration. Varied prevalence estimates and clinical oversights underscore the urgency for a standardized approach to surgical interventions. We present three diverse clinical cases: (1) segmental varicose veins causing radicular pain, (2) local varicosities leading to lower paraparesis, and (3) widespread varicose veins with prolonged symptoms. Surgical tactics involved targeted coagulation, crossing of veins, and preservation of collateral blood flow. Advanced imaging techniques guided interventions. Tailoring interventions based on varicose vein subtype, preserving collateral flow, and adopting a staged postoperative approach contribute to successful outcomes. This series provides valuable insights into LEV management, emphasizing the significance of advanced imaging in diagnosis and surgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, six-band double negative (DNG) metamaterial with a substantially high effective medium ratio (EMR) under the S and C microwave band is designed and investigated for multiple microwave applications. The proposed metamaterial unit cell consists of four Plus Appended Split Ring Resonator (PASRR) cells, which are combined with variable sides and positions by plus (+) shape stubs at the centre. All four Plus Appended Split Ring Resonator (PASRR) cells are mutually coupled with each other to vary the electrical length to achieve hexa Bands DNG characteristics in a lossy FR-4 epoxy substrate with the thickness of 1.5748 mm. A parameter extraction method has been used to extract effective permittivity (εeff), permeability (μeff) and refractive index (n). Moreover, the equivalent circuit model is obtained. Ansys HFSSTM software & Keysight ADSTM software are used to obtain the simulated and theoretical results, respectively, which agree measured with simulated and theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of heat transfer and frictional characteristics of air that is turbulent and transitting rectangular channel textured by novel hybrid roughness (multi-V shaped ribs combined with hemispherical protrusion in V-fashion) has been studied experimentally. A uniform solar intensity of 1000 W/m2 is incident over the opposite side of the roughened plate. The relative roughness pitch, angle of attack, Reynolds number, hydraulic diameter, relative protrusion pitch, and relative gap width majorly influence the thermal and frictional characteristics of solar air heater. In this research paper, the effect of Reynolds number from 4281 to 18,250, relative protrusion pitch from 0.375 to 0.625 and relative gap width from 2 to 4 on heat transfer and friction factor on hybrid roughness geometry have been studied. The highest value of Nusselt number is 4.15 obtained at a relative protrusion pitch of 0.5, relative gap width of 2 compared to smooth duct and Reynolds number value of 18,250. By increasing the Reynolds number, the value of friction factor keeps on decreasing and highest value of friction factor of about 3.8 is obtained at a relative protrusion pitch of 0.375, Reynolds number value of 4,281 and relative gap width of 4 as compared to smooth duct. The results of the experiment shows that hybrid roughness performs thermally better than their solitary roughness geometries. Further, Nusselt number and friction factor correlations were also developed and show a very good match with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain can occur after any spinal surgery. Despite this, there are other many signs and symptoms of neurological deficits that can occur in patients with varying severity. Our aim is to find some of the main neurological deficits that can occur after any spinal surgery. We searched the literature based on some of the important keywords like neurological deficits after spine surgery, foot drops, cauda equina syndrome, epidural hematoma, and nerve and dural injury. Based on this we analyzed the most important and widely read articles. The problems associated with spine surgery have been published in the literature but are much more than the failed back surgery syndrome and cause more discomfort to patients with varying degrees of neurological deficits. We have coined a new term "Extended Post-spinal Surgery Syndrome (EPSS)" for these conditions. We propose this to include the other complications after lumbar surgery including nerve injury, dural injury, cauda equina syndrome and epidural haematoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel circuit technique NSCDH, to construct OR gates with 8 inputs up to 128 inputs and single output, which can be cascaded to further stages. It uses stage isolation technique to provide current free nodal state comparison with the ability to hold circuit at an optimal state, thereby resulting in 44.6% lesser power consumption and 16.1% higher noise immunity at 8 inputs as compared to CDDK (2019) and 24.4% lesser power consumption at 128 inputs as compared to CDDK (2019). Circuit simulation is done using HSpice. Standard BSIM4 90 nm PTM file is used to model NMOS and PMOS transistors. Circuit schematic is made using LT Spice. OR gates built using this technique can be used in many applications as multiplexers, read–write data paths, memories, and adders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac malformations represent the most prevalent congenital anomalies. Pulse oximetry emerges as a valuable asset for the prompt identification of Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) in regions lacking comprehensive cardiology infrastructure, particularly rural areas. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of pulse oximetry, in conjunction with clinical parameters, for detecting CHD in newborns, with echocardiography serving as the reference modality. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out at an Indian tertiary care center. The study encompassed 731 newborns born after 35 weeks of gestation, who underwent pulse oximetry and physical examination within 0-48 hours post-birth. Pulse oximetry assessment was performed on the left foot of each newborn for a minimum of 2 minutes, using BPL portable monitor. Statistical analysis was executed utilizing SPSS software, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. Results: Among the participants, 57 newborns exhibited SPO2 levels <95%, with 11 presenting cyanosis. Conversely, among the 678 infants with SPO2>95%, no cases of cyanosis were observed. A significant discrepancy in cyanosis prevalence was evident between the two groups. Furthermore, 7.02% of subjects with SPO2<95% manifested a murmur, while murmurs were absent in those with SPO2>95%, indicating a significant difference in murmur occurrence between the groups. Conclusion: Pulse oximetry emerges as a pivotal tool for the early detection of congenital heart diseases, complementing clinical assessment parameters effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the challenges and complications associated with the treatment of hydrocephalus, a neurological disorder characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. The ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt is the most common treatment for hydrocephalus, but it is associated with various complications, including shunt malfunction and infection. These complications often require multiple surgical revisions, leading to increased healthcare costs and decreased quality of life for patients. The document emphasizes the need for ongoing research and development of alternative therapies, particularly in low-income countries where access to advanced shunt valve technology is limited. It also highlights the importance of infection prevention and management strategies to mitigate the risks associated with shunt infections. The document concludes by discussing the critical factors that need to be considered to ensure a successful outcome in VP shunt placement, including patient selection, sterile surgical techniques, and the use of high-quality shunt systems. [Extracted from the article]

With neuropsychiatric complications recognized among COVID-19 patients translating into significant morbidity, we explore the current state-of-the-art for auto Machine Learning (ML) to predict ICU delirium among severe COVID-19 patients which has been identified as a significant predictor of cognitive decline among such patients. Such optimally developed ML models can provide instantaneous, accurate and precise risk-stratification predictions, allowing neurology clinicians to take an informed decision regarding the advanced neuropsychiatric management for severe COVID-19 patients. Such incorporation of ML into the relevant management protocols has the potential to significantly curtail the morbidity and mortality associated with the once-in-a-century global public health catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have had a significant impact on the field of neurosurgery. Neurosurgeons are using these platforms to share insights, techniques, and research, inspiring and empowering the next generation of medical professionals in this field. In low- and middle-income countries, where access to information and resources is limited, social media serves as a pathway for neurosurgeons to connect with others around the world and access educational content. Social media also plays a role in advocacy and activism within the neurosurgical community, raising awareness about important issues and promoting meaningful change. However, there are challenges associated with social media use, such as addressing false information and maintaining ethical and professional standards. By using strong strategies to identify reliable information, maintain professional boundaries, and protect patient privacy, neurosurgeons can maximize the benefits of social media while minimizing risks. Additionally, social media can be used in neurosurgical training to improve education, engage learners, and combat misinformation. Overall, social media has revolutionized education, mentorship, collaboration, and advocacy in the field of neurosurgery, and by embracing it as a tool for professional development and social change, neurosurgeons can shape the future of the specialty. [Extracted from the article]

The C6H6:C6F6 cocrystal is one of the simplest organic cocrystals with a molecule having a C–F bond and without any hydrogen bonding. It has a crystal structure very different from its constituents, C6H6 and C6F6, and its higher melting point indicates its increased stability relative to these two materials. So far, no studies are available on the phase transitions of this interesting adduct under dynamic compression. In this study, we present the findings of phase transitions of an equimolar mixture of C6H6:C6F6 observed under rapid shock compression at pressures of up to 4.15 GPa using time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. The compression is driven by a 2 J Nd:YAG laser with an 8 ns pulse length. Four prominent modes at 370 cm−1 (ν10F mode), 443 cm−1 (ν6F mode), 560 cm−1 (ν1F mode), and 991 cm−1 (ν1H mode) exhibit a blue shift with scaling factors of 2.41, 2.26, 2.39, and 2.67 cm−1/GPa, respectively. The liquid → solid-I phase transition is observed at around 0.49 GPa shock pressure. The second phase transition from solid-I → solid-VI is observed between 1.32 and 2.60 GPa, and no signature of the solid-V phase is observed unlike in the case of static compression[Wang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 29510 (2016)]. Another phase transition solid-VI → solid-VII is observed between 3.9 and 4.15 GPa. The shock velocities in the sample at two laser intensities, 1.47 GW/cm2 (300 mJ) and 2.46 GW/cm2 (500 mJ), are calculated by measuring the intensity ratio of Raman modes emerging from the shocked region to that of the whole sample and are 3.13 and 4.05 km/s, respectively. To compare with the experimental results, 1D radiation hydrodynamics simulations are also performed. The experimental and simulated shock velocities are in good agreement. The mode Grüneisen parameter for the ν1H, ν1F, ν6F, ν10F, and ν10' F modes are γi = 0.011(2), 0.022(2), 0.011(1), 0.024(3), and 0.379(14), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is an intriguing technique that has the potential to separate ethanol from an ethanol–water mixture. The goal of this work was to synthesize hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride–polytetrafluoroethylene (PVDF–PTFE) hybrid membranes that could be used in VMD. For membrane synthesis via phase inversion, the outcomes of different solvents, namely N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), and dimethylformamide (DMF), as well as PTFE loading in PVDF dope solution were also evaluated. The desired membrane hydrophobicity was ensured by increasing contact angle from 69° to 135°. The obtained average maximum pore size fell between 0.19 μm and 0.22 μm. Plenty of work has been done on how the performance of the synthesized membrane depends on the VMD operating parameters (ethanol concentration, flow rate, feed temperature, and permeate pressure). The highest separation factor of 37.68 was offered by the membrane synthesized using DMF as a solvent, while the membrane synthesized with the help of DMAc solvent had the most increased ethanol flux of 10.55 kg m−2 h−1. A thorough report has been made on understanding membrane morphologies and VMD performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating large-scale field-based guild data for assessing tree species sorting and distribution over tropical covers is difficult. In this study, we combined field, and the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) datasets of tropical covers across a climate gradient to develop precision maps of abundant tree species. This assisted in the extraction of a large dataset of guilds with tree species assortment and occupancy. We observed parity in the distribution of local and regional species with an increase in the proportionate presence of local species over the climate gradient. We saw greater distribution of Fabaceae members in sites with relatively lesser rainfall. To address the impact of species sorting on the functional aspects of guilds, available R codes (Ackerly and Cornwell, 2007), and three vegetation indices (VIs) as functional traits (Photochemical Reflectance Index, PRI, Chlorophyll/Carotenoid Index, CCI, and Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI) were tested. Species assortment and spread affected the guild's functional diversity, as noticed in the abundance weighted guild means of VIs. We also observed a consistent increase in the mean CCI of all species across the climate gradient correlating positively with rainfall and negatively with vapour pressure deficit (VPD). This shows that CCI could be an adequate measure for large-scale ecological observations of these tropical regions. Wider amplitudes in the measured VIs of deciduous species demonstrated their adaptability to the climate gradient. Gradient-driven species assembly dynamics and functional traits variability indicates of tropical tree biodiversity feedback to the climate dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical forests exhibit significant diversity and heterogeneity in species distribution. Some tree species spread abundantly, impacting the functional aspects of communities. Understanding how these facets respond to climate change is crucial. Field data from four protected areas (PAs) were combined with high-resolution Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) datasets to extract large-scale plot data of abundant species and their functional traits. A supervised component generalized linear regression (SCGLR) model was used to correlate climate components with the distribution of abundant species across PAs. The recorded rainfall gradient influenced the proportion of PA-specific species in the observed species assemblages. Community weighted means (CWMs) of biochemical traits showed better correlation values (0.85–0.87) between observed and predicted values compared to biophysical traits (0.52–0.79). The model-based projection revealed distinct distribution responses of each abundant species to the climate gradient. Functional diversity and functional traits maps highlighted the interplay between species heterogeneity and climate. The appearance dynamics of abundant species in dark diversity across PAs demonstrated their assortment strategy in response to the climate gradient. These observations can significantly aid in the ecological management of PAs exposed to climate dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germacrene D, a sesquiterpenoid compound found mainly in plant essential oils at a low level as (+) and/or (−) enantiomeric forms, is an ingredient for the fragrance industry, but a process for the sustainable supply of enantiopure germacrene D is not yet established. Here, we demonstrate metabolic engineering in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) achieving biosynthesis of enantiopure germacrene D at a high titer. To boost farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) flux for high-level germacrene D biosynthesis, a background yeast chassis (CENses5C) was developed by genomic integration of the expression cassettes for eight ergosterol pathway enzymes that sequentially converted acetyl-CoA to FPP and by replacing squalene synthase promoter with a copper-repressible promoter, which restricted FPP flux to the competing pathway. Galactose-induced expression of codon-optimized plant germacrene D synthases led to 13–30 fold higher titers of (+) or (−)-germacrene D in CENses5C than the parent strain CEN.PK2.1C. Furthermore, genomic integration of germacrene D synthases in GAL80, LPP1 and rDNA loci generated CENses8(+D) and CENses8(−D) strains, which produced 41.36 µg/ml and 728.87 µg/ml of (+) and (−)-germacrene D, respectively, without galactose supplementation. Moreover, coupling of mitochondrial citrate pool to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA, by expressing a codon-optimized ATP-citrate lyase of oleaginous yeast, resulted in 137.71 µg/ml and 815.81 µg/ml of (+) or (−)-germacrene D in CENses8(+D)* and CENses8(−D)* strains, which were 67–120 fold higher titers than in CEN.PK2.1C. In fed-batch fermentation, CENses8(+D)* and CENses8(−D)* produced 290.28 µg/ml and 2519.46 µg/ml (+) and (−)-germacrene D, respectively, the highest titers in shake-flask fermentation achieved so far. Key points: • Engineered S. cerevisiae produced enantiopure (+) and (−)-germacrene D at high titers • Engineered strain produced up to 120-fold higher germacrene D than the parental strain • Highest titers of enantiopure (+) and (−)-germacrene D achieved so far in shake-flask [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been significant progress in non-invasive sampling techniques, which serve as effective tools in treating and managing various chronic diseases. Among these techniques, dried saliva spot (DSS) sampling of human saliva has emerged as a prominent alternative to serum for detecting targeted molecules. The diagnostic potential of saliva has been extensively studied, highlighting its applicability across a spectrum of diseases. In addition to DSS, other sampling methods, such as dried plasma spots, dried blood spots, and dried matrix spots, have been explored. Various types of filter papers have been employed in DSS sampling procedures, with notable examples including the utilization of Whatman™ 903 Protein Saver cards for identifying Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or LC-mass spectrometry analysis. Following sample collection onto the respective filter paper, specialized tools are employed to facilitate subsequent processes such as solvent extraction, evaluation of extraction, and drying times. DSS has found diverse applications, including the analysis of lidocaine in human saliva, serving as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus, detecting antiepileptic, antipsychotic, and antidepressant drugs in oral fluid, identifying spinal muscle atrophy, determining uric acid levels in saliva, analyzing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody levels, and detecting carriage of S. pneumoniae using (PCR). The utilization of DSS sampling represents a novel approach in the management and treatment of various chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the width-to-height ratio (w/h ratio) on rock strength and deformation behavior of rock pillars has been studied extensively since the 1950s through laboratory tests, in-situ tests, and numerical modeling, with the goal of achieving safe and economical designs. However, most previous studies have focused on hard, brittle, and low porosity rocks, leaving a gap in understanding the effect of the w/h ratio on the porous, weak rock. This study aims to fill this gap by using both laboratory tests and numerical modeling to investigate the relationship between mechanical parameters, strength, and failure processes at different w/h ratios for a weak and porous rock called Texas Cream limestone. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were conducted on cuboidal samples with a constant cross-section of 15 × 15 cm and varying heights. The results showed that strength parameters [Crack Initiation (CI), Crack Damage (CD), peak strength, and residual strength] increased as the w/h ratio increased. Additionally, the failure pattern changed from a full shear mechanism for slender specimens (w/h = 0.5 and 1) to progressive failure for squatter (w/h = 2 and 3) specimens. To further understand the impact of the w/h ratio on rock strength and deformation, a Voronoi Bonded Block Model (BBM) was calibrated to the laboratory data sets and used to quantify confining stress and the effect of plate-specimen friction angle, which is difficult to measure through laboratory tests alone. From the BBMs, a brittle–ductile transition was inferred to occur at a w/h ratio of 5.2. Finally, a relationship was established between UCS, w/h ratio, and interface friction coefficient obtained through sensitivity analysis on calibrated BBM and validated with previous laboratory results. Highlights: Uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on porous, weak limestone at different width-to-height ratios. Calibrated bonded block model was used to evaluate confining stress and effect of platen–specimen interface friction angle at different w/h ratios. Strength parameters, such as crack initiation, crack damage, peak strength, and residual strength, increase as w/h ratio increases. Confining stress increases with w/h ratio, having higher value in the center of the specimen. Peak strength increases for squatter specimen (w/h = 2, and 3), as interface friction angle increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface properties of artificial implants are responsible for contact, primary fixation, intermediate bonding and future stability with the host tissue and their suitable alteration can improve functionality of the implants. Here, a picosecond pulsed laser was employed to alter the surface properties of a widely used biomaterial, Ti64. Three types of samples with variation in average surface roughness, wettability and presence of oxide layer were prepared by changing the laser fluence and pulse overlapping factor. The influence of change in surface properties on electrochemical behavior, bio-corrosion and cytocompatibility and ossiointegration of the sample were investigated. Comparative studies showed an improvement in anticorrosive behavior of Ti64 alloy after laser treatment that is confirmed from the open-circuit potential, Tafel analysis and impedance spectroscopy in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, the non-toxic nature of laser-treated surface was established and was confirmed from the cytotoxicity studies on U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Comparable number of cells with no changes in nuclear morphologies were found to be adhered on laser-treated samples. Growth of hydroxayaptite on all samples was monitored 25 days after their immersion in simulated body fluid. Along with improved osseointegration capability, the laser-treated sample at a fluence of 0.12 J/cm2 and 58% laser pulse overlapping factor exhibited superior performance in all other tested aspects. This shows that the chosen experimental parameters suitably modified the surface to enhance its biocompatibility in all tests performed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]