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Summary: This study was conducted with the aim of determining the morphology, distribution and heterogeneity of mast cells in the tongues of seagull (Larus fuscus), common buzzard (Buteo buteo), goose (Anser anser), white stork (Ciconia ciconia) and Gerze rooster. The study used five samples of tongue material from each of the healthy adult avian species. The samples were fixed in 10% neutral‐buffered formalin (NBF) solution, then, after routine tissue follow‐up, the samples blocked with paraplast. Cross‐sections with 5–6 μm of thickness were stained with the 0.5% toluidine blue and alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO). In all five avian species, it was found that the mast cells were in different sizes and round, oval or spindle‐shaped based on their place of distribution. Mast cell numbers were determined in stained with toluidine blue, examined ×40 objectives in a 1 mm2 area. It was observed that mast cell density in subepithelial lamina propria and microscopic papilla was higher in the tongues of all species. Mast cell distribution and heterogeneity varied through the tongue, and there were more mast cells in the dorsal side of the tongue than the ventral side. The highest amount of mast cells was found in the tongue of the Gerze rooster among all five species. In the tongue cross‐sections stained with the combined method of alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO), the mast cells were stained as AB (+), SO (+) and AB/SO (+) (mixed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of salt (NaCl) and chromium (VI) shock loadings on oxygen use and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency were investigated by using two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR). The feed water used in this investigation was synthetic sewage with a ratio of 100/5.4/1.1 as COD/N/P. Reactors were operated at a 0.34–0.52 F/M ratio, 2000–2500 mgL−1 mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration and 10 days sludge retention times (SRT). All results were compared with those from an identical reactor operating at normal conditions. At concentrations of 20 gL−1 NaCl, 5 mgL−1 Cr(VI), and 10 mgL−1 Cr(VI) shock loadings were applied to the shock-loaded reactor. Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH in the reactors were measured at hourly intervals during the cycle period; however, the COD, MLSS, and sludge volume index (SVI) were daily. For the salt shock loading, COD removal efficiency decreased and the system could return to steady-state conditions within 3 days. For 5 mgL−1 Cr(VI) shock loading, COD removal efficiency was affected and the system tended to recover itself within 3 days. However, for 10 mgL−1 Cr(VI) shock loading, COD removal efficiency decreased dramatically, and it required more time to return to steady-state conditions, and the system could recover itself within 5 days. Although the differences in MLSS values were about 10% for the Cr(VI) shock loadings, there were no apparent effects observed on the biomass concentration and sludge-settling properties for the salt shock loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Vasovagal syncope (neurocardiogenic) is the most common cause of syncope in childhood. It is generally more common among adolescent girls and rare before the age of 10 years. Head-up tilt table test provides the ability to provoke vasovagal test and helps to document the type of response by cardiac rhythm and blood pressure monitorization. If basal tilt test is negative, pharmacologic stimulation with isoproterenol or isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) administiration may increase the sensitivity of the test. Material and Method: In this study, 88 patients aged 9-18 years having repeated, unexplored syncope were evaluated by tilt test (at 70° for 30 minutes). The patients who did not develop syncope by this test were given 400 micrograms of ISDN spray sublingually and were kept under close monitoring until the findings were seen or if not, for 15 minutes. Results: Twentyfour patients (37%) had a positive basal tilt test. Forty patients (46%) had syncope following ISDN administiration. No side effect related to ISDN administirastion was observed. The types of positive responses were mixed type in 37 patients (58%), cardioinhibitory without asystole in six patients (%9), cardioinhibitory with asystole in seven patients (%11) and vasodepressor types in 14 patients (22%) respectively. Conclusions: This study concludes that, pharmacological stimulation with sublingual ISDN is safe and easy to perform in children considered to have vasovagal syncope clinically and helps to increase the diagnostic value of tilt testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance misuse among street children is a significant problem in developing countries. Volatile substances are the most abused agents. According to case reports, chronic renal diseases are common among substance. abusing street children. In this study, we examined the renal findings of 42 volatile substance-abusing street children and compared them with results from 49 healthy children (control). The street children's weight, height, and blood pressure were lower than the controls' (P < 0.05). However, their blood alkaline phosphatase and creatinine phosphokinase levels were higher (P < 0.05), and total blood protein, creatinine, and phosphorus levels were lower than the controls' (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the street children's glomerular filtration rates were within normal limits (P < 0.05), their urinary N-acetyl.beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, microalbumin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride excrelions were higher, and tubular phosphate reabsorption were lower than the controls' (P < 0.05). Volatile substances have been charged with causing distal tubular disease, but increased urinary protein, NAG, β2-microglobulin, microalbumin, and electrolyte excretions also result from glomerular, proximal, and distal tubular influences. We believe that increased volatile substance products in the renal parenchyma are responsible for glomerular and tubular damage. Volatile substance-abusing sheet children should be examined for glomerular and proximal tubular function and distal tubular acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In children, dilated coronary arteries are usually caused by Kawasaki’s disease. We report four children with dilated coronary arteries and nephropathic cystinosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]