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It is difficult and time-consuming to search the optimal low-thrust spiral trajectories. This is because the analytical solutions for long powered arcs are not available, and hundreds or even thousands of orbital revolutions are involved in transfer trajectories. This paper examines a smart guidance scheme based on Lyapunov feedback control which overcomes the difficulties found in control gains steering. In this guidance scheme, the artificial neural network is adopted to implement gains steering and the evolutionary algorithm is used as the learning algorithm for artificial neural network. In this paper, Earth J2 perturbation and Earth-shadow eclipse effects are considered. Finally, a comparison with solutions given by the literature demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical simulation results show that the time-varying gains guidance scheme can decrease the transfer time with respect to constant gains cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental and highly orchestrated process that involves hundreds of ribosome biogenesis factors. Despite advances that have been made in yeast, the molecular mechanism of ribosome biogenesis remains largely unknown in plants. We uncovered a WD40 protein, Shrunken and Embryo Defective Kernel 1 (SHREK1), and showed that it plays a crucial role in ribosome biogenesis and kernel development in maize (Zea mays). The shrek1 mutant shows an aborted embryo and underdeveloped endosperm and embryo-lethal in maize. SHREK1 localizes mainly to the nucleolus and accumulates to high levels in the seed. Depleting SHREK1 perturbs pre-rRNA processing and causes imbalanced profiles of mature rRNA and ribosome. The expression pattern of ribosomal-related genes is significantly altered in shrek1. Like its yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ortholog Periodic tryptophan protein 1 (PWP1), SHREK1 physically interacts with ribosomal protein ZmRPL7a, a transient component of the PWP1-subcomplex involved in pre-rRNA processing in yeast. Additionally, SHREK1 may assist in the A3 cleavage of the pre-rRNA in maize by interacting with the nucleolar protein ZmPOP4, a maize homolog of the yeast RNase mitochondrial RNA-processing complex subunit. Overall, our work demonstrates a vital role of SHREK1 in pre-60S ribosome maturation, and reveals that impaired ribosome function accounts for the embryo lethality in shrek1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]