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Salt marshes provide diverse ecosystem services including coastal protection, habitat provision and carbon sequestration. The loss of salt marshes is a global scale phenomenon, of great socio-economic concern due to the substantial benefits that they provide. However, the causes of spatial variability in marsh loss rates are inadequately understood for the purposes of predicting future ecosystem distributions and functions under global environmental change. This study investigated the relationship between the presence of different saltmarsh plants and the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate that relate to its vulnerability to erosion. Relationships between three halophytes (Puccinellia spp. , Spartina spp. and Salicornia spp.) and sediment stability were assessed and compared to unvegetated substrates using in-situ and laboratory tests of substrate geotechnical properties and sediment characteristics. Sampling was conducted at two UK sites with contrasting sedimentology, one sand-dominated and one clay-rich. Sediment samples, collected simultaneously with measurements of shear strength, were analysed for moisture content, particle size and organic, carbonate and mineral compositions. These data were then used to explore the contribution of plant type, alongside the sedimentological parameters, to measured shear strength. Shear strength of the sediment varied between and, to a lesser extent, within sites, with the four cover types having a similar effect on shear strength within sites relative to each other. Sediments covered by Puccinellia spp exhibit the highest shear strength, while bare sediments exhibit the lowest. The effect of vegetation type on shear strength was greater in the coarser sediments of Warton Sands. Surface cover type made a significant contribution to exploratory statistical models developed for the prediction of sediment shear strength. The findings support existing recognition that vegetation can enhance sediment shear strengths but extend the insight to reveal differences in this effect that show generality between sedimentological settings. Further, the combination of methods provides insight into the fundamental mechanics by which various measures of sediment stability may be affected by different surface cover types. Cohesion appears to be a more appropriate descriptor of sediment erodibility than shear strength or friction angle and is most greatly enhanced by the presence of a fine, fibrous root system such as that of Puccinellia. A more detailed understanding of the multi-scale mechanisms by which plants confer strength to substrates is needed to better anticipate their impact on sediment erodibility, and therefore salt marsh vulnerability. • Relationships are established between geotechnical properties of salt marsh sediments and the plant species growing on them. • Plant species effect is stronger in coarser sediments but shear strength alone is an inadequate descriptor of erodibility. • Mapping plant distributions may help to understand within-site variability in salt marsh vulnerability to erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Development of an effective regulatory system for genetically engineered animals and their products has been the subject of increasing discussion among researchers, industry and policy developers, as well as the public. Since transgenesis and cloning are relatively new scientific techniques, transgenic animals are ‘novel’ organisms for which there is limited information. The issues associated with the regulation of transgenic animals pertain to environmental impact, human food safety, animal health and welfare, trade and ethics. It is a challenge for the developers to prove the safety of the products of biotechnology-derived animals and also for regulators to regulate this increasingly powerful technology with limited background information. In principle, an effective regulatory sieve should permit safe products while forming a formidable barrier for those posing an unacceptable risk. Regulatory initiatives for biotechnology-derived animals and their products should be able to ensure high standards for human and animal health, a sound scientific basis for evaluation; transparency and public involvement, and maintenance of genetic diversity. This review proposes a regulatory regime that is based on scientific risk based assessment and approval of products or by-products of biotechnology-derived animals and its application in context to Canadian regulations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) into agricultural fields is of great concern due to their reported ecotoxicity to organisms that provide beneficial service to the soil such as earthworms, and the potential ability of MPs and NPs to enter the food chain. Most fundamental studies of the fate and transport of plastic particulates in terrestrial environments employ idealized MP materials as models, such as monodisperse polystyrene spheres. In contrast, plastics that reside in agricultural soils consist of polydisperse fragments resulting from degraded films employed in agriculture. There exists a need for more representative materials in fundamental studies of the fate, transport, and ecotoxicity of MPs and NPs in soil ecosystems. The objective of this study was therefore to develop a procedure to produce MPs and NPs from agricultural plastics (a mulch film prepared biodegradable polymer polybutyrate adipate- co -terephthalate (PBAT) and low-density PE [LDPE]), and to characterize the resultant materials. Soaking of PBAT films under cryogenic conditions promoted embrittlement, similar to what occurs through environmental weathering. LDPE and cryogenically-treated PBAT underwent mechanical milling followed by sieve fractionation into MP fractions of 840 μm, 250 μm, 106 μm, and 45 μm. The 106 μm fraction was subjected to wet grinding to produce NPs of average particle size 366.0 nm and 389.4 nm for PBAT and LDPE, respectively. A two-parameter Weibull model described the MPs' particle size distributions, while NPs possessed bimodal distributions. Size reduction did not produce any changes in the chemical properties of the plastics, except for slight depolymerization and an increase of crystallinity resulting from cryogenic treatment. This study suggests that MPs form from cutting and high-impact mechanical degradation as would occur during the tillage into soil, and that NPs form from the MP fragments in regions of relative weakness that possess lower molecular weight polymers and crystallinity. Unlabelled Image • Micro- (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) prepared from agricultural plastics • Cryogenics, milling and sieving used to prepare MPs; wet grinding to prepare NPs • MP fractions: 840 μm, 250 μm, 100 μm, and 45 μm; NPs: 360–390 nm • Size reduction procedure did not produce any artifacts in chemical structure. • MPs and NPs are useful for fundamental research in agricultural soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]