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Studying the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) in control areas of diverse geomorphologic types and its correlation with land use provides valuable insights for identifying priority areas and implementing effective treatment measures. Employing Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS, this research quantitatively examines the evolution of KRD and its relationship with land use in the karst mountain and gorge areas of Guizhou Province over the period 2010 to 2020. The findings reveal continuous improvement in KRD across the study areas, albeit with noticeable regional disparities. Notably, the karst mountain region exhibited significantly higher change areas and rates of KRD, non-KRD, light KRD, and moderate KRD compared to the gorge area, underscoring better desertification control in the former region. A discernible correlation emerges between different karst geomorphologic types, the distribution and changes in land use types, and the evolution of KRD. Land use change emerges as a pivotal factor influencing the improvement of KRD in these areas. Changes in land use patterns corresponded with a decrease in KRD in dry land, other woodland, grassland, and bare land across both regions. However, the response of KRD to land use patterns varied across control areas with different geomorphologic environments, resulting in geographical differentiation in KRD evolution. Key land use conversions, notably from shrubland to forestland and dry land to garden land in the gorge, and shrubland to forestland in the mountain, contributed significantly to KRD dynamics in these regions. Notably, in the gorge area, KRD primarily occurred in garden land, other woodland, dry land, and grassland. In contrast, in the mountain area, KRD was prevalent in shrubland, dry land, and grassland, highlighting distinct responses and contributions to its evolution. The study observes substantial land use change in KRD-improved areas, particularly in the gorge region. Notably, the responsiveness of KRD to woodland conversions (shrubland, forestland, other woodland) varied across different geomorphologic environments. The dynamics of rocky desertification occurrence (RDO) and the occurrence structure of KRD in various land use types exhibited significant differences between the two regions. The gorge area demonstrated generally higher RDO, with a relatively stable and simpler occurrence structure of KRD compared to the more dynamic and varied structure observed in the mountain area. The sequencing of KRD occurrence in both areas displayed stability in specific land use types, with varying intensities noted between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional adsorbents and catalysts shaped by granulation or extrusion have high pressure drop and poor flexibility for chemical, energy, and environmental processes. Direct ink writing (DIW), a kind of 3D printing, has evolved into a crucial technique for manufacturing scalable configurations of adsorbents and catalysts with satisfactory programmable automation, highly optional materials, and reliable construction. Particularly, DIW can generate specific morphologies required for excellent mass transfer kinetics, which is essential in gas‐phase adsorption and catalysis. Here, DIW methodologies for mass transfer enhancement in gas‐phase adsorption and catalysis, covering the raw materials, fabrication process, auxiliary optimization methods, and practical applications are comprehensively summarized. The prospects and challenges of DIW methodology in realizing good mass transfer kinetics are discussed. Ideal components with a gradient porosity, multi‐material structure, and hierarchical morphology are proposed for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colistin (polymyxin E) is a group of cationic antimicrobial cyclic peptides and is recognized as a last‐resort defense against lethal infections with carbapenem‐resistant pathogens. In addition to the plasmid‐borne mobilized phosphoethanolamine (PEA) transferases, the functional expression of lipid A‐modifying enzymes encoded on chromosomes has been attributed to intrinsic bacterial colistin resistance. However, the mechanisms of colistin resistance in Riemerella anatipestifer remain unknown. Herein, the GE296_RS09715 gene‐encoded Lipid A PEA transferases (RaEptA) was identified in R. anatipestifer. Genetic and structural analyses revealed that the amino acid sequence of RaEptA shared 26.6%–33.1% similarities with the family of Lipid A PEA transferases (EptA) and MCR‐like proteins and have defined 12 residues that contribute to the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)‐recognizable cavities. Comparative analyses of colistin resistance in RA‐LZ01 and RA‐LZ01ΔRaEptA showed the level of colistin has fallen from 96 μg mL−1 down to 24 ~ 32 μg mL−1. Site‐directed mutagenesis assay of the PE‐binding cavity and expression of the mutants reveals that K309‐rRaEptA can remodel the surface of Escherichia coli and rendering it resistant to colistin, suggesting this point‐mutation of P309K is necessary for EptA‐mediated lipid A modification. Moreover, the virulence of RA‐LZ01ΔRaEptA was attenuated compared with RA‐LZ01 both in vivo and vitro. Taken together, the results represent the RaEptA involved in the colistin resistance and pathogenicity, and the P309K mutation might alter bacterial adaptation and increase the spread of colistin resistance from R. anatipestifer to other gram‐negative bacteria. The findings of this study suggest another scenario for the spread of colistin resistance genes and should be considered by a wide audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture has been widely used in pavement engineering for its preferable in-service performance. However, deterioration of SMA pavement in skid resistance is apparent under traffic loading. There remains lacking attention on skid resistance attenuation of SMA pavement, which in turn is important for skid durability design in practice. Hence, this study aims to perform a thorough investigation to reveal the skid resistance attenuation law of SMA pavement. Multiple types of SMA-13 mixtures prepared by different material designs were selected to conduct a kneading test that simulates real surface states of in-service SMA pavement. Pressure-sensitive film and a 3D laser scanner were utilized for evaluating anti-skid performance and skid durability. The finite element (FE) method is introduced to simulate vehicle braking distance for skid-resistance evaluation. The results show that skid resistance attenuation of SMA pavement consists of two stages: In the first stage, the skid resistance of SMA pavement experiences a short enhancement, followed by a long-term weakening stage. Abundant surface texture of SMA helps to mitigate the impact of traffic load on skid resistance. The FE analysis and pressure-sensitive film results demonstrate the potential of skid durability design of SMA pavement based on the skid resistance attenuation law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ST3Gal5 was downregulated in BLCA patients and cells through various bioinformatics and experimental validation. • ST3Gal5 served as an independent prognostic factor in BLCA. • Aberrant ST3Gal5 expression led to immune dysregulation in BLCA patients. • Overexpression of ST3Gal5 suppressed the occurrence and progression of BLCA in vitro and in vivo. Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the top ten most common cancers in the world. Aberrant sialylation is a common feature in tumorigenesis and tumor immunity. This study seeks to explore the potential impact of sialyltransferase ST3Gal5 on BLCA. Initially, glycosyltransferase-related DEGs (GRDEGs) were identified using multiple bioinformatics approaches in TCGA-BLCA cohort and validated using GEO databases. Clinical prognosis integration facilitated the determination of ST3Gal5 as an independent prognostic factor in BLCA, employing univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Immune cell infiltration was assessed via CIBERSORT and ssGSEA analyses, while HLA and immune checkpoint genes' levels, along with drug sensitivity, were evaluated in low- and high-ST3Gal5 groups. The TIDE and IPS scores were used to gauge the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. Furthermore, functional experiments, both in vivo and in vitro , were conducted to elucidate the biological roles of ST3Gal5. In agreement with bioinformatics findings, ST3Gal5 expression was down-regulated in BLCA tissues and cells, correlating with poorer prognostic outcomes. The StromalScore, ImmuneScore, and ESTIMATEScore were significantly elevated in low-ST3Gal5 group. Moreover, the levels of HLA and immune checkpoint genes were upregulated in low-ST3Gal5 group. Down-regulated ST3Gal5 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BLCA cells in vivo and in vitro. Our findings demonstrated that low ST3Gal5 level promoted tumorigenesis and progression of BLCA, implying its potential as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The transferability of bacterial resistance to tigecycline, the 'last‐resort' antibiotic, is an emerging challenge of global health concern. The plasmid‐borne tet(X) that encodes a flavin‐dependent monooxygenase represents a new mechanism for tigecycline resistance. Natural source for an ongoing family of Tet(X) resistance determinants is poorly understood. Here, we report the discovery of 26 new variants [tet(X18) to tet(X44)] from the poultry pathogen Riemerella anatipestifer, which expands extensively the current Tet(X) family. R. anatipestifer appears as a natural reservoir for tet(X), of which the chromosome harbours varied copies of tet(X) progenitors. Despite that an inactive ancestor rarely occurs, the action and mechanism of Tet(X2/4)‐P, a putative Tet(X) progenitor, was comprehensively characterized, giving an intermediate level of tigecycline resistance. The potential pattern of Tet(X) dissemination from ducks to other animals and humans was raised, in the viewpoint of ecological niches. Therefore, this finding defines a large pool of natural sources for Tet(X) tigecycline resistance, heightening the need of efficient approaches to manage the inter‐species transmission of tet(X) resistance determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) caused male reproductive toxicity in mice. • Hydrogen sulfide perturbed the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in mice. • ω-3 PUFAs alleviated the toxicity of H 2 S by upregulating the BTB-related genes. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), a gaseous intracellular signal transducer, participates in multiple physiological and pathological conditions, including reproductive conditions, and disrupts spermatogenesis. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) plays a vital role in spermatogenesis. However, the effect of H 2 S on the BTB and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Herein, we examined the effect of H 2 S and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on the BTB and testicular functions. ICR male mice were randomly divided into the following groups: control, H 2 S exposure, and H 2 S exposure with ω-3 PUFAs intervention. The sperm parameters (sperm concentration and sperm motility) declined in the H 2 S group and improved in the ω-3 intervention group. BTB integrity was severely disrupted by H 2 S, and the BTB-related gene levels (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin 11) decreased; ω-3 supplementation could alleviate BTB disruption by upregulating BTB-related genes, and TM4 Sertoli cells had a similar trend in vitro. p38 MAPK phosphorylation was upregulated in the Na 2 S treatment group and downregulated after ω-3 cotreatment. These findings suggest that H 2 S can impair the BTB and that ω-3 PUFAs supplementation can attenuate H 2 S toxicity in the male reproductive system. Our study elucidated the relationship between a gasotransmitter (H 2 S) and the BTB and identified the potential therapeutic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and the pestivius virus group. BVDV is responsible for significant economic loss in cattle industry worldwide because of reducing reproductive performance, increasing incidence of other diseases and mortality among young stock. The core (C) protein of the Flaviviridae family member is involved in host antiviral immune response through activation of related signaling pathways that affect the viral replication. However, the influence of C protein-interaction partners in BVDV infections is poorly defined. Methods: To explore C-protein-interacting partners, yeast two-hybrid was used to screen the interaction protein of C protein using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cDNA library. The co-immunoprecipitation and confocal assays were manipulated to determine the interaction between potential partners and C protein. Knockdown and overexpression of the partner were used to examine whether the C-protein-interacting partner plays a role in BVDV proliferation and virulence. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR and western blot assays were used to investigate the effect of C protein and C-protein-interacting partner on the immune response of host cells. Results: We identified protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4 (PIAS4) as a novel interacting partner of the BVDV C protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and confocal assays demonstrated a strong interaction between C protein and PIAS4. Silencing of PIAS4 with small interfering RNA suppressed C protein expression and BVDV growth, while overexpression of PISA4 increased C protein expression and BVDV growth. The overexpression of PIAS4 increased the cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expressions of STAT4, SOCS3, IFITM, IFN-α were negatively regulated by the expression of PIAS4. The expression of C protein suppressed the antiviral proteins expression, and the inhibition effect was enhanced by interaction of PIAS4 and C protein. These results highlighted the beneficial properties of cellular PIAS4 for BVDV protein expression and growth. Conclusions: This study provides reliable clues for understanding the roles of PIAS4 in the regulation of BVDV growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A blind image deblurring algorithm based on relative gradient and sparse representation is proposed in this paper. The layered method restores the image by three steps: edge extraction, blur kernel estimation and image reconstruction. The positive and negative gradients in texture part have reversal changes, and the edge part that reflects the image structure has only one gradient change. According to the characteristic, the edge of the image is extracted by using the relative gradient of image, so as to estimate the blur kernel of the image. In the stage of image reconstruction, in order to overcome the problem of oversize of the image and the overcomplete dictionary matrix, the image is divided into small blocks. An overcomplete dictionary is used for sparse representation, and the image is reconstructed by the iterative threshold shrinkage method to improve the quality of image restoration. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the quality of image restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A stable AC-ZSM5 ink with appropriate rheological properties was prepared. • The net-like morphology realized by DIW enhances the mass transfer flux. • The submicron-micron pores induced by NH 3 and CO 2 accelerate VOC inward diffusion. • In-situ heating could effectively recover the performance of the adsorption film. In-situ thermally restorable adsorption films exhibited brilliant performance for indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) purification with negligible wind resistance and considerable lifetime. However, the morphology of adsorption films should be restructured for better adsorption kinetics. This study structured adsorption films with submillimeter-sized channels by direct ink writing (DIW). Submicron-micron-sized porous structure was further fabricated through ammonia carbonate treatment. Pore size distribution characterization proved 33% of extra mesopores were created in the hierarchical porous adsorption film. Dynamic adsorption behaviours for formaldehyde and toluene illustrated that the hierarchical porous adsorption film exhibited an over 80% initial one-pass efficiency for both formaldehyde and toluene, improved by 20% over the plane adsorption film. The purification rate was also significantly improved by 83% and 67% for formaldehyde (from 0.059 mg g-1h−1 to 0.106 mg g-1h−1) and toluene (from 0.143 mg g-1h−1 to 0.239 mg g-1h−1), respectively. This study proposed a method for conveniently preparing multi-scale porous structured adsorption components under mild conditions. The hierarchical diffusion pathways induced by DIW and ammonium carbonate treatment will enhance the adsorption kinetics and the purification performance of the adsorption film, overcoming the weak purification performance and short material lifetime of the existing indoor VOCs adsorption components. This research can be further applied to gas separation, as well as gas sensing, as DIW can achieve sub-millimeter scale resolution, providing a versatile approach for heat and mass transfer enhancement in chemical and environmental fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Previous work suggests that apoptosis is dysfunctional in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways with conflicting results. We evaluated the relationship between dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and apoptosis in CF airway epithelial cells. Methods Apoptosis and associated caspase activity were analysed in non-CF and CF tracheal and bronchial epithelial cell lines. Results Basal levels of apoptosis and activity of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were significantly increased in CF epithelial cells compared to controls, suggesting involvement of extrinsic apoptosis signalling, which is mediated by the activation of death receptors, such as Fas (CD95). Increased levels of Fas were observed in CF epithelial cells and bronchial brushings from CF patients compared to non-CF controls. Neutralisation of Fas significantly inhibited caspase-3 activity in CF epithelial cells compared to untreated cells. In addition, activation of Fas significantly increased caspase-3 activity and apoptosis in CF epithelial cells compared to control cells. Conclusions Overall, these results suggest that CF airway epithelial cells are more sensitive to apoptosis via increased levels of Fas and subsequent activation of the Fas death receptor pathway, which may be associated with dysfunctional CFTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security of power system restoration is severely affected by uncertain factors, especially the start-up time of generating unit and the amount of load pick-up. Solving the optimization restoration problem is challenging since it needs to determine different priorities in which units and loads are restored with the consideration of double uncertainty. Therefore, an optimal source-load coordinated restoration method that is based on information gap decision theory (IGDT) is proposed. Firstly, the time-domain restoration characteristics of black-start unit (BSU), non-black-start unit (NBSU), and load are described with analysis of double uncertainty. On this basis, a coupled multi-objective optimization model is built with double uncertainty, in which source-load coordinated restoration is realized. Then, IGDT is adopted to convert the uncertainty optimization model to a certain one with robustness, which tolerates the most uncertainty and still meets the desired requirement. Finally, the optimization model is solved by non-dominated genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method is further illustrated through a case study based on the IEEE 39-bus system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally stable Au single-atoms supported by monolayered CuO grown at Cu(110) have been successfully prepared. The charge transfer from the CuO support to single Au atoms is confirmed to play a key role in tuning the activity for CO oxidation. Initially, the negatively charged Au single-atom is active for CO oxidation with its adjacent lattice O atom depleted to generate an O vacancy in the CuO monolayer. Afterward, the Au single-atom is neutralized, preventing further CO reaction. The produced O vacancy can be healed by exposure to O[sub 2] at 400 K and accordingly the reaction activity is restored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the low rank property of the background and the sparse features of the target in infrared image, a novel infrared small target detection method based on the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and compressed sensing technology was presented in this paper. This method trained background model through NMF, and then sampled the infrared image sequences directly using the block compressed sensing technology. Through the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the infrared small target was extracted and the background was recovered from the image. At the same time, the background was updated by the update algorithm, to adapt to the changes in the background. The simulation results show that the proposed method can detect the infrared target precisely and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4,4′-Bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl (BDFPTP) molecules underwent dehydrocyclization and covalent coupling reactions on Au(111) according to scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Self-assembly of the reactants in well-defined molecular domains prior to reaction could greatly enhance the regioselectivity of the dehydrocyclization reaction and suppress defluorinated coupling, demonstrating that self-assembly can efficiently steer on-surface reactions. Such a strategy could be of great importance in surface chemistry and widely applied to control on-surface reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4,4′-Bis(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl)-1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl (BDFPTP) molecules underwent dehydrocyclization and covalent coupling reactions on Au(111) according to scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Self-assembly of the reactants in well-defined molecular domains prior to reaction could greatly enhance the regioselectivity of the dehydrocyclization reaction and suppress defluorinated coupling, demonstrating that self-assembly can efficiently steer on-surface reactions. Such a strategy could be of great importance in surface chemistry and widely applied to control on-surface reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Township hospitals in China provide rural communities with basic but much needed critical health care services. The doctors working in these hospitals often feel unsatisfied when considering their work schedules and financial rewards. Method. To explore job satisfaction of health workers in a township hospital, a qualitative study was conducted of 39 doctors from five township hospitals in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The goal was to understand the level of job satisfaction of doctors and to make recommendations for improvements. Results. About 75% (28/39) of the doctors expressed negative attitudes related to their work conditions. Slightly more than half (22/39) mentioned they should receive greater compensation for their work and more than one were seriously considering other options. Many participants (35/39) showed their satisfaction about the achievement of serving as a doctor. Conclusion. Their main concerns related to job satisfaction included working conditions, financial rewards, and the doctor’s relationships with patients. Increasing the incomes and fringe benefits of healthcare workers, improving their work conditions, and providing training and continuing education opportunities would help rural clinics retain doctors and eliminate the current unsatisfactory conditions. The findings also highlight the need for the government to increase financial support of township hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ thermally regenerated flexible adsorption films are superior for long-term purification of indoor low-concentration volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To further improve the adsorption kinetics of the films, the surface morphology of adsorption films was suggested in hierarchical channel structure. However, such structure is far from practical applications because of its complicated fabrication method and limited flexibility. In this study, we proposed a convenient and fast method named direct ink writing (DIW) based 3D printing to fabricate flexible adsorption films. Inks were prepared to have appropriate rheological properties and good printability. Three types of adsorption film (flat, straight finned, and trough-like finned) were constructed on flexible polyimide circuit substrates by DIW. We utilized the printed adsorption films for indoor level (1 ppm) formaldehyde removal. The trough-like finned film achieved the best performance among the three printed films, showing a 275% longer penetration time and 252% larger effective adsorption capacity than the flat film. By conducting a 7-cycle adsorption-desorption experiment (more than 12 h), we verified that the films' adsorption performance could effectively recover via in-situ heating. This work could dance around the complicated coating process, increase the structural flexibility and reduce the adsorbent interfacial modification cost. [Display omitted] • A stable ink with appropriate rheological properties and printability was prepared. • Adsorption films with sub-milli morphologies were prepared via direct ink writing. • Trough-like films prolong penetration time by 275% and enlarge the capacity by 252%. • In-situ heating could recover the adsorption performance of films by over 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein purification is a basic technology in both biological research and industrial production, and efficient, convenient, economical, and environmentally friendly purification methods have always been pursued. In this study, it was found that alkaline earth metal cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) and alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+) and even nonmetal cations (e.g., NH4+, imidazole, guanidine, arginine, lysine) can precipitate multi-histidine-tagged proteins (at least two tags in a whole protein) at low salts concentrations that are 1–3 orders of magnitude lower than salting-out, and precipitated proteins could be dissolved at moderate concentration of corresponding cation. Based on this finding, a novel cation affinity purification method was developed, which requires only three centrifugal separations to obtain highly purified protein with purification fold similar to that of immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The study also provides a possible explanation for unexpected protein precipitation and reminds researchers to consider the influence of cations on the experimental results. The interaction between histidine-tagged proteins and cations may also have broad application prospects. Key points: • Histidine-tagged proteins can be precipitated by low-concentrations common cations • A novel nonchromatographic protein purification method was developed • Purified protein can be obtained in pellet form by only three centrifugations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SpyTag and SpyCatcher can rapidly conjugate covalently to form an irreversible covalent bond. Fusing SpyTag and SpyCatcher to the termini of a protein of interest enables the generation of SpyRing structure, which is often helpful for the stability of protein. In this paper, green fluorescent protein (GFP), L -phenylserine aldolase (LPA) and SRGFP, SRLPA (their SpyRing cyclized form) were covalently bound to glyoxyl-agarose (Gx) beads to prepare immobilized enzymes (Gx-GFP, Gx-LPA, Gx-SRGFP and Gx-SRLPA) with different protein loadings, and the effects of the SpyRing structure on solid-phase refolding were investigated. When the immobilized enzyme was inactivated in high concentrations of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 9 M guanidine hydrochloride, then reactivated with refolding buffer, the results showed that proteins with the SpyRing structure had a higher renaturation yield than their wild-type counterparts in all three replication cycles. The highest renaturation yields of Gx-SRGFP and Gx-SRLPA were over 90 % and 70 % respectively, which were approximately 15 % and 30 % higher than those of Gx-GFP and Gx-LPA. It suggests that the introduction of the SpyRing structure facilitates the reactivation of immobilized biocatalysts and provides a reference for the regeneration and recycling of industrial biocatalysts. [Display omitted] • The renaturation yield of cyclized proteins was significantly higher than wild-type proteins. • The solid-phase refolding of immobilisates of SpyRing cyclized proteins were studied. • Renaturation yield of immobilisates was improved by using SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. • Reactivation of the immobilisates with high protein loadings was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Europium-doped Lu2O3 phosphors were prepared via a co-precipitation process. The influence of precipitants on morphology and dispersibility of the obtained Lu2O3 powders were investigated. Precipitation was performed with three different precipitants, namely ammonium hydroxide (NH3·H2O), ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH4HCO3), and the mixture of NH3·H2O and NH4HCO3. Ultrafine, nearly monodispersed, weakly agglomerated and near-spherical lutetia powders could be obtained with mixed NH3·H2O and NH4HCO3 as the precipitant. The precipitate precursor with the mixed precipitant was believed to possess a basic carbonate composition and its thermal decomposition and phase evolution processes were investigated. Photoluminescence characteristics of Lu2O3:Eu3+ phosphors obtained by this modified precipitation method were also studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ecological environment and poverty have a strong spatial coupling. It is of great significance to study the interaction mechanism between them for ecological restoration and targeted poverty alleviation in ecologically fragile areas. Taking Guizhou Plateau, the center of South China Karst, as a research object, this study constructs a multi-dimensional poverty and ecological vulnerability coupling index system and analyses the coupling relationship between ecological environment and poverty from a village scale, using the comprehensive coupling coordination degree model and hot spot analysis method, followed by classifying the types of poverty villages. Our results suggest that in space, the multi-dimensional poverty index is high in the south, north, and northwest of Guizhou, while, the overall ecological environment quality is high in the west and low in the east. Obvious differences are identified in the spatial distribution pattern between the multi-dimensional poverty index and ecological environment quality, with only point overlap. The multi-dimensional poverty index and ecological environmental vulnerability index of most poor villages have little difference, and the coupling degree is high, extreme coupling accounting for 89.60%. The coupling coordination degree is mainly moderate coordination and basic coordination, poverty and ecological environment are not in high harmony. 69.3% of the poverty villages in the Guizhou Province belong to the type of good ecology-general poverty. Therefore, in the process of development-oriented poverty reduction, according to the coupling relationship between ecology and poverty of the poverty villages. more attention is required for economic development in the east of Guizhou and the ecological restoration in the west. • Constructed multi-dimensional poverty & ecological vulnerability coupling index system. • Analyses the coupling relationship between ecological environment & poverty. • Comprehensive coupling coordination degree model and hot spot analysis method are used. • Results suggest that in space, the multi-dimensional poverty index is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (BC) ranks as the sixth cancer in males and the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Conventional treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, have limited efficacy in certain advanced instances. The involvement of GALNT6-mediated aberrant O-glycosylation modification in several malignancies and immune evasion is a subject of speculation. However, its significance in BC has not been investigated. Through the integration of bioinformatics analysis and laboratory experimentation, we have successfully clarified the role of GALNT6 in BC. Our investigation revealed that GALNT6 has significant expression in BC, and its high expression level correlates with advanced stage and high grade, leading to poor overall survival. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate a strong correlation between elevated levels of GALNT6 and tumor growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between elevated GALNT6 levels, the extent of CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, and the prognosis of patients. Functional experiments have shown that the increased expression of GALNT6 could enhance the malignant characteristics of cancer cells by activating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. In brief, this study examined the impact of GALNT6-mediated abnormal O-glycosylation on the occurrence and progression of bladder cancer and its influence on immune evasion. It also explored the possible molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, as well as the bidirectional signaling involved. These findings offer a novel theoretical foundation rooted in glycobiology for the clinical application of immunotherapy in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost and easy-to-produce C–Mn–Cr automotive steel for both cold and hot forming is presented in this paper. The alloying element Cr was used to replace Mn in medium-Mn steel and instead of B in hot-formed steel, in order to achieve microstructure control and hardenability improvement, replacing the residual austenite-enhanced plasticization with multidimensional enhanced plasticization through multiphase microstructure design, grain refinement, and dispersion enhancement of second-phase particles. The products of strength and elongation for the cold-formed and hot-formed steel were 20 GPa·% and 18 GPa·%, respectively, while the tensile strengths were more than 1000 MPa and 1500 MPa, respectively. This new automotive steel was also characterized by good oxidation resistance. The mechanisms of strength and plasticization of the experimental automotive steel were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption has been used widely to remove indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the large diffusion resistance inside traditional granular adsorbents renders a low VOC adsorption rate. This study proposes a modified method to achieve the rapid diffusion into the adsorbent during the initial adsorption period. A thin and flexible adsorption board with a layer of adsorbent coated on a heating film was prepared for in-situ adsorption and regeneration. Then, regular, vertical macro-channels through the adsorption board were fabricated by laser drilling to enhance mass transfer inside the board. Experimental results demonstrated that after modification, the penetration times for formaldehyde and xylene extended from 3.8 to 6.2 h, and from 62 to 99 h, respectively. The effective adsorption capacity of the modified board had increased by a multiple of two for formaldehyde and 1.8 for xylene. A mathematical model was developed and experimentally validated to evaluate the modification effect for more adsorbent-pollutant pairs. The results showed that the amplification of effective adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the Da/(K·De) parameter; this is the diffusion resistance ratio prior to and following the modification. A spectrogram of adsorbent–pollutant pairs was plotted to guide the modification. This simple macro-channel modification of the adsorption board may be used as an alternative design for adsorption applications in indoor air purification. • A flexible adsorption board with macro-channels was developed by laser drilling. • A mathematical model was developed and experimentally validated. • Removal performance was enhanced to around 2 times after modification. • A spectrogram between two key parameters was developed to guide the modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FOMR based on activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge were constructed. • Various aspects of performance of the two reactors were compared. • AGS can provide new ideas for solving the problems of membrane fouling. Forward osmotic membrane bioreactors (FOMBRs) have broad prospects for application in wastewater reuse and resource recovery. Problems such as concentration polarization, salinity accumulation, and membrane fouling have led to a rapid flux decline, which limit their practical application. In this study, we introduced aerobic granules into a FOMBR to clarify the effect of sludge morphology on reactor performance. The results showed that the average removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) and phosphate-phosphorus (PO 4 3−-P) were maintained above 95% during the operation of activated sludge-based FOMBR (R1) and aerobic granule-based FOMBR (R2), respectively. R2 achieved higher removal efficiency of ammonia–nitrogen (NH 4 +-N) with an average removal efficiency of 77%, which was significantly higher than R1 (57%). Over the entire operation, the content of the soluble microbial products (SMP) in R1 was generally higher than that in R2, which resulted in more polysaccharides and proteins in the fouling layer of the membrane. The membrane flux of R2 was 1.0 L·m−2·h−1 higher than that of R1. The average size of flocs in R1 decreased from 137.24 μm to 76.84 μm, and that of the aerobic granules in R2 decreased from 2.35 mm to 1.20 mm and then remained stable. The results of microbial analysis showed that the membrane surface had lower microbial diversity than that of the mixed liquid, and the microorganisms enriched at the membrane surface were mainly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes with better salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ABC-type multidrug efflux transporter named RanARanB system was identified in R. anatipestifer for the first time. • The RarB protein mediates the resistance to aminoglycosides and tolerance to organic solvents in R. anatipestifer. • The RarB protein of ABC-type multidrug efflux transporter is involved in the virulence of R. anatipestifer. Riemerella anatipestifer is a Gram-negative bacterium, which is an important pathogen infecting ducks and resistant to various antibiotics. The efflux pump is an important resistance mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria, but little research has been done in R. anatipestifer. In this study, the drug resistance mediated by RIA_1614 gene of R. anatipestifer RA-GD strain was studied, because the gene was presumed to be an efflux pump component of ABC. Firstly, the deletion strain RA-GD△ RIA_1614 and complemented strain RA-GD△ RIA_1614 pCPRA:: RIA_1614 were constructed. Then, MICs of various antimicrobial agents to parent and deletion strains and the tolerance of the strains to organic solvents were detected to screen the substrates for RIA_1614 gene. Moreover, the transcription levels of RIA_1614 gene in the parent and the complemented strains exposed to the substrates were detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the efflux abilities of parent, deletion and complemented strains to substrates were determined by antibiotic accumulation test. In addition, in vitro competition ability and virulence of the strains were also detected. The results showed that the deletion strain was more sensitive to aminoglycosides and organic solvents than parental strain RA-GD. When RA-GD and complemented strain were exposed to sub-repression levels of aminoglycosides and organic solvents, the transcription levels of RIA_1614 gene were significantly up-regulated. Sodium o -vanadate inhibitor assay confirmed that RIA_1614 protein contributed to amikacin and streptomycin resistance and organic solvent tolerance. Streptomycin accumulation test showed that the RIA_1614 protein was able to export streptomycin, and the addition of ATPase inhibitor sodium o -vanadate increased the accumulation of streptomycin, indicating that RIA_1614 protein was an ATP-dependent efflux transporter. Growth and competition experiments revealed that RIA_1614 protein had no significant effect on growth of RA-GD, but decreased in vitro competition ability of the strain. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests showed that RIA_1614 protein involved in the virulence of the strain. Based on the results and amino acid sequence analysis, it was determined that RIA_1614 protein was a member of ABC efflux pumps, and the protein was named RanB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a poultry pathogen with a reported distribution throughout the world. Vaccination is utilized as an important component of MS control programs for MS infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate protection efficacy of an inactivated MS vaccine (MS bacterin) with different adjuvants in broilers against a Chinese field isolate (CHN-BZJ2-2015). Vaccination with adjuvants ISA 71 VG and chitosan, respectively, enhanced specific lymphocyte proliferation responses and upregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2 and IFN-γ prior to challenge. Furthermore, vaccination with adjuvant ISA 71 VG elicited the highest antibody titers, exhibited significantly lower air sac, foot pad and tracheal lesions than the other groups (P < 0.05), and decreased MS colonization. These results demonstrated that inactivated MS vaccine with ISA 71 VG is able to induce both cellular and humoral immune response in broilers and confers a high level of protection upon challenge, demonstrating a potential application in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SpyTag/Catcher chemistry is usually applied to engineer robust enzymes via head-to-tail cyclization using spontaneous intramolecular isopeptide bond formation. However, the SpyTag/Catcher induced intercellular protein assembly in vivo cannot be ignored. It was found that some active inclusion bodies had generated to different proportions in the expression of six SpyTag/Catcher labeled proteins (CatIBs-STCProtein). Some factors that may affect the formation of CatIBs-STCProtein were discussed, and the subunit quantities were found to be strongly positively related to the formation of protein aggregates. Approximately 85.44% of the activity of the octameric protein leucine dehydrogenase (LDH) was expressed in aggregates, while the activity of the monomeric protein green fluorescence protein (GFP) in aggregates was 12.51%. The results indicated that SpyTag/Catcher can be used to form protein aggregates in E. coli. To facilitate the advantages of CatIBs-STCProtein, we took the CatIBs-STCLDH as an example and further chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to obtain novel cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs-CatIBs-STCLDH). CLEAs-CatIBs-STCLDH had good thermal stability and organic solvents stability, and its activity remained 51.03% after incubation at 60 °C for 100 mins. Moreover, the crosslinked CatIBs-STCLDH also showed superior stability over traditional CLEAs, and its activity remained 98.70% after 10 cycles of catalysis. [Display omitted] • Protein can be cross-linked intracellularly by fusing the label of SpyTag/Catcher. • Cross-linked proteins form aggregates named catalytically active inclusion bodies. • Aggregation rate of protein increases with the number of protein subunits. • Stability of aggregates was enhanced after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperplastic scars, especially keloids, have posed a significant clinical challenge due to their high recurrence rate. Compression therapy, a cost‐effective treatment, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing scarring and preventing recurrence. However, the compression methods exhibit limitations in adapting to the complex contours and accurately adjusting the treatment pressure, resulting in unsatisfactory treatment effects. In this study, silicone is chosen as the substrate layer ink, while the conductive ink is developed by incorporating nano‐carbon black into the polymer composite. These are printed alternately within the supported gels to construct an integrated orthotic device with precise pressure control capabilities and complex structures. Results demonstrated the printed orthosis displayed excellent mechanical properties, durability and biocompatibility. It can successfully detect various stress changes with short response times. The utilization of finite element analysis aided in the design of personalized orthosis to achieve optimal pressure for scar treatment. Finally, orthosis‐mediated pressure treatment is performed on rat tail scar models. By monitoring resistance value, it can be inferred whether the treatment pressure applied by orthosis fell within an optimal range. Overall, personalized piezoresistive anti‐scar orthoses offer an accurate and effective treatment method for scar. This innovative approach presents a novel strategy in the realm of personalized scar management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the role and mechanisms of Death Receptor 6 (DR6), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in the malignant progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The association of DR6 expression levels and CRC patient survival was examined using the CRC cohort data from GEPIA database. The functional role of DR6 in CRC cells was investigated by performing loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments based on CCK-8 proliferation assay, transwell migration and invasion assay, and sphere-forming assays. Xenograft model of CRC cells in nude mouse was established to evaluate the impact of DR6 knockdown on CRC tumorigenesis. Elevated expression of DR6 was correlated with an unfavorable prognosis in CRC patients. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that silencing DR6 considerably suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness of CRC cells, whereas its overexpression showed an opposite effect. DR6 knockdown also attenuated tumor formation of CRC cells in the nude mice. Mechanistically, silencing DR6 reduced the phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB in CRC cells, and the treatment with an AKT activator (SC79) abrogated the inhibitory effects of DR6 knockdown on the malignant features of CRC cells. Our data suggest that DR6 contributes to the malignant progression of CRC by activating AKT/NF-κB pathway, indicating its clinical potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and mixed phenotype acute leukaemia (MPAL) remains challenging.[1], [2], [3] Conventional chemotherapy has not been an effective treatment, and allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is currently the treatment option to most likely cure these diseases. After one cycle of venetoclax combination treatment, the overall response rate (ORR) was 71% (five of seven patients), with three patients achieving complete remission (CR), one partial remission (PR), and one morphological leukaemia-free state (MLFS). The MLFS patient died because of multiple-organ dysfunction at day 7 post-HSCT, whereas the other patients were in remission when assessed at day 30 after transplantation. [Extracted from the article]

Background: This research aimed to develop a model for individualized treatment decision-making in inoperable elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using machine learning methods and multi-modal data. Methods: A total of 189 inoperable elderly ESCC patients aged 65 or older who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or radiotherapy (RT) were included. Multi-task learning models were created using machine learning techniques to analyze multi-modal data, including pre-treatment CT images, clinical information, and blood test results. Nomograms were constructed to predict the objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) for different treatment strategies. Optimal treatment plans were recommended based on the nomograms. Patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups using the nomograms, and survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves. Results: The identified risk factors influencing ORR were histologic grade (HG), T stage and three radiomic features including original shape elongation, first-order skewness and original shape flatness, while risk factors influencing PFS included BMI, HG and three radiomic features including high gray-level run emphasis, first-order minimum and first-order skewness. These risk factors were incorporated into the nomograms as independent predictive factors. PFS was substantially different between the low-risk group (total score ≤ 110) and the high-risk group (total score > 110) according to Kaplan–Meier curves (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The developed predictive models for ORR and PFS in inoperable elderly ESCC patients provide valuable insights for predicting treatment efficacy and prognosis. The nomograms enable personalized treatment decision-making and can guide optimal treatment plans for inoperable elderly ESCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riemerella anatipestifer ( R. anatipestifer ) is a Gram-negative bacterium that crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and causes meningitis with neurological symptoms in infected ducks. A threshold level of bacteremia must be reached before the BBB can be breached. In this study, the bacterial burden and expression profiles of immune-related proteins in blood and brain tissue samples from R. anatipestifer -infected ducks were investigated. The data showed that R. anatipestifer could cross the BBB with low-level bacteremia of 7.5 × 10 2 CFU/ml in infected blood. Analysis of immune-related proteins revealed that IL-4, IL-17A, IL-17D, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TGF-β in blood, as well as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, IL-17D, IL-17F, TLR3, TLR4, and TGF-β in brain tissue were upregulated at an early stage in infection. The expression levels of Th1 and Th17-specific cytokines were significantly higher than those of Th2-specific cytokines, which indicated that mainly Th1 and Th17 immune responses were induced during R . anatipestifer infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, the disease remains detrimental to humans, livestock, and poultry. Riemerella anatipestifer is a gram-negative bacterium causing duckling serositis and meningitis. However, the virulence factors contributing to its binding and invasion of duck brain microvascular endothelial cells (DBMECs) and penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have never been reported. In this study, immortalized DBMECs were successfully generated and used as an in vitro-model of duck BBB. Furthermore, ompA gene deletion mutant of the pathogen and multiple complemented strains carrying the complete ompA gene and its truncated forms were constructed. Bacterial growth, invasion, and adhesion assays and animal experiments were performed. The results show that the OmpA protein of R. anatipestifer had no effect on bacterial growth and adhesion ability to DBMECs. The role of OmpA in the invasion of R. anatipestifer into DBMECs and duckling BBB was confirmed. The amino acids 230–242 of OmpA represents a key domain involved in R. anatipestifer invasion. In addition, another OmpA1164 protein constituted by the amino acids 102–488 within OmpA could function as a complete OmpA. The signal peptide sequence from amino acids 1–21 had no significant effect on OmpA functions. In conclusion, this study illustrated that OmpA is an important virulence factor mediating R. anatipestifer invasion of DBMECs and penetration of the duckling BBB. • OmpA plays an important role in the invasion of R. anatipestifer into DBMECs and duck BBB. • Amino acids 230–242 of OmpA represents the key domain involved in R. anatipestifer invasion of DBMECs and duck BBB. • OmpA1164 protein containing amino acids 102–488 of OmpA can function as complete OmpA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ordered two-dimensional arrays of silver adatoms with tunable metal atom density stabilized by 1,4-diethynyl-2,5-dimethylbenzene, a terminal alkyne, were prepared on Ag(111) and scrutinized by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Stabilization of the adatom arrays was attributed to the substrate-mediated electron localizations of the Ag adatom and terminal alkynyl in the molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic, severely distressing clinical syndrome characterized by bladder pain and pressure perceptions. The origin and pathophysiology of IC/BPS are currently unclear, making it difficult to diagnose and formulate successful treatments. Our study is aimed at investigating the role of immune-related genes in the diagnosis, progression, and therapy of IC/BPS. Method. The gene expression datasets GSE11783, GSE11839, GSE28242, and GSE57560 were retrieved from the GEO database for further analysis. Immune-related IC/BPS differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma. Three distinct machine learning approaches, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine–recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and random forest (RF), were used to find the immune-related IC characteristic genes. Nomogram and receiving operator curves (ROC) were plotted to measure characteristic effectiveness. Using the CMap database and the molecular docking approach, potential small-molecule medicines were found and verified. Consensus cluster analysis was also performed to separate the IC/BPS samples into immunological subtypes. Results. A total of 24 immune-related IC/BPS-DEGs were identified. When compared to the normal control group, the IC/BPS cohort had significantly more immune cell infiltration. Integrative machine learning methods discovered 5 IC/BPS characteristic genes (RASGRP1, PPBP, RBP4, CR2, and PROS2) that may predict IC/BPS diagnosis and immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, two immunological subgroups with substantial variations in immune cell infiltration across IC/BPS samples were identified, which were named cluster1 and cluster2, with the hallmark genes having greater expression in cluster2. Finally, bumetanide was shown to have the potential to be a medication for the treatment of IC/BPS, and it performed well in terms of its molecular binding with RASGRP1. Conclusion. We found and validated 5 immune-related IC/BPS genes (RASGRP1, PPBP, RBP4, CR2, and PROS2) and 2 IC/BPS immune subtypes. In addition, bumetanide was discovered to be a potential drug for treating IC/BPS, which may provide new insight into the diagnosis and immune therapy of IC/BPS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is anticipated that there will be a large rise in the number of tumor diagnoses and mortality in those aged 65 and older over the course of upcoming decades. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, often known as ICIs, boost immune system activity by selectively targeting ICI genes. On the other hand, old age may be connected with unfavorable results. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provided gene expression data from ccRCC tissue and key clinical variables. ICI gene databases were applied and verified using the GEO database. Results: We identified 14 ICI genes as risk gene signatures among 528 ccRCC patients using univariate and multivariable cox hazard models, and the elderly group was linked with poor survival. Then, by utilizing a new nomogram method, the TNFSF15 gene and age predicting values were estimated at one, three, and five years (85%, 81%, and 81%), respectively, and our age-related risk score was significant even after multivariable analysis (HR = 1.518, p = 0.009, CI = 1.1102.076). TNFSF15 gene expression was lower in elderly ccRCC patients (p = 0.0001). A negative connection between age and the TNFSF15 gene expression was discovered by correlation analysis (p = 0.0001). The verification of the gene by utilizing GEO (GSE167093) with 604 patients was obtained as external validation that showed significant differences in the TNFSF15 gene between young and elderly patients (p = 0.007). Additionally, the protein–protein interactions of the TNFSF15 gene with other ICI genes and aging-related genes was determined. In addition, the TNFSF15 expression was significantly correlated with pathological stages (p = 0.018). Furthermore, it was discovered that the biological processes of senescence, cellular senescence, the immune system, and many immune cell infiltration and immune function types are all closely tied. Conclusions: Along with the risk score evaluation, the ICI gene TNFSF15 was identified as a tumor suppressor gene related to inequalities in age survival and is associated with pathological stages and different immunity statuses. The aging responses of ccRCC patients and related gene expression need further investigation in order to identify potential therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. To construct and validate a deep learning cluster from whole slide images (WSI) for depicting the immunophenotypes and functional heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in patients with bladder cancer (BLCA) and to explore an artificial intelligence (AI) score to explore the underlying biological pathways in the developed WSI cluster. Methods. In this study, the WSI cluster was constructed based on a deep learning procedure. Further rerecognition of TME features in pathological images was applied based on a neural network. Then, we integrated the TCGA cohort and several external testing cohorts to explore and validate this novel WSI cluster and a corresponding quantitative indicator, the AI score. Finally, correlations between the AI cluster (AI score) and classical BLCA molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, functional heterogeneity, and potential therapeutic method in BLCA were assessed. Results. The WSI cluster was identified associated with clinical survival (P < 0.001) and was proved as an independent predictor (P = 0.031), which could also predict the immunology and the clinical significance of BLCA. Rerecognition of pathological images established a robust 3-year survival prediction model (with an average classification accuracy of 86%, AUC of 0.95) for BLCA patients combining TME features and clinical features. In addition, an AI score was constructed to quantify the underlying logic of the WSI cluster (AUC = 0.838). Finally, we hypothesized that high AI score shapes an immune-hot TME in BLCA. Thus, treatment options including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), chemotherapy, and ERBB therapy can be used for the treatment of BLCA patients in WSI cluster1 (high AI score subtype). Conclusions. In general, we showed that deep learning can predict prognosis and may aid in the precision medicine for BLCA directly from H&E histology, which is more economical and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the Review. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) techniques have dramatically grown after approval to manage overactive bladder (OAB). The present review will focus on the most current data on PTNS types (percutaneous, transcutaneous, and implant) and their mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, advantages, drawbacks, limitation, and clinical applications. Recent Findings. The present review described the recent studies that addressed the tibial nerve stimulation role in OAB management. BlueWind RENOVA system, Bioness StimRouter, and eCoin are examples of emerging technologies that have evolved from interval sessions (percutaneous PTNS and transcutaneous PTNS) to continuous stimulation (implants). These can be efficiently managed at home by patients with minimum burden on the health system and fewer visits, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary. Our review shows that the tibial nerve stimulation advancements in OAB treatment have been rapidly increasing over the recent years. It is minimally invasive and effective, similar to sacral nerve stimulation (SNM), but less aggressive. Implantable PTNS has been promised in terms of efficacy, safety, and high acceptance rate. However, evidence is still limited to short-term trials, and tolerability, method, and drawbacks remain challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents preparation, characterization and evaluation of heterogeneous Fe(III)–SiO2 catalysts for the photo-Fenton degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) in aqueous solution. Fe(III)–SiO2 catalysts are prepared by impregnation method with two iron salts as precursors, namely Fe(NO3)3 and FeSO4, and are characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The irradiated Fe(III)–SiO2 is complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline, then is measured by UV–vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis-DRS) and XPS to confirm the oxidation state of Fe in solid state. By investigating the photo-Fenton degradation of PAM in aqueous solution, the results indicate that Fe(III)–SiO2 catalysts exhibit an excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of PAM. Moreover, the precursor species and the OH−/Fe mole ratio affect the photocatalytic activity of Fe(III)–SiO2 catalysts to a certain extent. Finally, the amount of Fe ions leaching from the Fe(III)–SiO2 catalysts is much low. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background. To assess the clinical characteristics, radiological predictors, and pathological features of perinephric fat adhesion degree (PFAD) graded based on fixed criteria and to determine the impact of adherent perinephric fat (APF) on retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RLPN) outcomes. Methods. 84 patients undergoing RLPN were included and graded into 4 groups based on PFAD. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for clinical characteristics and radiological predictors of PFAD. Perioperative data were compared between APF groups and non-APF groups. Masson staining determined collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry detected CD45 immune cells and CD34 vessels. Results. 20, 28, 18, and 18 patients were graded as normal perinephric fat (NPF), mild adherent perinephric fat (MiPF), moderate adherent perinephric fat (MoPF), and severe adherent perinephric fat (SPF), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.003), and hypertension (p = 0.006) were significant clinical risk factors of PFAD, while radiological predictors included perinephric stranding (p = 0.001), posterior perinephric fat thickness (p = 0.009), and perinephric fat density (p = 0.02). APF was associated with drain output (p = 0.012) and accompanied by immune cells gathering in renal cortex near thickened renal capsule with many vessels. Conclusions. Clinical characteristics and radiological predictors can evaluate PFAD and may assist to guide preoperative surgical option. Pathological features of APF reflect decapsulation and bleeding during kidney mobilization at RLPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of men are fathering children at an older age than in the past. While advanced maternal age has long been recognized as a risk factor for adverse reproductive outcomes, the influence of paternal age on reproduction is incompletely comprehended. Herein, we found that miR‐125a‐5p was upregulated in the sperm of aging males and was related to inferior sperm DNA integrity as an adverse predictor. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR‐125a‐5p suppressed mitochondrial function and increased cellular DNA damage in GC2 cells. We also found that miR‐125a‐5p perturbed embryo development at specific morula/blastocyst stages. Mechanistically, we confirmed that miR‐125a‐5p disturbed the mitochondrial function by targeting Rbm38 and activating the p53 damage response pathway, and induced a developmental delay in a p21‐dependent manner. Our study revealed an important role of miR‐125a‐5p in sperm function and early embryo development of aging males, and provided a fresh view to comprehend the aging process in sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional thermal-mechanical control processing technology governed by a heavy reduction at a relatively lower temperature has been applied successfully in the refinement of the final microstructure of hot-rolled steels. However, it might not be the best method for the manufacture of large-size structural steels due to their limited reduction ratio and relatively high temperature during hot rolling. Boundary induced transformation (BIT), is proposed in the present paper as an alternative approach for the grain refinement of large-size structural steels. The austenite grain size during reheating and rough rolling is controlled by Ti microalloying with the aim of reducing the critical strain for the onset of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in the subsequent rolling. The precipitation of NbC particles and their inhibition of static recrystallization during the interpass interval is responsible for the accumulation of strain to ensure the occurrence of DRX in finish rolling. Consequently, the large amount of austenite grain boundaries resulted from the formation of fine DRXed grains will provide potent nucleation sites for the phase transformation from austenite to ferrite and then lead to an effective grain refinement. The experimental results demonstrate that the ferrite grain size can be significantly refined via this approach, illustrating that BIT mechanism is very applicable to refine grain size effectively for the large-size structural steels with limited reduction ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria originally isolated from healthy infants, were tested for their abilities to activate RAW264.7 cells. Gene expression and cytokine production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) of RAW264.7 cells were evaluated. The activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and nuclear factor-κB (NK-κB) were also assessed. These results suggest lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in infants may promote production of IL-10 in macrophages, conferring a protective effect in hosts suffering from inflammation. Dimerization of TLR2 and MyD88 and subsequent phosphorylation of the key downstream signaling molecules, such as MAPKs and NK-κB, may be one of the key underlying mechanisms of activation of macrophages by these microbes. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli induced macrophages to secrete IL-10 in a different manner, which may relate to their abilities to activate key signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and MyD88. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria derived from infant intestines may activate macrophages and lead to different IL-10 secretion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of leishmaniasis if left untreated and 50,000 to 90,000 new cases of VL occur worldwide each year. Although various vaccines had been studied in animal models, none of them was eligible to prevent human from infections. In this study, according to the silico analysis of Leishmania Amastin, Kmp-11 and Gp63 protein, dominant epitope sequences of these proteins were selected and linked to construct dominant multi-epitopes DNA and protein vaccines (Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63) against VL. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy and challenged with a new Leishmania parasite strain isolated from a VL patient. After immunization, the results including specific antibody titers, IL-4 and TNF-α levels, and CD4 and CD8 T cell proportion suggested the potent immunogenicity of the three vaccines. After infection, the results of spleen parasite burdens in the three vaccine groups were significantly lower than those of control groups, and the parasite reduction rates of Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63 groups were 89.38%, 91.01% and 88.42%, respectively. Spleen smear observation and liver histopathological changes showed that all vaccine groups could produce significant immunoprotection against VL and Amastin-Gp63 vaccine was the best. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that the three dominant multi-epitopes Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63 DNA prime-protein boost vaccines might be new vaccine candidates for VL, and the Amastin-Gp63 vaccine have best efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Analysis of four proteins of Leishmania donovani using bioinformatics tools. • Functional amino acid sites and dominant epitopes of the four proteins were founded. • Some phosphorylation sites and their kinases may be drug targets for leishmaniasis. • Dominant epitopes of the four proteins may be vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis. Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious and widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani complex. The threat of this fatal disease continues due to the lack of ideal drugs or vaccines. In this study, we selected Amastin, CaNA2, Kmp-11 and PDI proteins of Leishmania donovani for study, which are VL vaccine candidates or possible drug targets. Eleven bioinformatics tools were used to analyze different aspects of these proteins, including amino acid composition, topology, signal peptide, secondary structure, surface properties, phosphorylation sites and kinases, protein binding sites, 3D homology modeling, B cell epitopes, MHC class Ⅰ and Ⅱ epitopes and protein-protein interactions. Finally, the functionally related amino acid sites and dominant epitopes of these proteins were founded. Some possible relationships between protein structure, phosphorylation sites, protein binding sites and epitopes were also discovered. High flexibility and random coils regions of protein have a tendency to be phosphorylated, bind proteins and present epitopes. Since some phosphorylation sites and their kinases are involved in Leishmania invasion and survival in host cells, they may be potential drug targets. Bioinformatics analysis helps us better understand protein function and find dominant epitopes to guide drug design and vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical and neglected disease with an estimated 200 000–400 000 cases and 60 000 deaths worldwide each year. Currently, no clinically valid vaccine is available for this disease. In this study, we formulated DNA and protein vaccines encoding HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2 against visceral leishmaniasis. We predicted the secondary and tertiary structures, surface properties, subcellular localization, potential binding sites and HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2. The best candidate CpG ODN (2395, M362, D‐SL03 or 685) was screened out as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. We also prepared Kmp‐11 and Kmp‐11/CaNA2 DNA and protein vaccines, respectively, for comparison. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA prime‐protein boost immunization strategy and challenged with a newly isolated Leishmania strain from an individual with visceral leishmaniasis. The IgG antibody titers showed that our vaccine had strong immunogenicity with a long duration, especially cellular immunity. The spleen parasite burden of each group demonstrated that the CaNA2 vaccine had a certain immune protective effect on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, and the amastigote reduction rate reached 76%. Preliminary safety tests confirmed the safety of the vaccine. Our work demonstrates that the HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitope CaNA2 DNA prime‐protein boost vaccine may be a safe and effective epitope vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis. The eukaryotic recombinant plasmids encoding CaNA2 HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes, KMP‐11 and KMP‐11/CaNA2 were successfully constructed, and their transient and stable expression were verified in NIH3T3 cells. The prokaryotic recombinant plasmids of the corresponding target genes were also successfully constructed, expressed and purified. In BALB/c mice, the DNA prime‐protein boost vaccine of HLA‐restricted CaNA2 induced strong cellular immunity and immune protection against visceral leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin (Met) is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is evidence that Met may reduce the risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by inhibiting tumor cell growth, prolonging the overall survival time in patients with various types of malignancy. However, the function and mechanism of Met have not been fully elucidated in osteosarcoma (OS). The present study evaluated the anti-proliferative effect of Met on MG63 and U2OS OS cells, identifying that it acted in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Met also inhibited OS cell migration and invasion, potentially by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in OS cells. Mechanistically, Met was demonstrated to partly exert these functions through the suppression of Akt phosphorylation, which was associated with increased phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) expression. Silencing PTEN prevented the Met-induced inhibition of the growth and metastasis of OS cells. As Met has anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects on OS cells it is a potential candidate, in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, for use in the treatment of OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]