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Purpose: This study evaluated the outcome of pediatric patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and compared of the treatments between continued antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) and endoscopic injection. Methods: The clinical data of children diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux from March 2015 to June 2020 who were treated with antibiotics or endoscopic injection were reviewed. Antibiotic was the first-chosen treatment after the diagnosis of VUR in children. Endoscopic treatment consisted of injection of dextran hyaluronic acid copolymer (DX/HA) into the ureteral opening under direct cystoscopy guidance. Results: Fifty-two children (35 males, 17 females) were included in this study, and for a total 90 ureters (14 unilateral, 38 bilateral) were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux by Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Twenty-two children were treated with antibiotics (8 unilateral, 14 bilateral), for a total of 36 ureters; thirty children were treated by endoscopic injection (6 unilateral, 24 bilateral), for a total of 54 ureters. The injection surgery took 36 ± 17 min including duration of general anesthesia and circumcision and the hospital stay was 2.3 ± 1.3 days. All male patients underwent circumcision simultaneously. There were no drug and allergic reactions in the antibiotic group, and no postoperative complications occurred in the injection group. With 23 months (13–63 months) of mean follow-up, the resolution rate, defined as radiological disappearance of VUR, was 36.1% (13/36) in the antibiotic group and 57.4% (31/54) in the injection group (P = 0.048).Two cases of bilateral reflux in the injection group required a second injection before resolution could be achieved. Thus, the overall success rate of injection was 64.8% (35/54). 9 cases (9/18, 50%) in the antibiotic group had renal scars on DMSA scans, while this was seen in 20 cases (20/23, 86.9%) in the injection group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.010).The positive rates of ultrasound between the antibiotic group and the injection group were 45.5% (10/22) and 80.0% (24/30), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in positive rates of ultrasound (P = 0.010). Conclusions: Endoscopic injection is easy to operate with short surgical time and hospital stay, so it is a safe and feasible treatment. For the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children, the radiological resolution rate of endoscopic injection is better than antibiotic therapy. In this study, the presence of kidney scars on DMSA and the dilated of the collecting system on ultrasound are the indications for endoscopic injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary non-refluxing megaureter (PMU) is a congenital dilation of the ureter which is not related to vesicoureteral reflux, duplicated collecting systems, ureterocele, ectopic ureter, or posterior urethral valves and accounts for 5 to 10% of all prenatal hydronephrosis (HN) cases. The etiology is a dysfunction or stenosis of the distal ureter. Most often PMU remains asymptomatic with spontaneous resolution allowing for non-operative management. Nevertheless, in selective cases such as the development of febrile urinary tract infections, worsening of the ureteral dilatation, or reduction in relative renal function, surgery should be considered. Conclusion: Ureteral replantation with excision of the dysfunctional ureteral segment and often ureteral tapering is the gold-standard procedure for PMU, although endoscopic treatment has been shown to have a fair success rate in many studies. In this review, we discuss the natural history, follow-up, and treatment of PMU. What is Known: • PMU is the result of an atonic or stenotic segment of the distal ureter, resulting in congenital dilation of the ureter, and is frequently diagnosed on routine antenatal ultrasound. What is New: • Most often, PMU remains asymptomatic and clinically stable, allowing for non-operative management. • Nevertheless, since symptoms can appear even after years of observation, long-term ultrasound follow-up is recommended, even up to young adulthood, if hydroureteronephrosis persists. • Ureteral replantation is the gold standard in case surgery is needed. In selected cases, however, HPBD could be a reasonable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To clarify the incidence of and risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection in children with persistent vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) after the discontinuation of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP), retrospective chart review was performed. Patients and methods: Among children with primary VUR at 10 years of age or younger at presentation, those who had persistent VUR despite conservative management with CAP and who were subsequently followed after discontinuation of CAP were included. Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox's proportional hazard regression model were used for evaluation of the incidence of and risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after stopping CAP. Results: Among 144 children (99 boys and 45 girls), fUTI developed in 34. The 5-year fUTI-free rate after discontinuation of CAP was 69.4%. On multivariate analyses, girls (p = 0.008) and abnormalities on nuclear renal scans (p = 0.0019), especially focal defect (p = 0.0471), were significant factors for fUTI. Although the fUTI-free rate was not different between children who had no or 1 risk factor, it was significantly lower in children with 2 risk factors than in those with no or 1 risk factor. Conclusions: The present study revealed that girls and abnormal renal scan, especially focal defect, are risk factors for fUTI. Active surveillance without CAP for persistent VUR seems to be a safe option for children with no or 1 risk factor. Prophylactic surgery or careful conservative follow-up may be an option for girls with abnormal renal scan results if VUR persists under CAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The management of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is crucial to prevent renal scarring. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is the most widely used initial treatment for VUR. However, the optimal duration of CAP is still unclear. We aimed to clarify an appropriate patient population and the optimal timing to discontinue CAP. Methods: We reviewed the records of 247 patients with primary VUR between January 2000 and December 2015. Seventy-two patients who discontinued CAP despite persistent VUR were enrolled. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model was used in statistical analysis. Results: Following the discontinuation of CAP, fUTI developed in 25 patients after a median of 9 months (range 0–81). VUR resolved spontaneously in 9 out of 47 patients without recurrence during follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed bilateral VUR and duration of CAP of less than 1 year after the last fUTI were significant risk factors for recurrence. Conclusion: Among the risk factors examined, patients administered CAP for less than 1 year after the last fUTI and those with bilateral VUR had significantly more frequent recurrence. Our study suggests that the administration of CAP for more than 1 year after the last fUTI is beneficial in avoiding recurrent fUTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]