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Simple Summary: Recent research uncovered the BRAF mutation in papillary craniopharyngiomas, leading to new targeted treatments that may reduce the need for invasive procedures. A systematic review of 20 studies with 37 patients, treated mostly in the U.S., found that 18 patients received these drugs after surgery or radiation (adjuvant treatment), while 19 received them before surgery (neoadjuvant treatment). The common combination of a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor significantly shrank tumours, with reductions of 70% to 100% in many cases, and up to 91% for those treated before surgery. Some patients required no further treatment afterward. However, questions remain about the optimal use of these drugs, including timing, combinations, and managing side effects. Despite these challenges, targeted therapies are promising in improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with this brain tumour, with future studies expected to refine their use. Background/Objectives: The recent discovery of BRAF mutation in papillary craniopharyngiomas opened new avenues for targeted therapies to control tumour growth, decreasing the need for invasive treatments and relative complications. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the recent scientific data dealing with the use of targeted therapies in papillary craniopharyngiomas, as adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments. Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed with searches performed in Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase, following a dedicated PICO approach. Results: We included 21 pertinent studies encompassing 53 patients: 26 patients received BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) as adjuvant treatment, while 25 received them as neoadjuvant treatment. In the adjuvant setting, BRAFi were used to treat recurrent tumours after surgery or adjuvant radiation therapy. The most common regimen combined dabrafenib (BRAFi) with trametinib (MEK1 and 2 inhibitor) in 81% of cases. The mean treatment length was 8.8 months (range 1.6 to 28 months) and 32% were continuing BRAFi. A reduction of tumour volume variable from 24% to 100% was observed at cerebral MRI during treatment and volumetric reduction ≥80% was described in 64% of cases. Once the treatment was stopped, adjuvant treatments were performed to stabilize patients in remission in 11 cases (65%) or when a progression was detected in three cases (12%). In four cases no further therapies were administered (16%). Mean follow-up after the end of targeted therapy was 17.1 months. As neoadjuvant regimen, 36% of patients were treated with dabrafenib and trametinib with a near complete radiological response in all the cases with a mean treatment of 5.7 months. The neoadjuvant use of verumafenib (BRAFi) and cometinib (MEK1 inhibitor) induced a near complete response in 15 patients (94%), with a median volumetric reduction between 85% and 91%. Ten patients did not receive further treatments. Side effects varied among studies. The optimal timing, sequencing, and duration of treatment of these new therapies should be established. Moreover, questions remain about the choice of specific BRAF/MEK inhibitors, the optimal protocol of treatment, and the strategies for managing adverse events. Conclusions: Treatment is shifting to a wider multidisciplinary management, where a key role is played by targeted therapies, to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients with BRAF-mutated craniopharyngiomas. Future, larger comparative trials will optimize their protocol of use and integration into multimodal strategies of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an adaptation of Entanglement Renormalization for quantum field theories that, through the use of discrete wavelet transforms, strongly parallels the tensor network architecture of the Multiscale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz (a.k.a. MERA). Our approach, called wMERA, has several advantages of over previous attempts to adapt MERA to continuum systems. In particular, (i) wMERA is formulated directly in position space, hence preserving the quasi-locality and sparsity of entanglers; and (ii) it enables a built-in RG flow in the implementation of real-time evolution and in computations of correlation functions, which is key for efficient numerical implementations. As examples, we describe in detail two concrete implementations of our wMERA algorithm for free scalar and fermionic theories in (1+1) spacetime dimensions. Possible avenues for constructing wMERAs for interacting field theories are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been long-understood that final state rescattering effects provide O (1) corrections to hadronic meson decays rates, such as η → πππ and η′ → ηππ. Hence, one would expect that such effects would be just as important in axio-hadronic η and η′ decays, such as η(′) → ππa, where a is an axion or axion-like particle (ALP). And indeed they are, as we show in this paper by using the treatment of dispersion relations to include the effects of strong final state interactions in several axio-hadronic processes, namely, η(′) → π0π0a, η(′) → π+π−a, and η′ → ηπ0a. We also compute the perturbative, leading order decay rates for multiple ALP emission, such as in η(′) → π0aa, η′ → ηaa and η(′) → aaa, and briefly discuss the expected corrections from strong interactions and the processes that must be considered for an accurate rate estimation of these multi-ALP decay channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of modeling and optimization research, especially in metallurgical applications, usually aims at casting products with fewer macroscopic defects and superior mechanical resistance. Based on that, any casting industry with this objective, that requires the thermal optimization of the solidification process, which mainly controls the mechanical behavior of castings, must obtain a non-trivial and relevant answer: which optimizer should one use to get a quick and satisfactory answer to my casting manufacturing process? This paper proposes a performance analysis of ten metaheuristic optimization algorithms applied to an inverse estimation of the Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient (IHTC) coupled with the solidification phenomenon. For this purpose, a unidirectional permanent mold casting was simulated considering the Al–7wt%Si alloy. A multi-parameter temporal power law was used for the IHTC model. The numerical discretization of the problem is considered the Finite Volume Method approach. Statistical results from the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method were considered a reference for qualitative and quantitative performance analysis. The Moth-Flame Optimizer (MFO) presented a probability of success of 85%, outperforming the other methods in all parametric and non-parametric metrics. Further research is encouraged to verify the influence and effectiveness of the intrinsic search to the MFO method to propose more efficient optimizers for this physical problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the link between gut microbiota and obesity is increasingly reported, the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes are still under debate. This overview of human and animal data addresses several pathophysiologic mechanisms, dietary habits, exercise and probiotic and symbiotic supplementation in the fields of gut microbiota and obesity. Overall, obesity impairs gut microbiota composition due to factors that may be linked to the onset of the disease, such as excessive consumption of high-energy foods, sugars and fats, as well as a low fiber intake and physical inactivity. Conversely, low-energy diets, physical exercise, and probiotic and prebiotic supplementations can enhance gut microbiota in patients with obesity, in addition to improving cardiometabolic markers. As for perspectives, further research is warranted to ascertain proper dietary manipulation, physical exercise protocols and dosing regimens of probiotics. Regarding the latter, the effects on indicators of obesity are clinically modest, and hence skepticism must be exercised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐sourced Zeolite‐Templated Carbons (ZTCs) were achieved through the use of glycerol as carbon source. A systematic study of the textural and chemical properties is presented on ZTCs achieved at synthesis temperatures between 300 °C and 800 °C. Textural properties are importantly impacted through increasing synthesis temperature. ZTCs featuring high textural quality were synthesized at temperatures as low as 400 °C. Oxygen content was further found to be importantly impacted by the synthesis temperature. This latter plays a crucial role when materials are functionalized with thiourea, as high oxygen content allows for maximizing the incorporation of N and S in the ZTC. Functionalized bio‐sourced ZTCs allowed for achieving unparalleled ORR activities and hydroxyl selectivities when compared to other functionalized carbon materials such as graphene‐based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The workshop "Shedding light on X17" brings together scientists looking for the existence of a possible new light particle, often referred to as X17. This hypothetical particle can explain the resonant structure observed at ∼ 17 MeV in the invariant mass of electron-positron pairs, produced after excitation of nuclei such as 8 Be and 4 He by means of proton beams at the Atomki Laboratory in Debrecen. The purpose of the workshop is to discuss implications of this anomaly, in particular theoretical interpretations as well as present and future experiments aiming at confirming the result and/or at providing experimental evidence for its interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are of great interest to the scientific and industrial communities due to their interesting catalytic properties, such as high specific area, shape selectivity, and thermal and hydrothermal stability. For this reason, zeolites have been intensively studied and applied in several reactions of great industrial interest. However, the size of zeolite micropores may hinder the diffusion of bulky molecules in the pore system, limiting the use of zeolites in some reactions/applications that use bulky molecules. One way to address this limitation is to generate secondary porosity (in the range of supermicropores, mesopores and/or macropores) in such a way that it connects with the existing micropores, creating a hierarchical pore system. There are different hierarchical approaches; however, most are not economically viable and are complicated/time-consuming. Alkaline treatment has been highlighted in recent years due to its excellent results, simplicity, speed and low cost. In this review, we highlight the importance of alkaline treatment in the generation of secondary porosity and the parameters that influence alkaline treatment in different zeolitic structures. The properties and catalytic performance of hierarchical zeolites prepared by alkaline treatment are extensively discussed. It is expected that this approach will be useful for understanding how alkaline treatment acts on different hierarchical structures and will thus open doors to achieve other hierarchical zeolites by this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) could greatly benefit from using nitric oxide (NO) donors. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of NONO2P that contribute to the observed responses in the mesenteric artery. The hypothesis was that NONO2P would have similar pharmacological actions to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and NO. Male Wistar rats were euthanized to isolate the superior mesenteric artery for isometric tension recordings. NO levels were measured using the DAF-FM/DA dye, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were determined using a cGMP-ELISA Kit. NONO2P presented a similar maximum efficacy to SNP. The free radical of NO (NO•) scavengers (PTIO; 100 μM and hydroxocobalamin; 30 μM) and nitroxyl anion (NO−) scavenger (L-cysteine; 3 mM) decreased relaxations promoted by NONO2P. The presence of the specific soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor (ODQ; 10 μM) nearly abolished the vasorelaxation. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibition (KT5823; 1 μM) attenuated the NONO2P relaxant effect. The vasorelaxant response was significantly attenuated by blocking inward rectifying K+ channels (K ir), voltage-operated K+ channels (K V), and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK Ca). NONO2P-induced relaxation was attenuated by cyclopiazonic acid (10 μM), indicating that sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activation is involved in this relaxation. Moreover, NONO2P increased NO levels in endothelial cells and cGMP production. NONO2P induces vasorelaxation with the same magnitude as SNP, releasing NO• and NO−. Its vasorelaxant effect involves sGC, PKG, K+ channels opening, and SERCA activation, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-sterile neutrinos are a natural consequence of dark sectors interacting with the Standard Model (SM) sector via neutrino- and vector-portals. Essentially, quasi-sterile neutrinos are light dark sector fermions with two generic properties: (i) they mix with the active neutrinos of the SM, and (ii) they are charged under a vector mediator that couples feebly to SM matter. Various interesting phenomenological consequences result from this class of particles. In this article, we investigate one such consequence: new, beyond the SM matter effects that can alter in-medium neutrino oscillations. In particular, for special windows of energy and matter densities, active neutrinos can resonantly oscillate into sterile neutrinos. We take advantage of this feature to build a quasi-sterile neutrino model that can explain the MiniBooNE and LSND anomalies, while remaining compatible with observations from long-baseline reactor- and accelerator-based neutrino experiments. This model is also likely compatible with the recent results reported by the MicroBooNE collaboration (albeit we cannot precisely quantify this claim due to a lack of information in MicroBooNE's public data releases to date). Implications for solar neutrinos and νe disappearance searches are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast and simple post-synthesis method for creating secondary mesoporosity in EMT zeolites was developed using an ammonium fluoride / cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (NH 4 F/CTAB) solution at low temperature with ultrasound irradiation. This strategy is shown to be highly effective for producing hierarchical EMT structured zeolites through the etching of both Si and Al species. The catalytic performance of these materials were assessed using glycerol dehydration as a reaction test, which is in addition a relevant reaction due to the high amounts of glycerol generated as a by-product of biodiesel production. The resulting hierarchical EMT structured zeolites exhibited improved catalytic activity and high selectivity towards acrolein (around 80 %). This innovative approach creates new opportunities for using hierarchical EMT structured zeolites in processes related with biodiesel manufacture. [Display omitted] • Simple and fast post-synthesis treatment to achieve hierarchical EMT zeolites. • NH 4 F/CTAB solution preserves the zeolitic framework getting narrower mesopores. • Mesoporosity/acidity synergism in hierarchical EMT promotes catalytic improvement. • Use of hierarchical EMT in glycerol dehydration was reported for the first time. • Hierarchical EMT structured zeolites show around 80 % acrolein selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anamnesis: A 5-year-old mixed breed entire bitch was presented with bloody vaginal discharge and abdominal distension. Clinical and laboratory findings: Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography suggested the presence of a left ovarian tumor. At histopathological examination it was diagnosed as granulosa cell tumor. Treatment approach: An exploratory laparotomy was performed followed by ovariohysterectomy to remove the intra-abdominal mass. Conclusion: The clinical, ultrasonographic and histologic signs in this case support other literature reports. Ultrasonography, in combination with histopathologic analysis is a fundamental tool for detection of ovarian tumors, especially tumors of the granulosa cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) induces intestinal tumors in mice. Mutagenic and nonmutagenic modes of action (MOAs) have been accepted by different regulatory bodies globally, the latter involving cytotoxicity-induced regenerative cell proliferation. However, concerns persist that all possible MOAs have not been fully considered. To address the potential for alternative MOAs, mechanistic data not represented in the existing two MOAs were evaluated. Relevant data were identified and organized by key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs); literature related to epigenetics, immunosuppression, receptor-mediated effects, and immortalization were reviewed to identify potential key events associated with an alternative MOA. Over 200 references were screened for these four KCCs and further prioritized based on relevance to the research objective (ie, in vivo , oral exposure, gastrointestinal tissue). Minimal data were available specific to the intestine for these KCCs, and there was no evidence of any underlying mechanisms or key events that are not already represented in the two proposed MOAs. For example, while epigenetic dysregulation of DNA repair genes has been demonstrated, epigenetic effects were not measured in intestinal tissue, and it has been shown that Cr(VI) does not cause DNA damage in intestinal tissue. High-throughput screening data related to the KCCs were also evaluated, with activity generally limited to the two recognized MOAs. Collectively, no plausible alternative MOAs (or key events) were identified in addition to those previously proposed for Cr(VI) small intestine tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory agencies have derived noncancer toxicity values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin based on reduced sperm counts relying on single studies from a large body of evidence. Techniques such as meta-regression allow for greater use of the available data while simultaneously providing important information regarding the uncertainty associated with the underlying evidence base when conducting risk assessments. The objective herein was to apply systematic review methods and meta-regression to characterize the dose-response relationship of gestational exposure and epididymal sperm count. Twenty-three publications (20 animal studies consisting of 29 separate rat experimental data sets, and 3 epidemiology studies) met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias evaluation was performed to critically appraise study validity. Low to very low confidence precluded use of available epidemiological data as candidate studies for dose-response due to inconsistencies across the evidence base, high risk of bias, and general lack of biological coherence, including lack of clinical relevance and dose-response concordance. Experimental animal studies, which were found to have higher confidence following the structured assessment of confidence (eg, controlled exposure, biological consistency), were used as the basis of a meta-regression. Multiple models were fit; points of departure were identified and converted to human equivalent doses. The resulting reference dose estimates ranged from approximately 4 to 70 pg/kg/day, depending on model, benchmark response level, and study validity integration approach. This range of reference doses can be used either qualitatively or quantitatively to enhance understanding of human health risk estimates for dioxin-like compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small soluble proteins whose biological function is believed to be facilitating olfaction by assisting the transport of volatile chemicals in both vertebrate and insect sensory organs, where they are secreted. Their capability to interact with a broad range of hydrophobic compounds combined with interesting features such as being small, stable, and easy to produce and modify, makes them suitable targets for applied research in various industrial segments, including textile, cosmetic, pesticide, and pharmaceutical, as well as for military, environmental, health, and security field applications. In addition to reviewing already established biotechnological applications of OBPs, this paper also discusses their potential use in prospecting of new technologies. The development of new products for insect population management is currently the most prevailing use for OBPs, followed by biosensor technology, an area that has recently seen a significant increase in studies evaluating their incorporation into sensing devices. Finally, less typical approaches include applications in anchorage systems and analytical tools. Key points: • Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) present desired characteristics for applied research. • OBPs are mainly used for developing new products for insect population control. • Incorporation of OBPs into chemosensory devices is a growing area of study. • Less conventional uses for OBPs include anchorage systems and analytical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to mycocins produced by Wickerhamomyces anomalus and to verify the cytotoxicity of these compounds. Three culture supernatants of W. anomalus (WA40, WA45, and WA92), containing mycocins (WA40M1, WA45M2, and WA92M3), were tested on A. baumannii using broth microdilution methods, solid medium tests, and cytotoxicity tests in human erythrocytes and in Artemia saline Leach. W. anomalus was able to produce high antimicrobial mycocins, as even at high dilutions, they inhibited A. baumannii. In a solid medium, it was possible to observe the inhibition of A. baumannii, caused by the diffusion of mycocins between agar. Finally, the three supernatants were not cytotoxic when tested on human erythrocytes and Artemia salina. According to the evidence in this study, the mycocins of W. anomalus have been effective and could be used in the development of new antimicrobial substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red Lake Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a naturally occurring blend of diatomaceous earth and calcium bentonite that can be used as an anti-caking agent in animal feed and contains naturally occurring dioxins. A quantitative risk assessment was conducted to assess potential human health risk associated with consumption of edible tissues from livestock exposed to dioxins via feed containing Red Lake DE. Empirical data characterising the transfer of dioxins to eggs and other tissues in chickens demonstrate that resulting concentrations in eggs are lower than those found in the general food supply. These data also provided product-specific input for a risk assessment conducted both with default parameters and with media-specific input from the feed study. Results demonstrate that exposure to dioxins in edible tissue from livestock that consumed Red Lake DE in feed would not be associated with an increased risk to humans. Findings from this assessment highlight the utility and importance of accounting for bioavailability as part of health-based risk assessment and provide information critical to risk managers in determining the safe use of Red Lake DE as an anticaking agent in livestock and pet feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Labor induction is defined as any procedure that stimulates uterine contractions before labor begins spontaneously. The vaginal and oral routes of administration of misoprostol are those most used for the induction of labor in routine practice, with the recommended dose being 25 μg. Nevertheless, the sublingual route may reduce the number of vaginal examinations required, increasing patient comfort and lowering the risk of maternal and fetal infection. Based on a previous systematic review, the objective of this study was to compare the frequency of tachysystole as the main outcome measure when misoprostol is administered sublingually at the dose of 12.5 μg versus vaginally at a dose of 25 μg to induce labor in a full-term pregnancy with a live fetus. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial was conducted at two maternity hospitals in northeastern Brazil. Two hundred patients with a full-term pregnancy, a live fetus, Bishop score ≤ 6 and an indication for induction of labor were included. Following randomization, one group received 12.5 μg misoprostol sublingually and a vaginal placebo, while the other group received a sublingual placebo and 25 μg misoprostol vaginally. The primary outcome was the frequency of tachysystole. Student's t-test, the chi-square test of association and Fisher's exact test were used, as appropriate. Risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: The frequency of tachysystole was lower in the group using 12.5 μg misoprostol sublingually compared to the group using 25 μg misoprostol vaginally (RR = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.02–0.97; p = 0.002). Failure to achieve vaginal delivery within 12 and 24 h was similar in both groups. Sublingual administration was preferred to vaginal administration by women in both groups; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The effectiveness of labor induction with low-dose sublingual misoprostol was similar to that achieved with vaginal administration of the recommended dose; however, the rate of tachysystole was lower in the sublingual group, and this route of administration may prove a safe alternative. Trial registration: Registration number: NCT01406392, ClinicalTrials.gov. Date of registration: August 1, 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion exchange is the reversible exchange of ions in which there is no significant change in the solid structure. Zeolites are aluminosilicates with a defined structure, including cavities occupied by cations and water molecules, both with great freedom of movement, which makes cation exchange possible. In this study, small-pore zeolites chabazite (CHA) and clinoptilolite (CLI) were ion-exchanged with potassium. Then, the samples were characterized by N2 isotherms at 77 K, CO2 adsorption microcalorimetry at 298 K, and water vapor isotherms at 313 K. A mathematical model was applied to evaluate the adsorption kinetics for water vapor uptakes. Textural analysis showed that the ion exchange with potassium decreased the porosity of both zeolites, but CO2 microcalorimetric data showed that these samples had higher CO2 adsorption enthalpy, indicating a greater sorbate-sorbent interaction as compared to the pristine zeolites. Uptake rate curves suggest water diffusion is not appreciably altered after ion exchange. Interestingly, despite the larger size of K+ cations as compared to Na+, effective diffusion time constant is on order of magnitude larger for the potassium-loaded CLI very likely due to the leaching of other contaminants upon ion-exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the key characteristics of carcinogens (KCC) have been proposed as an organizational approach for the evaluation of mechanistic data related to carcinogenicity. Our objective was to develop a framework to systematically and quantitatively integrate KCC data using elements that are important to risk assessment. Methods for developing the framework included: defining objectives, identifying and accommodating key considerations for components, input, and output of the framework, and operational development via iterative testing by a multidisciplinary team. The proposed framework involves 3 steps: (1) a structured, yet flexible, appraisal of individual studies and endpoints, (2) a structured and transparent evaluation of the body of evidence for each key characteristic, and (3) an evaluation of all of the KCC-relevant data relative to tumors and/or cancer types. In step 1, data are assessed and scored for reliability, strength, and activity. In step 2, a mathematical algorithm is used to integrate (and weight) the quality, relevance, and activity for each of the KCCs. These scores facilitate subsequent evaluations related to the overall body of evidence in step 3 in which KCCs can be linked, assessing potential adverse outcome pathways or networks, and finally, considered in the context of observed carcinogenic responses in animals and/or humans. The output is an overall conclusion regarding KCC activity as it relates to carcinogenic responses. The proposed framework provides a flexible solution to quantitatively integrate KCC data in a systematic and transparent manner that provides weighting of data most well-suited for the assessment of potential human carcinogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QCD axion is one of the most compelling solutions of the strong CP problem. There are major current efforts into searching for an ultralight, invisible axion, which is believed to be the only phenomenologically viable realization of the QCD axion. Visible axions with decay constants at or below the electroweak scale are believed to have been long excluded by laboratory searches. Considering the significance of the axion solution to the strong CP problem, we revisit experimental constraints on QCD axions in the O(10 MeV) mass window. In particular, we find a variant axion model that remains compatible with existing constraints. This model predicts new states at the GeV scale coupled hadronically, and a variety of low-energy axion signatures, such as rare meson decays, nuclear de-excitations via axion emission, and production in e+e- annihilation and fixed target experiments. This reopens the possibility of solving the strong CP problem at the GeV scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic cracking of vegetable oils is an alternative method for the production of biofuels. The use of catalysts such as MCM-41 with zirconium results in the presence of acid sites that favor the cracking reactions, where their catalytic activity can be evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The present work aimed to prepare and determine the physicochemical properties of a catalyst based on MCM-41 incorporated with different percentages of zirconium. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, adsorption and desorption of N, energy-dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). In addition, their catalytic behavior has been evaluated in the catalytic cracking of sunflower oil, through the TG/DTG/DSC thermal analysis techniques. The amount of the zirconium oxide incorporated into MCM-41 support has not destroyed the typical structure of MCM-41, and the insertion promoted a change to the pore diameter and pore volume, indicating the presence of oxide inside the pores and on the external area. All catalysts developed activity in sunflower oil cracking, even at low percentage of ZrO, especially the Zr2-MCM-41 sample, which obtained more efficiency. Thus, all catalysts are promising for use in cracking, and thermogravimetric analysis has been proved effective for monitoring the catalytic activity. Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Focused ultrasound (FUS) shows promise for enhancing drug delivery to the brain by temporarily opening the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and it is increasingly used in the clinical setting to treat brain tumours. It remains however unclear whether FUS is being introduced in an ethically and methodologically sound manner. The IDEAL-D framework for the introduction of surgical innovations and the SYRCLE and ROBINS-I tools for assessing the risk of bias in animal studies and non-randomized trials, respectively, provide a comprehensive evaluation for this. Objectives and methods: A comprehensive literature review on FUS in neuro-oncology was conducted. Subsequently, the included studies were evaluated using the IDEAL-D framework, SYRCLE, and ROBINS-I tools. Results: In total, 19 published studies and 12 registered trials were identified. FUS demonstrated successful BBB disruption, increased drug delivery, and improved survival rates. However, the SYRCLE analysis revealed a high risk of bias in animal studies, while the ROBINS-I analysis found that most human studies had a high risk of bias due to a lack of blinding and heterogeneous samples. Of the 15 pre-clinical stage 0 studies, only six had formal ethical approval, and only five followed animal care policies. Both stage 1 studies and stage 1/2a studies failed to provide information on patient data confidentiality. Overall, no animal or human study reached the IDEAL-D stage endpoint. Conclusion: FUS holds promise for enhancing drug delivery to the brain, but its development and implementation must adhere to rigorous safety standards using the established ethical and methodological frameworks. The complementary use of IDEAL-D, SYRCLE, and ROBINS-I tools indicates a high risk of bias and ethical limitations in both animal and human studies, highlighting the need for further improvements in study design for a safe implementation of FUS in neuro-oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its association with trauma severity and late magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Methods: Prospective cohort study of patients with TBI admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit over 5 years. Trauma severity was determined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), neurological outcome by King’s Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) and neuropsychological outcome by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition. Results: Twenty-five children (median age 6 years at trauma) were included. Patients were divided into Disability (DIS)(n = 10) and Good Recovery (GR)(n = 15) groups. Initial GCS score was not significantly different in both groups (median 6 vs. 10; p = 0.34). DIS group had lower values ​​of working memory index (WMI)(median 74 vs. 94; p = 0.004), perceptual reasoning index (PRI)(75 vs. 96; p = 0.03), verbal comprehension index (VCI)(65 vs. 84; p = 0.02), processing speed index (PSI)(74 vs. 97; p = 0.01) and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ)(65 vs. 87; p = 0.008). In the GR group, 60% of patients had normal or minimally altered MRI versus 10% of patients in the DIS group (p = 0.018). Fractional anisotropy positively correlated with WMI(r = 0.65; p = 0.005), PRI(r = 0.52; p = 0.03) and FSIQ(r = 0.50; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Neuropsychological impairment was observed in 40% of children who suffered a TBI and was associated with late MRI abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are monitored in the U.S. population using data collected with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Until recently, participants' serum samples have been analyzed individually, and summary statistics defining reference ranges by age, gender, and race/ethnicity have served as the background by which other biomonitoring data can be evaluated. In the most recent NHANES DLC data, 2005–2006 and 2007–2008, participants' sera have been physically pooled prior to laboratory analysis, introducing major challenges to their utility as a reference population: variability among individuals and relations with covariates are lost, and individual design effects cannot be applied. Further, the substantial drop in limits of detection (LODs) in pooled sample biennials prevents reliable comparisons to individual data, and has complicated estimates of change over time. In this study, we address the drawbacks introduced by pooled samples by generating U.S. population reference ranges based on individual-level data adjusted to 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 levels. Using publicly available data, multiple imputation (MI) generated four NHANES biennials (2001–2008) of individual DLC data; we then trended the change over time in each DLC by demographic stratum. NHANES 2003–2004 individuals were adjusted by the trended change over time. Population estimates of toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations were calculated using traditional MI survey analysis methods and reference tables provided for 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 by age, race, and gender. Demographic differences in TEQ concentrations and trended change are reported, e.g. TEQ continues to drop in young adults aged 20–39, but distributions appear stable in older adults 60 +; Mexican Americans have consistently lowest dioxins, furans, and PCBs, with non-Hispanic Blacks dropping to the same levels as non-Hispanic Whites in dioxins and PCBs and significantly below non-Hispanic Whites in furans by 2007–2008. Additionally, the ratio of 95th percentile to mean in DLC distributions was found to vary by age, between dioxins, furans, and PCBs, and across mean, making a simple ratio approach impractical for describing population concentrations using pooled samples. We discuss the practical implications of the pooled sample method, the performance of this trending solution in the context of other methods, and expected effects of distribution assumptions on variability and TEQ estimates, particularly in largely undetected congeners. These updated reference populations of individuals, along with information on trending, provide a common and valid basis for interpreting other individually sampled biomonitoring data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reception of odorants is essential in insects’ life since the chemical signals in the environment (=semiochemicals) convey information about availability of hosts for a blood meal, mates for reproduction, sites for oviposition and other relevant information for fitness in the environment. Once they reach the antennae, these semiochemicals bind to odorant-binding proteins and are transported through the sensillar lymph until reach the odorant receptors. Such perireceptor events, particularly the interactions with transport proteins, are the liaison between the external environment and the entire neuroethological system and, therefore, a potential target to disrupt insect chemical communication. In this study, a proteomic profile of female and male antennae of Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas disease, was obtained in an attempt to unravel the entire repertoire of olfactory proteins involved in perireceptor events. Using shotgun proteomics and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches followed by nano liquid chromatography coupled with tandem LTQ Velos Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we have identified 581 unique proteins. Putative olfactory proteins, including 17 odorant binding proteins, 6 chemosensory proteins, 2 odorant receptors, 3 transient receptor channels and 1 gustatory receptor were identified. Proteins involved in general cellular functions such as generation of precursor metabolites, energy generation and catabolism were expressed at high levels. Additionally, proteins that take part in signal transduction, ion binding, and stress response, kinase and oxidoreductase activity were frequent in antennae from both sexes. This proteome strategy unraveled for the first time the complex nature of perireceptor and other olfactory events that occur in R. prolixus antennae, including evidence for phosphorylation of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins. These findings not only increase our understanding of the olfactory process in triatomine species, but also identify potential molecular targets to be explored for population control of such insect vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Recently, a small molecule (Q94) was reported to selectively block PAR(1) /Gα(q) interaction and signalling. Here, we describe the pharmacological properties of Q94 and two analogues that share its benzimidazole scaffold (Q109, Q89). Q109 presents a modest variation from Q94 in the substituent group at the 2-position, while Q89 has quite different groups at the 1- and 2-positions.Experimental Approach: Using human microvascular endothelial cells, we examined intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation as well as isoprenaline- or forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in response to thrombin.Key Results: Q89 (10 µM) produced a leftward shift in the thrombin-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization concentration-response curve while having no effect on the E(max) . Both Q94 (10 µM) and Q109 (10 µM) reduced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, leading to a decrease in E(max) and an increase in EC(50) values. Experiments utilizing receptor-specific activating peptides confirmed that Q94 and Q109 were selective for PAR(1) as they did not alter the Ca(2+) response mediated by a PAR(2) activating peptide. Consistent with our Ca(2+) results, micromolar concentrations of either Q94 or Q109 significantly reduced thrombin-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. Neither Q94 nor Q109 diminished the inhibitory effects of thrombin on cAMP production, indicating they inhibit signalling selectively through the G(q) pathway. Our results also suggest the 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives act as 'allosteric agonists' of PAR(1) .Conclusions and Implications: The Q94 and Q109 benzimidazole derivatives represent a novel scaffold for the development of new PAR(1) inhibitors and provide a starting point to develop dual signalling pathway-selective positive/negative modulators of PAR(1) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Context: The study of low back pain (LBP) is complex, and the physical and psychological aspects, including kinesiophobia, should be considered. Several studies have investigated the relationship between kinesiophobia and functionality in patients with chronic LBP. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have investigated the association between kinesiophobia and self-reported assessments of disability and physical performance in elderly patients with acute LBP.Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the association between kinesiophobia and self-reported and physical performance measures among the elderly with acute LBP.Design: This was an observational, cross-sectional, ancillary study of the Back Complaints in the Elders study, a longitudinal observational epidemiologic research project by an international consortium involving Brazil, the Netherlands, and Australia.Patient Sample: Sample selection was carried out by convenience. The study included women from the community aged 60 years old and older who presented with a new episode of LBP. Volunteers with severe diseases, as well as visual, hearing, and mobility losses, or cognitive dysfunction, were excluded. Four hundred fifty nine elderly women (mean age: 69.0±6.1 years) were included.Outcome Measures: Kinesiophobia was evaluated by Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), subscale FABQ-Phys. Functionality was investigated by the Roland-Morris Questionnaire and the gait speed test.Methods: Statistical analysis was performed using hierarchical linear regression model. Statistical significance was established at the level of .05.Results: The additional predictive value because of the inclusion of the FABQ-Phys was 0.1%, using the Roland-Morris score, and 0.2% for the gait speed test.Conclusions: This was the first study to investigate the association between the FABQ-Phys and functionality in elderly patients with acute LBP. The results provide preliminary evidence that kinesiophobia assessed by the FABQ-Phys cannot be generalized to disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olfaction is one of the main sensory modalities that allow insects to interpret their environment. Several proteins, including odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs), are involved in this process. Odorant receptors are ion channels formed by a binding unit OR and an odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco). The main goal of this study was to characterize the Orco gene of Rhodnius prolixus ( RproOrco) and to infer its biological functions using gene silencing. The full-length RproOrco gene sequence was downloaded from VectorBase. This gene has 7 introns and is located in the genome SuperContig GL563069 : 1,017,713–1,023,165. RproOrco encodes a protein of 473 amino acids, with predicted 7 transmembrane domains, and is highly expressed in the antennae during all R . prolixus developmental stages. The RNAi technique effectively silenced RproOrco , reducing the gene's expression by approximately 73%. Interestingly, the effect of gene silencing persisted for more than 100 days, indicating a prolonged effect of dsRNA that was maintained even after molting. The phenotypic effects of silencing involved the following: (1) loss of the ability to find a vertebrate host in a timely manner, (2) decreased ingested blood volume, (3) delayed and decreased molt rate, (4) increased mortality rate, and (5) decreased egg laying. Our data strongly suggest that dsOrco disrupts R . prolixus host-finding behavior, which is further reflected in the blood ingestion, molting, mortality, and egg laying data. This study clearly demonstrates that Orco is an excellent target for controlling triatomine populations. Thus, the data presented here open new possibilities for the control of vector-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of supersymmetry with Dirac gauginos provide an attractive scenariofor physics beyond the standard model. The "supersoft" radiative corrections and suppressed supersymmetry production at colliders provide for more natural theories and an understanding of why no new states have been seen. Unfortunately, these models are handicapped by a tachyon which is naturally present in existing models of Dirac gauginos. We argue that this tachyon is absent, with the phenomenological successes of the model preserved, if the right-handed gaugino is a (pseudo-)Goldstone field of a spontaneously broken anomalous flavor symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of silver nanoparticles (nAg) or silver nitrate (AgNO3) has been shown to improve the microbiological efficacy of ceramic water filters used for household water treatment. Silver release, however, can lead to undesirable health effects and reduced filter effectiveness over time. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contribution of nanoparticle detachment, dissolution, and cation exchange to silver elution, and to estimate silver retention under different influent water chemistries. Dissolved silver (Ag+) and nAg release from filter disks painted with 0.03 mg/g casein-coated nAg or AgNO3 were measured as a function of pH (5-9), ionic strength (1-50 mM), and cation species (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+). Silver elution was controlled by dissolution as Ag+ and subsequent cation exchange reactions regardless of the applied silver form. Effluent silver levels fell below the drinking water standard (0.1 mg/L) after flushing with 30-42 pore volumes of pH 7, 10 mM NaNO3 at pH 7. When the influent water was at pH 5, contained divalent cations or 50 mM NaNO3, silver concentrations were 5-10 times above the standard. Our findings support regular filter replacement and indicate that saline, hard, or acidic waters should be avoided to minimize effluent silver concentrations and preserve silver treatment integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cis -RuCl 2 (diphosphine)(CAMPY) complexes, chiral at the metal centre with matching or mismatching chiralities between diphosphine and CAMPY were prepared and the configuration at the metal was determined in solution by a complete set of NMR investigations; CAMPY is ( R )-(−) or ( S )-(+)-8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline. The complexes were used in ATH reactions of different aryl ketones with 2-propanol as hydrogen source. The effects of the chirality at the metal were studied and enantiomeric excesses up to 99% were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Over the last several decades, dioxin releases have decreased >90%, leading to a corresponding decrease in human body burdens. In addition, the weight-of-evidence indicates that soil exposures have little impact on human body burdens of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), with dietary sources being the greatest contributor. In spite of this, USEPA recently proposed substantially lower preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for soil based on their new oral reference dose (RfD) for dioxin. As such, it is important to understand how these lower soil PRGs compare to background concentrations in urban/suburban and rural soils. The objective of this evaluation was to conduct a comprehensive review of available data concerning background levels of DLCs in U.S. soils. There was substantial variability in how the soil dioxin data were presented (e.g., raw vs. summary data, congener vs. toxic equivalency [TEQ] concentration, number of DLC congeners reported, etc.). In cases where TEQ estimates were based on outdated TEFs and congener-specific data was provided, TEQ concentrations were recalculated using the current WHO2006 TEFs. The data available for rural soils were generally more robust than for urban/suburban soils. Not surprisingly, background levels of DLCs in urban/suburban soils were higher and more variable than in rural soils: 0.1–186 vs. 0.1–22.9ng/kg TEQ, respectively. In several cases, incomplete soil DLC data were available (e.g., DL-PCBs not included) and, as such, calculated TEQ concentrations likely underestimate actual background levels. Though the current data are somewhat limited, these findings indicate that background DLC concentrations in urban/suburban soils may exceed the USEPA's updated PRGs based on the oral RfD, and are expected to substantially exceed future PRGs to be developed based on the forthcoming dioxin cancer slope factor. This demonstrates a need to characterize anthropogenic background DLCs in non-rural areas across the US to avoid establishing soil screening levels and PRGs that are lower than background concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Household water treatment (HWTS) methods, such as boiling or chlorination, have long been recommended in emergencies. While there is increasing evidence of HWTS efficacy in the development context, effectiveness in the acute emergency context has not been rigorously assessed. We investigated HWTS effectiveness in response to four acute emergencies by surveying 1521 targeted households and testing stored water for free chlorine residual and fecal indicators. We defined "effective use" as the percentage of the targeted population with contaminated household water who used the HWTS method to improve stored drinking water microbiological quality to internationally accepted levels. Chlorine-based methods were distributed in all four emergencies and filters in one emergency. Effective use ranged widely, from 0-67.5%, with only one pre-existing chlorine program in Haiti and unpromoted boiling use in Indonesia reaching >20%. More successful programs provided an effective HWTS method, with the necessary supplies and training provided, to households with contaminated water who were familiar with the method before the emergency. HWTS can be effective at reducing the risk of unsafe drinking water in the acute emergency context. Additionally, by focusing on whether interventions actually improve drinking water quality in vulnerable households, "effective use" provides an important program evaluation metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, a small molecule (Q94) was reported to selectively block PAR1/Gαq interaction and signalling. Here, we describe the pharmacological properties of Q94 and two analogues that share its benzimidazole scaffold (Q109, Q89). Q109 presents a modest variation from Q94 in the substituent group at the 2-position, while Q89 has quite different groups at the 1- and 2-positions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using human microvascular endothelial cells, we examined intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation as well as isoprenaline- or forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in response to thrombin. KEY RESULTS Q89 (10 µM) produced a leftward shift in the thrombin-mediated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization concentration-response curve while having no effect on the Emax. Both Q94 (10 µM) and Q109 (10 µM) reduced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, leading to a decrease in Emax and an increase in EC50 values. Experiments utilizing receptor-specific activating peptides confirmed that Q94 and Q109 were selective for PAR1 as they did not alter the Ca2+ response mediated by a PAR2 activating peptide. Consistent with our Ca2+ results, micromolar concentrations of either Q94 or Q109 significantly reduced thrombin-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. Neither Q94 nor Q109 diminished the inhibitory effects of thrombin on cAMP production, indicating they inhibit signalling selectively through the Gq pathway. Our results also suggest the 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives act as 'allosteric agonists' of PAR1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The Q94 and Q109 benzimidazole derivatives represent a novel scaffold for the development of new PAR1 inhibitors and provide a starting point to develop dual signalling pathway-selective positive/negative modulators of PAR1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aging is associated with chronic low-grade inflammatory activity with an elevation of cytokine levels. An association between regular physical activity and reduction of blood levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines is demonstrated in the literature pointing to an anti-inflammatory effect related to exercise. However, there is no consensus regarding which type of exercise and which parameters are the most appropriate to influence inflammatory markers. Evidence indicates that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can influence the synthesis of those cytokines affecting their production. Methods/Design: The design of this study is a randomized controlled trial. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between the cytokine genes SNP and the effect of physical activity on older women. The main outcomes are: serum levels of sTNFR-1, sTNFR-2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, measured by the ELISA method; genotyping of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF)-alpha (rs1800629), IL6 (rs1800795), IL10 (rs1800896) by the TaqMan Method (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA); and physical performance assessed by Timed Up and Go and 10-Meter Walk Tests. Secondary outcomes include: Geriatric Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scaleand aerobic capacity, assessed by the six-minute walk; and lower limb muscle strength, using an isokinetic dinamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY,USA). Both exercise protocols will be performed three times a week for 10 weeks, 30 sessions in total. Discussion: Investigating the interaction between genetic factors and exercise effects of both protocols of exercise on the levels of inflammatory cytokine levels can contribute to guide clinical practice related to treatment and prevention of functional changes due to chronic inflammatory activity in older adults. This approach could develop new perspectives on preventive and treatment proposals in physical therapy and in the management of the older patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatotoxicity represents a frequent chemotherapy-related side effect, often associated with course delays, discontinuations, and dose reductions. S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) administration is effective in the treatment of a variety of liver injuries, but it has never been evaluated in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced damage.Patients and Methods: Seventy-eight patients affected by metastatic colorectal cancer were enrolled. Forty-two patients were treated with bevacizumab and XELOX without administering AdoMet, 32 were treated with the same regimen plus supplementation with AdoMet. Liver enzymes levels were assessed before starting the treatment, and then every therapy cycle, liver toxicity, chemotherapy course delays, discontinuations, and dose reductions due to liver toxicity were recorded.Results: Aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.02), alanine transaminase (P < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.008), total bilirubin (P = 0.03), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (P < 0.001) were found to be significantly lower in patients treated with AdoMet than in those who were not. Patients supplemented with AdoMet experimented a lower grade of liver toxicity (P = 0.009) and had a reduced need of course delay (P = 0.042) and dose reduction (P = 0.051).Conclusions: AdoMet supplementation in patients affected by metastatic colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin-based regimen seems to be effective in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Direct detection of dark matter on the Earth depends crucially on its density and its velocity distribution on a milliparsec scale. Conventional N-body simulations are unable to access this scale, making the development of other approaches necessary. In this paper, we apply the method developed by Fantin, Merrifield and Green in 2008 to a cosmologically based merger tree, transforming it into a useful instrument to reproduce and analyse the merger history of a Milky Way-like system. The aim of the model is to investigate the implications of any ultrafine structure for the current and next generation of directional dark matter detectors. We find that the velocity distribution of a Milky Way-like galaxy is almost smooth, due to the overlap of many streams of particles generated by multiple mergers. Only the merger of a 1010 M⊙ subhalo can generate significant features in the ultralocal velocity distribution, detectable at the resolution attainable by current experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatigue is a common and nonspecific symptom associated with chronic health problems in the elderly. The modifications and adaptations of the aging process associated with complex and multidimensional nature of fatigue favors the interaction of multiple factors in the genesis of this phenomenon. Objectives: To investigate the association of clinical, functional and inflammatory factors with muscle fatigue and self perceived fatigue in elderly women. Methods: Participated in the study one hundred and thirty five community elderly women, all sedentary, with a mean age of 71.2±4.57. A structured questionnaire and functional testing were used to evaluate clinical and functional characteristics. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and sTNFR1) were measured by ELISA method. Muscle fatigue was measured by isokinetic dynamometer and self-perceived fatigue was measured by a visual analog scale. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation coefficient with statistical significance of 5%. Results: The regression models showed that the variables age, body mass index, physical activity level, functional capacity and peak torque were associated with muscle fatigue (R2=0.216, p<0.01). Self-perceived fatigue was associated with number of comorbidities, depression, physical activity level, functional capacity, peak torque and perceived health (R2=0.227, p<0.01). Conclusion: This study showed a psychophysical interaction of the fatigue, by identifying the main factors associated with muscle fatigue and self-perceived fatigue in elderly women. These findings demonstrate the importance of evaluation and treatment of modifiable factors in both muscle fatigue and self-perceived fatigue, seeking a better physical and functional performance of elders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatigue is a common and nonspecific symptom associated with chronic health problems in the elderly. The modifications and adaptations of the aging process associated with complex and multidimensional nature of fatigue favors the interaction of multiple factors in the genesis of this phenomenon. Objectives: To investigate the association of clinical, functional and inflammatory factors with muscle fatigue and self perceived fatigue in elderly women. Methods: Participated in the study one hundred and thirty five community elderly women, all sedentary, with a mean age of 71.2±4.57. A structured questionnaire and functional testing were used to evaluate clinical and functional characteristics. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and sTNFR1) were measured by ELISA method. Muscle fatigue was measured by isokinetic dynamometer and self-perceived fatigue was measured by a visual analog scale. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation coefficient with statistical significance of 5%. Results: The regression models showed that the variables age, body mass index, physical activity level, functional capacity and peak torque were associated with muscle fatigue (R2=0.216, p<0.01). Self-perceived fatigue was associated with number of comorbidities, depression, physical activity level, functional capacity, peak torque and perceived health (R2=0.227, p<0.01). Conclusion: This study showed a psychophysical interaction of the fatigue, by identifying the main factors associated with muscle fatigue and self-perceived fatigue in elderly women. These findings demonstrate the importance of evaluation and treatment of modifiable factors in both muscle fatigue and self-perceived fatigue, seeking a better physical and functional performance of elders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rheological behaviour of chitosan solutions in 250 mM acetate buffer was studied at different pHs (25 °C). The intrinsic viscosity decreased from ∼17 dL/g to ∼14 dL/g when the pH increased from 4.7 to 6.0. Concentrated solutions (0.5–3.0% w/w) exhibited a shear-thinning behaviour which increased with increasing chitosan concentration and decreasing pH. A good fitting of the experimental data to the Cross and Carreau flow models was obtained. The elasticity of the solutions decreased with increasing pH and decreasing chitosan concentration, as a consequence of increased chain flexibility. The interaction of chitosan with whey proteins (WPI) was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and turbidity measurements, at different pHs (3.0–6.0) and ionic strengths (100 and 250 mM). ITC results showed that electrostatics is the main driving force for chitosan:WPI interaction, as an increase in ionic strength lead to a smaller interaction. A pH and chitosan:WPI ratio dependence of aggregate formation was clearly observed by turbidimetry. At pH 3.0, there was no change in turbidity upon addition of chitosan, whereas at pH 4.0 and 6.0, the turbidity values varied with chitosan:WPI ratio and were smaller at 250 mM than those at 100 mM. The rheology of chitosan:WPI coacervates was studied in acetate buffer (100 and 250 mM), at pH 5.5, mixing ratios of 0.25:1 and 0.10:1. Time dependent flow behaviour, higher G′ and G″ values and higher elasticity were observed for the coacervates, originating mainly from the electrostatic interactions between the protein and the polysaccharide chains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Elderly diabetics tend to show cognitive deficits related to more complex processes such as the executive function, which can lead to a greater risk of falls Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the functional mobility, the risk of falls and the executive function among elderly with and without type 2 diabetes, and to check the correlation between these variables. Methods: Forty community elderly participated in the study and were divided into two groups: G1 elderly with type 2 diabetes and G2 elderly without diabetes, being the variables age, body mass index and gender similar between the groups. The functional mobility and the risk of falls were assessed by the "Timed Up and Go" test (TUG and cognitive TUG) and the executive function was assessed by the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) (animal category). Results: Elderly with diabetes showed worse performance in the verbal fluency test (G1:14.9±4.5; G2:17.7±5.6; p=0.031). A statistically between-group difference was observed regarding the functional mobility; being the G1 presenting worse performance in TUG (G1:10.5±1.8sec; G2:8.9±1.9sec; p=0.01) and cognitive TUG (G1:13.9±3.2sec; G2:10.9±2.3sec; p=0.004) tests. A significant correlation was observed between the cognitive TUG and VFT only in G1 (G1: Spearman's rho = -0.535; p=0.015; G2: Spearman's rho =-0.250; p=0.288). Conclusions: Diabetics presented worse performance in the functional mobility and in the verbal fluency test than non-diabetics elderly that suggests a greater risk of falls for the elderly with diabetes. The inclusion of these evaluation parameters for diabetics on the physical therapy clinical practice is crucial in order to maintain the functionality and to prevent falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elderly diabetics tend to show cognitive deficits related to more complex processes such as the executive function, which can lead to a greater risk of falls Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the functional mobility, the risk of falls and the executive function among elderly with and without type 2 diabetes, and to check the correlation between these variables. Methods: Forty community elderly participated in the study and were divided into two groups: G1 elderly with type 2 diabetes and G2 elderly without diabetes, being the variables age, body mass index and gender similar between the groups. The functional mobility and the risk of falls were assessed by the "Timed Up and Go" test (TUG and cognitive TUG) and the executive function was assessed by the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) (animal category). Results: Elderly with diabetes showed worse performance in the verbal fluency test (G1:14.9±4.5; G2:17.7±5.6; p=0.031). A statistically between-group difference was observed regarding the functional mobility; being the G1 presenting worse performance in TUG (G1:10.5±1.8sec; G2:8.9±1.9sec; p=0.01) and cognitive TUG (G1:13.9±3.2sec; G2:10.9±2.3sec; p=0.004) tests. A significant correlation was observed between the cognitive TUG and VFT only in G1 (G1: Spearman's rho = -0.535; p=0.015; G2: Spearman's rho =-0.250; p=0.288). Conclusions: Diabetics presented worse performance in the functional mobility and in the verbal fluency test than non-diabetics elderly that suggests a greater risk of falls for the elderly with diabetes. The inclusion of these evaluation parameters for diabetics on the physical therapy clinical practice is crucial in order to maintain the functionality and to prevent falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of enzymes in juice industry has contributed in increasing the yield and production of various types of juices. The addition pectinases aims in particular to degrade the pectic substances, in the cell wall and middle lamella of the cells of plants, aiming to minimise the impacts of these compounds on the characteristics of the final product, such as colour, turbidity and viscosity. Enzymes able to remove bitterness of citrus juice, extract pigments, among other applications, have also had great interest in the juice industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating household water with low-cost, widely available commercial bleach is recommended by some organizations to improve water quality and reduce disease in developing countries. I analyzed the chlorine concentration of 32 bleaches from 12 developing countries; the average error between advertised and measured concentration was 35% (range=-45%-100%; standard deviation=40%). Because of disparities between advertised and actual concentration, the use of commercial bleach for water treatment in developing countries is not recommended without ongoing quality control testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The interaction of para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) with nanocrystalline titania particles has been studied with inelastic neutron scattering. The vibrational spectra of hybrid TiO2/PABA, with different amounts of PABA, are compared with the spectrum obtained for solid PABA and to spectra derived from ab initio calculations for the isolated and dimer molecules. The absence of the OH bending modes of the carboxylic acid group for the chemisorbed species supports the formation of Ti–O–C bonds with the carboxyl group of the molecule. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]