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The ability of individuals to recall events is influenced by the time interval between the monitoring time and the occurrence of the event. In this article, we introduce a non-recall probability function that incorporates this information into our modeling framework. We model the time-to-event using the Weibull distribution and adopt a latent variable approach to handle situations where recall is not possible. In the classical framework, we obtain point estimators using expectation-maximization algorithm and construct the observed Fisher information matrix using missing information principle. Within the Bayesian paradigm, we derive point estimators under suitable choice of priors and calculate highest posterior density intervals using Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples. To assess the performance of the proposed estimators, we conduct an extensive simulation study. Additionally, we utilize age at menarche and breastfeeding datasets as examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In competing risks model, subjects are exposed to failure due to more than one cause. In this study, we develop a model for recall-based competing risks data when the causes associated with time to event are assumed to follow different distributions respectively. The chances of an individual recalling an event will be high if elapsed time between monitoring time and time to event is less. This information is utilized by taking non-recall probability as a function of this elapsed time. For point estimation, an expectation-maximization based algorithm is developed. For interval estimation, we construct the observed Fisher information matrix by using the missing information principle. The study is further extended to the Bayesian paradigm under suitable choices of prior distributions. The samples from full conditionals are drawn using a Gibbs sampling-based algorithm. To assess the performance of proposed estimators, an extensive simulation study is carried out for different proportions of non-recall and censored data with varying sample sizes under uniform and exponential monitoring patterns. Finally, the median duration of breastfeeding cessation for US women is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Two prominent factors in this regard are a woman's history of contraceptive use and the duration of breastfeeding. This study aimed to delve into these risk factors and their impact on cancer incidence. The research employed a cross-sectional design involving 125 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. This study used a total sampling approach to include all available patients. Data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding duration, and cancer status were collected through a questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using the chi-square test. The study revealed that breast cancer was the most prevalent type, affecting 41.6% of patients. Additionally, more than half of the respondents breastfed for less than two years (52%), while only 48% breastfed for two years or more. Notably, a significant majority (66.4%) had a history of using hormonal contraception. Statistical analysis demonstrated a compelling association between contraceptive history, breastfeeding duration, and cancer incidence (p < 0.001). In summary, the findings highlight a substantial relationship between a woman's history of contraceptive use, the duration of breastfeeding, and the incidence of breast cancer. These results underscore the importance of further research and the development of targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate breast cancer risk factors among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding for optimum duration is one of the most effective ways to reduce infant morbidity and mortality and confirms expected growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants on duration of breastfeeding (DB) among mothers in Bangladesh.Methods: The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 3541 married non-pregnant and currently non-breastfeeding Bangladeshi mothers in reproductive age who had at least one child aged 6-36 months were included in this study. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the significance difference in DB between two and more than two groups respectively. Multiple linear regression model was utilized to determine the effect of socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and health related variables on DB.Results: This study revealed that the mean and median of DB among Bangladeshi mothers were 18.91 (95% CI: 18.65-19.17) and 19.00 months respectively. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed that DB among Bangladeshi mothers was significantly influenced by (i) ANC visits, (ii) religion, (iii) mode of delivery, (iv) place of delivery, (v) parents' education, (vi) geographical location, (vii) mothers' occupation and (viii) household wealth quintile. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that mothers' age, total number of children, mothers' age at first birth, ANC visits, mothers' occupation and geographical location were important predictors of DB.Conclusions: Healthcare providers and decision makers can consider these findings to make plan for counseling of mothers and family members to promote optimum DB practice in first 2 years of baby's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several things, including the mother's motivation and supporting factors such as husband' support. Exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding may relate to nutritional status of infants considering the effects that malnutrition may have. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects the duration of breastfeeding and partner support for breastfeeding mothers on the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Design and Methods: This study used a quantitative study in which a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire distributed to the 76 breastfeeding mothers were conducted by consecutive sampling at Tanjung Pauh. Chi-square test analysis was used to determine the association between the duration of breastfeeding and partner support with the nutritional status of infants. Results: There was not a significant relationship found between the duration of breastfeeding p=0.216, α=0.05, p>α), and partner support for breastfeeding mothers with the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera (p=0.100, α=0.05, p>α). Conclusions: In Tanjung Pauh, partner support is not a factor that affects the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months, which may be due to the positive attitude of breastfeeding mothers toward fulfilling their babies' nutritional requirements so as to achieve a normal nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. Methods: Data for this study were extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 5122 children were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to find the factors associated with breastfeeding practices. Reported p - values < 0.05 or a 95% Confidence Interval of Odds Ratio/Hazard Ratio excluding one was considered as significant association with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding and independent variables. Results: About 81.8% of the children initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and during the day before an interview, 47% were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding was 22 months (22 ± 0.50 months 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 21.01–22.99). Rural residents (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.51, 0.99), mothers with no antenatal follow up (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99), caesarean birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96) and home delivery were associated with low initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. Mothers with no/primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40, 0.96), no baby postnatal checkup (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.73), average/larger size of a child at birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99) and deliveries outside of health centers were significantly associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding at the time of the interview. Further, mothers living in Amhara (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.05, 1.64), Oromia (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04, 1.54), and Benishangul-Gumuz (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09, 1.65) regions had a longer duration of breastfeeding while Muslims, employed mothers, multiple births and poor economic level of households were associated with shorter durations of breastfeeding. Conclusions: Rural residence, female sex, home delivery, caesarean birth, small birthweight baby and large family size were associated with late initiation of breastfeeding. Living in Affar, Somali, and Harari, primary education level of mothers, giving birth outside of health facilities, no antenatal care follow up, and no postnatal check-up were associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding, while younger age mothers, Muslims, giving birth outside of health facilities, and employed mothers were associated with shorter time to cessation of breastfeeding. Providing health education and counseling for mothers during and after pregnancy should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and child neurodevelopment based on the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study.Material and Methods: The current analysis included 501 mother-child pairs. The analysis evaluating the association between the length of breastfeeding and child neurodevelopment considered the following variables: maternal age and body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, parental level of education, marital status, socioeconomic status, child gender, birthweight, type of delivery, preterm delivery, pre- and postnatal exposure to tobacco constituents and child day care attendance. Psychomotor development was assessed in 1-year-olds on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.Results: The length of breastfeeding correlated positively with maternal age at delivery (ρ = 0.13), maternal and paternal level of education (ρ = 0.2 and ρ = 0.14 respectively), birthweight (ρ = 0.1) and marital status (ρ = 0.16) (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between the length of breastfeeding and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (ρ = -0.19) and weight gain during pregnancy (r = -0.1) was observed (p < 0.05). The association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development was not statistically significant in the model with the inclusion of confounding variables. A significant association between language development and maternal level of education (p = 0.004), gender of the child (p = 0.0007) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy (p = 0.01) was found. A negative association between cognitive development and maternal salivary cotinine during pregnancy (p = 0.03) and a negative association between motor development and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (p = 0.007) were also found.Conclusions: This study found no significant association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development after adjustment for confounders. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):175-84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gravidity and parity were not associated with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration in women of reproductive age. • Breastfeeding history was not associated with AMH concentration. • There is no long-term reduction in ovarian reserve associated with prior pregnancy or delivery. Are gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration among African-American women of reproductive age? This study included baseline data from the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids, a 5-year longitudinal study of African-American women. Within this community cohort, data from 1392 women aged 25–35 years were analysed. The primary outcome was serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration measured using the Ansh Labs picoAMH assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate mean differences in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration (β) and 95% CI by self-reported gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history, with adjustment for potential confounders. Of the 1392 participants, 1063 had a history of gravidity (76.4%). Of these, 891 (83.8%) were parous and 564 had breastfed. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses found no appreciable difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between nulligravid participants and those with a history of gravidity (β = -0.025, 95% CI -0.145 to 0.094). Among participants with a history of gravidity, there was little difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between parous and nulliparous participants (β = 0.085, 95% CI -0.062 to 0.232). There was also little association between anti-Müllerian hormone concentration and breastfeeding history (ever versus never: β = 0.009, 95% CI -0.093 to 0.111) or duration of breastfeeding (per 1-month increase: β = -0.002, 95% CI -0.010 to 0.006). Gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history were not meaningfully associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in this large sample of the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009 (RA 10028) mandates all health and non-health facilities, establishments, and institutions to put up a lactation station and to provide lactation breaks to all nursing employees in addition to their regular breaks. This is to encourage, protect, and support the practice of breastfeeding. The study aimed to determine the association between the utilization of lactation station and lactation breaks with the duration of breastfeeding among mothers with children aged 0-23 months. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the DOST-FNRI survey entitled "2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and other Population Groups". Mothers' profile and knowledge and practices on infant feeding were gathered through face-to-face interview. Association between breastfeeding duration with the use of lactation station and lactation break was tested using Chisquare test at 5% level of significance. Out of the 5,131 mothers, only 7.8% cited using lactation stations while out of the 399 working mothers who were breastfeeding, 35.1% availed lactation breaks. The use of lactation station was positively associated with longer breastfeeding duration (p<0.01), but no association was noted between taking lactation breaks and breastfeeding duration. This study provided evidence that mothers who utilized lactation station breastfeeds longer. Continuous effort is needed to strengthen the awareness to and implementation of the provisions of RA 10028 to ensure that public and private organizations will establish lactation stations in the workplace and grant lactation breaks to working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of breastfeeding for the first six months is a challenge that must be faced by working mothers. Workload and work stress sometimes become obstacles that cause irregular breastfeeding, rush and even boring and unpleasant activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of using audiovisual media on the duration of breastfeeding for working mothers. This research was conducted using the quasi-experimental method with the posttest control group design taking place in several workplace agencies in Wonokromo village area for the period February-September 2018. The control group was working mothers who breastfeed without using audiovisual media and the case group was working mothers who breastfeed using audiovisual media. Data was collected by using observation sheets and bivariate analysis with independent sample t test p = 0.02. The conclusion of the results of this study is the use of audiovisual media influences the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlation between infant breastfeeding and later overweight /obesity in childhood and adolescence. Methods Using electronic databases : CINHAL, Medline , EMbase , Pubmed and Cochrane Library to search relevant studies. In addition , references within the studies and previous reviews were retrieved. The search was restricted to English language publications during the period 1990 ∼ 2008. Results Overall, 17 studies were identified. The majority (58. 8% ) of the studies reported the protective effect of breastfeeding against later overweight/obesity. Of those , 6 studies concluded a dose-response relationship between reduced risk of obesity/overweight and the duration of breastfeeding. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Conclusion The outcomes of previous research are contradicted. Regardless of the contribution of breastfeeding to lower risk of overweight/obesity , breastfeeding needs to be encouraged and supported on a globe scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Whereas a recently published meta-analysis showed that ever breastfeeding reduces the risk of obesity in childhood significantly, the recent literature describing the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight or obesity in childhood remains inconclusive.Methods:Between November 2000 and November 2001, all mothers and their newborns were recruited after delivery at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University of Ulm, Germany. Active follow-up was performed at the age of 12 months and 24 months.Results:Of the 1066 children included in the baseline examination, information on body mass index was available for 855 (80%) at the 2-year follow-up. At this age 72 children (8.4%) were overweight and 24 (2.8%) were severely overweight. Whereas 76 children (8.9%) were never breastfed, 533 children (62.3%) were breastfed for at least 6 months, and 322 children (37.7%) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. Compared to children who were breastfed for less than 3 months, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for overweight was 0.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–0.8) in children who were breastfed for at least 6 months. When considering the time of exclusive breastfeeding, the adjusted OR for overweight was 0.8 (95% CI 0.4; 1.5) in children who were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 but less than 6 months and 0.4 (95% CI 0.2; 0.9) in children who were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months compared to children who were exclusively breastfed less than 3 months.Conclusion:These results highlight the importance of prolonged breastfeeding for the prevention of overweight in children.International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 1281–1287. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803260; published online 28 February 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]