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This research aims to understand the institutionalization process of imprisoned subjects, identifying subjective effects and strategies they use in serving the sentence. It also contextualizes the work of the Psychology professional in the Brazilian prison system and the debate with the Courts around the criminological examination. The study has a genealogical approach, using interviews and document analysis. The participants are three professionals and three inmates of a male prison located in a southern state of Brazil. The analyses showed that prison, as a total institution, provokes a rupture with the outside world and the previous reality of the inmates and that they abandon their identity and assume an institutional identity. Conducts are prescribed that legitimize hierarchies, and a language that signals to belong to the group is shared. Generally, the family is supportive, but the distance between it and the prisoners is a source of suffering for them, who create adaptation tactics for institutional coexistence. The perspective of freedom provokes feelings of joy and fear because the ex-prisoner stereotype remains with them after serving the sentence. The Criminal Execution Law provides the criminological examination in order to establish a program for the individualization of the sentence and progression of the regime but, the Federal Council of Psychology is against its elaboration by psychologists regarding the criminological prognosis of recidivism, the measurement of dangerousness, and the establishment of a causal link from the crime-offender binomial, and argues for monitoring the prisoner from the perspective of humanization, overcoming the punitive paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollinator populations are in decline worldwide. These declines are likely to impact native Hawaiian species and their interactions. To explore spatial heterogeneity in interactions between a foundational native Hawaiian tree and flower visitors, we examined how flower visitation varied for Metrosideros polymorpha over an elevational gradient, on the Island of Hawai'i. We conducted a short-term, observational study at sites of high human activity, spanning a 1,500-m elevational gradient. We predicted that native flower visitors would be most important, where importance is defined as the product of the number of flower visitors observed and the number of flowers visited per visitor, at the highest elevations where human impacts have historically been less consistent and human populations are lower. We predicted that non-native bee visitation would be most important at the lowest elevations where human impact is highest. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the non-native honeybee, Apis mellifera, was the most important visitor at both the lowest and highest-elevation sites and second only to native species of Hylaeus bees in visitor importance at mid-elevation sites. We recorded A. mellifera interacting with flowers during 16.3% of all observation blocks and Hylaeus spp. during 9.4% of observation blocks, with all other visitors appearing more rarely. Although this study was short in duration and occurred at only six study sites in disturbed areas, our results suggest that the high importance of A. mellifera as a flower visitor of M. polymorpha is consistent across a range of environmental conditions. Hawai'i's shifting suite of pollinators may impact gene flow and reproduction for M. polymorpha, a species with immense ecological and cultural importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the discussions of how to define a city, in Chapter 4 Storey guides the reader through case studies of primary cities. In his primer on ancient urbanism, Glenn Storey provides an introductory text that encompasses many crucial topics across a range of past urban sites. Storey classifies cities into "hyper" and "hypo" cities, which are compact high-density or physically large areas of with low-density populations, respectively. [Extracted from the article]

Larvae of marine calcifying organisms are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of elevated pCO2 on shell formation because of their rapid calcification rates, reduced capacity to isolate calcifying fluid from seawater, and use of more soluble polymorphs of calcium carbonate. However, parental exposure to elevated pCO2 could benefit larval shell formation through transgenerational plastic responses. We examined the capacity of intergenerational exposure to mitigate the adverse effects of elevated pCO2 on Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) early larval shell growth, shell morphology, and survival. Adult oysters were exposed to control (572 ppm pCO2) or elevated pCO2 (2827 ppm pCO2) conditions for 30 d during reproductive conditioning. Offspring from each parental treatment were produced using a partial North Carolina II cross design and grown under control and elevated pCO2 conditions for 3 d. We found evidence of transgenerational plasticity in early larval shell growth and morphology, but not in survival, in response to the parental pCO2 exposure. Larvae from parents exposed to elevated pCO2 exhibited faster shell growth rates than larvae from control parents, with this effect being significantly larger when larvae were grown under elevated pCO2 compared to control conditions. Parental exposure to elevated pCO2, however, was insufficient to completely counteract the adverse effects of the prescribed elevated pCO2 on early larval shell formation and survival. Nevertheless, these results suggest that oysters have some capacity to acclimate intergenerationally to ocean acidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]