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Aim: After spinal cord injuries (SCIs), patients may develop either detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) or urinary incontinence, depending on the level of the spinal injury. DSD and incontinence reflect the loss of coordinated neural control among the detrusor muscle, which increases bladder pressure to facilitate urination, and urethral sphincters and pelvic floor muscles, which control the bladder outlet to restrict or permit bladder emptying. Transcutaneous magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the spinal cord after SCI reduced DSD and incontinence. We defined, within a mathematical model, the minimum neuronal elements necessary to replicate neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder after a SCI and incorporated into this model the minimum additional neurophysiological features sufficient to replicate the improvements in bladder function associated with lumbar TMS of the spine in patients with SCI. Methods: We created a computational model of the neural circuit of micturition based on Hodgkin-Huxley equations that replicated normal bladder function. We added interneurons and increased network complexity to reproduce dysfunctional micturition after SCI, and we increased the density and complexity of interactions of both inhibitory and excitatory lumbar spinal interneurons responsive to TMS to provide a more diverse set of spinal responses to intrinsic and extrinsic activation of spinal interneurons that remains after SCI. Results: The model reproduced the re-emergence of a spinal voiding reflex after SCI. When we investigated the effect of monophasic and biphasic TMS at two frequencies applied at or below T10, the model replicated the improved coordination between detrusor and external urethral sphincter activity that has been observed clinically: low-frequency TMS (1 Hz) within the model normalized control of voiding after SCI, whereas high-frequency TMS (30 Hz) enhanced urine storage. Conclusion: Neuroplasticity and increased complexity of interactions among lumbar interneurons, beyond what is necessary to simulate normal bladder function, must be present in order to replicate the effects of SCI on control of micturition, and both neuronal and network modifications of lumbar interneurons are essential to understand the mechanisms whereby TMS reduced bladder dysfunction after SCI. Author summary: We developed a computer model using Hodgkin-Huxley representations of spinal interneurons to simulate normal bladder control, dysfunctional control of micturition after SCI, and clinically observed bladder responses to transcutaneous magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the lumbar spine. We incorporated an infantile spinal voiding reflex by adding lumbar interneurons to make a spinal voiding reflex possible and modified descending control of these neurons to inhibit the infantile reflex in normal adults. After SCI, the descending inhibition of the spinal voiding reflex is lost, and the spinal voiding reflex re-emerges. To make the lumbar spine response to TMS, it was necessary to add two excitatory interneurons and one inhibitory neuron in the lumbar spine: these neurons manifested frequency-specific responses to TMS. Based on the dynamical properties of the inhibitory and excitatory neurons responding to TMS, low frequency TMS (1 Hz) permitted the action of the re-emergent spinal voiding reflex to coordinate bladder contraction and urethral relaxation so that effective bladder emptying was re-established during TMS. Higher frequency TMS contracted the urethral sphincter and prevented simulated leaking and incontinence. Greater lumbar interneuronal complexity, consistent with animal experiments, is required to simulate bladder responses to SCI and TMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid oxide cell-based energy system is proposed for a solar-powered stand-alone building. The system is comprised of a 5 kW el solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a 9.5 kW el solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), and the required balance of plant. The SOFC supplies: 1- building demand in the absence of sufficient solar power, 2- heat for SOEC in endothermic and standby modes. Thermal integration of SOFC and SOEC is implemented through a network of heat exchangers, combined with set of control algorithms. Two control strategies were implemented to actuate the SOFC in response to endothermic heat demands of SOEC by manipulating: 1- electric power, 2- fuel utilization. The results of dynamic simulation of system for two scenarios (sunny day and cloudy day) showed successful compliance of temperature constraints with both methods. Manipulation of fuel utilization, however, resulted in better system performance in terms of efficiency and H 2 balance. Schematic of proposed thermally self-sustaining energy storage system. [Display omitted] • A dynamic multi-function energy system is designed for a solar PV powered building. • Power-to-Gas technology is used to convert excess electricity to hydrogen via SOEC. • SOFC is thermally integrated to SOEC to eliminate external heat sources for SOEC. • Analyzed system dynamics for two solar power scenarios: sunny day and cloudy day. • Designed two control strategies for actuating SOFC (electric power, fuel utilization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model is used to investigate the effects of different flow arrangements, as well as those of non-uniform air flow across channels, on temperature profile and thermal gradients under transient and steady state response. A high performance multi-input multi-output feedback controller has been developed to minimize SOFC spatial temperature variations during changes in power demands for different flow patterns. Numerical results show that the controller would result in negligible temperature variations for the modified cross-flow arrangement proposed here, even for large changes in the power drawn. The combination of a high performance controller and design modification results in a more uniform temperature profile at steady state nominal conditions, and modest variations in temperature profile, from the nominal, for ±15% change in power. Similarly, non-uniform air flow rate decreases the temperature gradient as well as maximum temperature across the cell, though its effect is less pronounced in the closed loop response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a counter-flow solid oxide fuel cell system and consider the challenges faced in minimizing thermal variations from the nominal operating conditions for a reasonable range of power tracking. Blower dynamics, reformer transport delays, spatial distribution of the heat generated and the resulting thermal response are among the issues considered. A novel approach, relying on partial internal reformation of the feedstock is proposed as a remedy to maintain a strong level of power tracking with minimal thermal stress to the fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A high performance feedback controller has been developed to minimize SOFC spatial temperature variation following significant load perturbations. For thermal management, spatial temperature variation along SOFC cannot be avoided. However, results indicate that feedback control can be used to manipulate the fuel cell air flow and inlet fuel cell air temperature to maintain a nearly constant SOFC electrode electrolyte assembly temperature profile. For example temperature variations of less than 5K are obtained for load perturbations of ±25% from nominal. These results are obtained using a centralized control strategy to regulate a distributed temperature profile and manage actuator interactions. The controller is based on H-infinity synthesis using a physical based dynamic model of a single co-flow SOFC repeat cell. The model of the fuel cell spatial temperature response needed for control synthesis was linearized and reduced from nonlinear model of the fuel cell assembly. A single 11 state feedback linear system tested in the full nonlinear model was found to be effective and stable over a wide fuel cell operating envelope (0.82–0.6V). Overall, simulation of the advanced controller resulted in small and smooth monotonic temperature response to rapid and large load perturbations. This indicates that future SOFC systems can be designed and controlled to have superb load following characteristic with less than previously expected thermal stresses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]