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Simple Summary: This study investigates cancer in migrants in Southern Italy, who represent a neglected but vulnerable population. We used data from the Eastern Sicily Cancer Registry collected between 2004 and 2019 to compare the adjusted proportionate morbidity ratio for the most common cancer types in migrants and non-migrants, and we calculated the odds of migrant status for one cancer compared to all cancers. The migrants/non-migrants odds of cancer was 2.1%, with most cancers occurring in migrant women. We observed increased proportions in cervical and lung cancer, with higher odds of cervical cancer and lower odds of colorectal cancer in migrants. Measures should be implemented to enhance the access of migrants to prevention, early diagnosis and care for cancer. These interventions should account for the migrant's country of origin. Particular attention should be given to HPV vaccination, cervical cancer screening and tobacco control to reduce the cancer burden in this population. Background: Migrants are a vulnerable and neglected population. We aimed at investigating cancer proportionate rates in migrants in Sicily, Southern Italy. Methods: We extracted data on new cancer cases diagnosed between 2004 and 2019 from the Eastern Sicily cancer registry. We compared the adjusted proportionate morbidity ratio (PMR) for the most common cancer types among migrants and non-migrants. We fitted multivariate logistic regression models comparing one cancer to all other cancers to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for migration status. The analysis was stratified by region of origin. Results: Overall, 4726 new cancer cases occurred in migrants between 2004 and 2019, 63.5% of those among women and 224,211 in non-migrants, including 54.5% among men, with odds for migrants/non-migrants of 2.1%. Migrants had an increased proportion of cervical (PMR = 2.68, 95% CI = 2.29–3.10) and lung cancer (PMR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.33). The highest OR in migrants was observed for cervical cancer (OR = 3.54, 95% CI = 2.99–4.20). Colorectal cancer was decreased among migrants (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77–0.96). Conclusions: Migrants to Sicily have higher odds of cervical cancer and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-migrants. Increased odds were also detected for lung cancer, in particular in women. Different cancer patterns could be observed based on the region of origin. HPV-related cancers need targeted attention in migrants living in Sicily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study addressed the under-investigated issue of second primary cancer occurring in colorectal cancer survivors. Our aim was to explore whether patients recovered from a first colorectal cancer were at higher risk of developing a subsequent primary cancer. The hypothesis was that exposure to cancer treatment, enhanced health surveillance and shared risk factors may lead to an excess risk of second primary cancer in this population. The number of cases of second primary cancer exceeded the expected in this population, mainly driven by female genital cancers, and especially observed in the first years after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Our findings are overall consistent with previous studies, providing valuable information to better characterize and predict mortality from second primary cancer in subjects who suffered from first colorectal cancer. Background: Cancer survivors are at risk of developing second primary cancers (SPC). We investigated the risk of SPC in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors in Sicily, Southern Italy. Methods: We analyzed data from the Eastern Sicily cancer registry covering 2.5 million people diagnosed and followed up between 2003 and 2017. We calculated the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of SPC overall and by cancer type, using the general Sicily population rates as reference. Results: A total of 19,040 cases of CRC and 1453 cases of SPC were included in the analysis. Mean age of occurrence of SPC was 68.1. The SIR for any SPC was 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.17); it was higher in women (1.18; 95% CI 1.08–1.29) than in men (1.07; 95% CI 0.97–1.14, p-value of difference 0.07). The SIR was increased for SPC from the ovary (SIR 2.01; 95% CI 1.33–2.95), kidney (SIR 2.00; 95% CI 1.54–2.56), endometrium (SIR 1.94; 95% CI 1.45–2.54), bladder (SIR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.43) and stomach (1.29; 95% CI 0.98–1.66). The SIR for CRC as SPC was 0.84 (95% CI 0.70–1.01). No increased incidence was found for lung, prostate, breast, thyroid and liver cancer. The SIR for SPC overall and several cancers decreased with time of follow-up. Conclusions: In this population, CRC survivors have an 11% higher risk of developing a SPC than the general population, particularly cancers of the ovary, kidney, endometrium, bladder and stomach. Follow-up for SPC is required, especially during the first 5 years from CRC diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The usefulness of physical activity in a preventive key is no longer in question, whereas sports therapy is assuming an increasingly important role in cancer rehabilitation. This review provides an overview on the effects of physical activity on fatigue, quality of life (QoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with thyroid cancer diagnosis both during and after treatment, with a focus on sex. We found that the level of confidence in the available evidence is very low. Future studies are needed to understand which training programs are optimal, both in terms of beneficial effects and to avoid potential adverse responses, in addition to focusing on gender differences. Background: Several epidemiological studies have provided evidence of the usefulness of physical activity for cancer prevention, increased survival and quality of life (QoL), but no comprehensive review is available on the effects on thyroid cancer. The present systematic review provides an overview of the effects of physical activity on fatigue, QoL and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with thyroid cancer diagnosis both during and after treatment, with a focus on sex. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases. We included studies investigating the impact of physical activity during and after thyroid cancer treatment, including fatigue, QoL and/or HRQoL among the outcomes. Review articles, conference papers, short communications and articles written in a language other than English articles were excluded. Study selection followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently selected the studies and assessed their eligibility. The same two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Outcomes of interest were fatigue, QoL and HRQoL. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. We compared the outcomes between groups of patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism undergoing a physical activity program and a sedentary group, evaluating the possible presence of sex differences. Results and Discussion: We found five studies eligible for inclusion in our review; only two were prospective studies including an exercise training program. One study was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group. Three out of five studies comprised low-quality evidence with a high risk of bias. Conclusion: The level of confidence in the available evidence is very low. A close association between physical activity and fatigue, QoL and HRQoL in patients with thyroid cancer diagnosis with a focus on sex can neither be supported nor refuted. Future studies are needed to understand which training programs are optimal, both in terms of beneficial effects and to avoid potential adverse responses, in addition to focusing on gender differences. The protocol of this systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42022322519. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Arsenic in the environment pose major threats to human health, and especially the inorganic form can result in adverse health effects. This review analyse papers from 2004 to 2017 on As in fresh fish and molluscs caught in the Mediterranean sea and the European coast of the Atlantic ocean allowing the identification of the marine area with a greater As bioavailability and in particular the identification of the European populations more exposed to In-As by consuming fresh seafood. Results were separated on the base of the fishing site and the concentrations were reworked to assess the average daily intake to In-As as well as Target Hazard Quotient and Cancer Risk. Overall, the greater availability in Tot-As concentration in the pelagic compartment found in the Mediterranean Sea is not present along the European coasts of Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, only in the Mediterranean Sea, results highlighted significant differences between Tot-As concentrations in seafood subgroups. In both areas, In-As concentrations showed the following trend: molluscs > pelagic > demersal with significant differences between subgroups. The European populations more exposed to In-As from fish and molluscs are the French, Spanish, Italian and Greek, with particular regards to children of 3–6 years old, which should minimize the consumption of molluscs to avoid carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Highlights • Papers from 2004 to 2017 dealing with As in fresh seafood were gathered. • Mediterranean sea and European Atlantic coasts were chosen as areas of study. • Human health risk due to ingestion of In-As contaminated seafood was evaluated. • Molluscs showed to be the seafood subgroup with the highest In-As concentration. • Mediterranean populations may be more susceptible to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic As effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood represent an important food source for human, and seafood quality is associated with marine environment quality. PAHs are one of the main organic environmental contaminants and they can be introduced into the body through different way (ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption). We present data on bioaccumulation of the sixteen PAHs, defined priority by the U.S.- EPA, in Sardina pilchardus , Solea solea and Donax trunculus , three species caught in the Catania Gulf and highly consumed by the local population. The risk to develop chronic systemic and carcinogenic effects due to the consumption of these target species was evaluated through the EDI, THQ and CR. EDI derived from D. trunculus ingestion falls within the range calculated by the EFSA. The THQ is less than 1, and the CR calculated for the Benzo(a)Pyrene is at the limit of the ARL (1✕10 −5 ). EDI derived from S. pilchardus and S. solea ingestion are below the range calculated by the EFSA. The THQ is less than 1, and the CR is below the acceptable risk level. The contamination level found in local seafood determines a low risk to develop chronic systemic effects, but the cancer risk could be of health concern especially for high-frequency molluscs consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study conducted in two regions of Guinea Bissau, Oio and Cacheu, focusing on the characterization of the groundwater supplies sampled during the dry season and their associated risks for human health. Twenty samples were collected in wells located nearby pit latrines. In situ analyses were conducted with Semi-quantitative test strips for the determination of turbidity, pH, chloride, carbonate, sulfites, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. The analysis of metals was performed by an ICP-MS Elan DRC-e and an ICP-OES Optima 8000. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was applied to evaluate the risk of developing chronic systemic effects derived from exposure to metals. Values of concern of turbidity ammonium, and pH values were lower than the normal range for drinking water in most samples. From both regions, Fe and Al were occasionally found with values higher than the international thresholds fixed by the World Health Organization and by the European Commission for drinking water, while, only in one sample from Cacheu region Pb was found significantly above these limits. THQs resulted next to the level of risk (1) for the highest values found of Al, As, Fe and Mn. Of great concern is the resident risk obtained from a well water of Cacheu for the highest value of Pb (96.8 μg/L), because the values of the resident risk found of 1 and 0.7 for child and adults respectively. The results obtained highlighted a close correlation between the chemistry of water and sediment and a correlation with the proximity of the water supplies with the latrines. This study evidenced the potential toxicity of the water supplies for the local populations and the risk of developing chronic systemic effects due to some physico-chemical parameters, the importance of functioning water pipeline system, the importance of maintaining adequate distance between latrines and drinking water access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is extensively cultivated in Middle East especially in Iran. For centuries, this fruit has been used in Iranian herbal medicine. Pomegranate peel, seed and juice contain considerable amounts of phenolic compounds and have antioxidant activity. Pomegranate peels, juice and seeds from three regions of Natanz, Shahreza, and Doorak were obtained. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, flavonoids, and flavonols contents of pomegranate peels, seeds and juices extracts were analyzed. The β-carotene bleaching test and Folin–Ciocalteu method were applied in this study. The pomegranate peel extract showed high levels of antioxidant activity in comparison to seeds and juices. Doorak peel by 58% had the highest antioxidant activity among two other peels. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and flavonols contents of pomegranate peel were evaluated much more higher than seeds and juices. The significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolics was reported. According to achieved results, high antioxidant capacity of pomegranate especially peel, had shed light to use them as natural food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbicide Glyphosate (GLY), or N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine was synthesized in 1950 and applied to control weeds in agricultural production. For a long time, it was believed that it was an inert compound, but many studies have instead demonstrated over the years the dangers of GLY to the ecosystem and human health. Among the best-known effects, it is known that GLY interferes with the metabolic pathways of plants and the main groups of microorganisms, negatively influencing their growth. GLY interferes with the metabolic pathways of plants and major groups of microorganisms negatively affecting their growth. The extensive GLY application on fields results in a "slow death" of plants through the minor resistance to root pathogens and in increasing pollution of freshwaters and soils. Unfortunately, however, unlike the old beliefs, GLY can reach non-target destinations, in this regard, ecological studies and environmental epidemiology are of significant interest. In this review, we focus on the effects of acute and chronic exposure to GLY on the health of plants, animals, and humans from a One Health perspective. GLY has been linked to neurological and endocrine issues in both humans and animals, and behavioral modification on specific bioindicators, but the knowledge about the ratio cause-and-effect still needs to be better understood and elucidated. Environmental GLY residues analysis and policy acts will both require new criteria to protect environmental and human health. [Display omitted] • Glyphosate interferes with the metabolic pathways of plants. • Glyphosate in the soil alters the equilibrium of bacteria and fungi. • Studies in animals have confirmed the neurotoxic effects of glyphosate. • The exposure to glyphosate increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. • GLY is associated with several tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production, dispersal, and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) are interconnected with climate change. Plastic production, which involves fossil resources like oil, generates greenhouse gas emissions during extraction and processing, contributing to global warming. Simultaneously, climate change influences the dispersion, fragmentation, and accumulation of MPs; extreme weather events facilitate plastic transport to the sea and natural environments. The increasing environmental impact of MPs poses a global challenge. This review focuses on the dispersion of MPs due to climate change, with attention given to the "One Health" approach. This promotes interdisciplinary collaboration, recognizing the interrelationship of human, animal, and ecosystem health. Crucial for a broad perspective on global health, the "One Health" approach emphasizes the need to understand and address MPs in the environment. In conclusion, implementing protocols for health monitoring and educating the public on responsible plastic management are essential. These preventive indications can help mitigate the effects of MPs, promoting a sustainable lifestyle from a One Health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to test the cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) bioaccumulation capacity of the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula and to measure the expression of metallothioneins (MTs) by a western blotting assay to explore metal tolerance and its potential use as a bioremediator in contaminated coastal areas. C. nucula was sampled in a protected marine area in order to perform experiments on organisms living in a healthy environment. Under laboratory conditions, the sponges were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in tanks filled with artificial seawater set up for the experiments. For each metal, three waterborne concentrations (mgL −1 ) of Cd (0.02–0.04-0.08), Cu (0.1–0.2-0.4) and Pb (0.2–0.4-0.8) were considered separately. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Significant differences in bioaccumulation across levels of each metal were highlighted. Moreover, the amount accumulated in sponges increased proportionately with increasing levels of exposure for each metal as well as MT expression after Cd and Pb exposure. The results demonstrate the efficiency of C. nucula in accumulating high levels of Cu, but a low tolerance to progressively higher concentrations for Cd and Pb. The study suggests the suitability of the use of this species in bioremediation plans for moderately contaminated environments. However, the biological response in the field should be verified by the use of transplanted organisms from a control site to a polluted site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study compared copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn), crucial for human normal physiology maintenance, and lead (Pb) levels as environmental pollutant, in subjects suffering of deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs (DVTs) vs. healthy subjects. Furthermore, we evaluated oxidative stress parameters, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as the sum of malondialdehyde or 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal 4-HNE) and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) concentrations in both groups. We recruited 24 DVT cases and 46 healthy subjects as controls. Questionnaire with socio-demographic, habits and lifestyle were collected. Hair concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb were measured by ICP-MS, plasma concentrations of MDA and 4-HNE were measured by HPLC and SOD plasma concentrations were detected by ELISA test. A quantitative and qualitative variables comparison between cases and controls group was made by Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's Chi-square test, respectively. We found low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Cu vs. high Pb concentrations in DVTs subjects. TBARS were found higher in the cases group, conversely, SOD concentrations were found lower in cases with respect to controls. Furthermore, we found the diet of pathological subjects significantly deficient in vegetables. These results are indicative of a lower enzymatic activity in patients, related to low transition metal levels in the DVTs and high levels of Pb, coupled with an unbalanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first-time venous thromboembolism (VTE) is less frequent than other thrombotic events, however, both the pulmonary embolism (PE) and the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) show a frequent morbidity. Many factors play as risk situations in determining VTE, and the air exposure to the fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) as PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1 is considered. Epidemiological studies have supported this association although both the effective burden of the association and the mechanisms are to date unclear. The PM concentrations and the exposure time are notable as emerging factors. Interestingly, the seasonal climate variations resulted as effective risk factor for appearance of VTE or DVT. There is a need to ameliorate the environment by reducing the air pollution at global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologic data for carcinogenicity in those exposed to lead (Pb) suggests relations with cancers although the totality of the evidence is inconsistent. Alterations in the expression of ERBB receptors have been studied during the development and malignant transformation of different kinds of human tumors where they induce proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis generation. Relevant clinical data demonstrate the role of ERBB2 receptors in the development and malignancy of human cancers. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation is to give more information on the link between plasma mRNA expression in ERBB2 gene and lead blood levels in a healthy population. Blood samples, socio-demographic, exposure and health data were obtained from 48 healthy men. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect ERBB2 gene transcripts, ΔΔCt method was used to quantify gene expression. Pb blood level was assayed using high-resolution sector field inductively coupled mass spectrometry and is expressed in µg/dl. Plasma mRNA expression in ERBB2 gene was 6.44±3.07 ΔΔCt; Pb blood levels was 16.07±6.74 µg/dl. Regression analysis revealed a significant association (r2=0.5345; p<0.0001) between Pb levels and mRNA expression in ERBB2. So far, it has still not been established if the expression of ERBB2 receptors is influenced by Pb exposure. On the base of the above reported data, we believe an in vitro study might be useful, to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide information on the behaviour and biopersistence rate (BP) of metallic nanoparticles (Ag-NPs, TiO 2 -NPs, ZnO-NPs) naturally occurring in canned seafood and subjected to static in vitro digestion. Single particle ICP-MS analysis was performed to determine NPs distribution and concentrations in oral, gastric, and intestinal digests. Depending on the conditions of the digestive phase and the sample matrix, the phenomena of agglomeration and dispersion were highlighted and confirmed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique. In standard suspensions, Ag-NPs had lower biopersistence (BP) than ZnO and TiO 2 -NPs (BP 34%, 89% and >100%, respectively). Among Ag-NPs and TiO 2 -NPs naturally present in the food matrix, those in canned tuna were more degradable than those in canned clam (BP Ag-NPs 36% vs. > 100%; BP TiO 2 -NPs 96% vs. > 100%), while BP ZnO-NPs showed high biopersistence in both seafood matrix (>100%). The biopersistence rates were higher than the recommended limit set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (12%), referred to nanotechnologies to be applied in the food and feed chain, thus the investigated naturally occurring NPs cannot be considered readily degradable. • This study investigates the behaviour of NPs after entering the gastrointestinal tract. • The biopersistence rate of Ag-NPs, TiO2-NPs, and ZnO-NPs was evaluated. • The phenomena of agglomeration and dispersion depend on the conditions of the digestion phase and the sample matrix. • Biopersistence rates are higher than the limit set by EFSA (12%). • NPs are stable under gastrointestinal conditions and cannot be considered as readily degradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is defined as a bloom that has deleterious effects on plants, animals or humans. Marine algal toxins are responsible for an array of human illnesses associated with consumption of seafood or exposure to aerosolized toxins. The effects of algal toxins are generally observed as acute intoxications, whereas the environmental health effects of chronic exposure to low levels of algal toxins are, to date, only poorly documented and an emerging issue. Consumption of seafood contaminated with algal toxins can result in five types of seafood poisoning syndromes: paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poi-soning and ciguatera fish poisoning. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview on HAB-related issues in the Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Weight-related issues such as obesity, dieting and eating disorders in adolescents are major public health problems. Moreover, undertaking a diet tends to be common among school children and the reasons for doing so are not always related to weight status. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the role of body mass index (BMI), gender and self-esteem in the adoption of a diet in middle-school Sicilian children.Methods: The survey included middle-school children in some Sicilian provinces. Weight status was determined by sex-specific body mass index for age according to the international BMI cut-off proposed by Cole. Classic chi-square test and linear trend chi-square were used to compare percentages. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were computed to study the risk of dieting according to weight status (with the underweight group as the reference group), gender, self-esteem adjusted for province. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) along with associated p-values were furnished.Results: The survey showed that 45.2% of the children were of average-weight, 6.6% were underweight, 12.6% were overweight and 2.9% were clinically obese. The missing data were up to 32.8%. Regarding dieting, 26.3% of the children stated that they had been on a diet during the last three months, 56.4% claimed they had not, and 17.2% did not answer. Age was not associated with dieting (p = 0.76). More girls than boys had undertaken a diet (31.4% versus 21.4%, p < 0.0001). Self-esteem had an influence on the choice of following a diet; in fact, 40.8%, 28.5% and 20.9% of the children with negative, normal and positive self-esteem were following a diet (trend p < 0.0001). The multivariate analysis showed that self-esteem seemed to influence more girls than boys (p = 0.06), and stratified analysis by gender indicated that it seemed more influent in girls (p = 0.0008) than in boys (p = 0.01).Conclusions: In addition to the relation between dieting and BMI, our results highlight the link between dieting, gender and self-esteem. We underline the importance of interventions within the context of health education in order to improve global self-esteem and to encourage proper eating habits to prevent weight-related health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are considered as emergent threat to human health. No complete data still exists on MPs presence in fish tissue and their transmission to humans. The present study aims to detect and quantify the presence of MPs (<3 μm) in several edible seafood (Sardina pilchardus , wild and farmed Sparus aurata , Mullus surmuletus , Solea solea and mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the south coast of Mediterranean Sea. MPs were detected through an innovative extraction method coupled to the SEM-EDX technology. The Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) for adults and children for each species were calculated. The higher median level (IQR) of MPs (9.09E+04) was found in M. surmuletus. Conversely, the lower median (IQR) level was observed in S. pilchardus (7.04E+04). The smallest and biggest median (IQR)diameter of MPs (1.8 and 2.5 μm) were identified in M. galloprovincialis and S. solea , respectively. The highest EDIs (25.50E+03; 48.09E+03) arefor ingestion of farmed S. aurata respectively for adults and children. Instead, the lowest EDIs (2.37E+02; 4.48E+02) are due to M. galloprovincialis ingestion for adults and children, respectively. Our data should be carefully considered in view of the direct exposure of humans to plastic particles under 3 μm through seafood consumption to better manage the related risks. • MPs <3 μmwere detected in edible fish muscle of five specie of Mediterranean Sea. • The smallest and biggest MPs (1.8 and 2.5 μm) were found in mullus and sole, respectively. • The highest level of MPs (9.09E+04) was found in M. surmuletus. • The highest EDIs (25.50E+03, 48.09E+03)for both adult and children is due tofarmed Sea bream. • M. surmuletus is more exposed to plastic wastes being a neritic specie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic led to the adoption of a different working approach: "The remote working." Evidence about the association of remote working with stress outcomes and life quality is lacking. This systematic review provides an overview of the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on remote-workers' stress and life quality. We conducted systematic literature searches in databases including Pubmed, Scopus and Web of science, from September 2020 to September 2023. Screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The review highlighted possible predictors (work-family conflict or a condition of social isolation) associated with improvement or worsening of quality of life and stress. The results highlighted the association between stress and family difficulties (β: −0.02, P -value <0.05), isolation during the first (β: −0.22, P -value <0.05) and second pandemic waves (β: −0.40, P -value <0.05) or due to the advancing age of workers (β:0.19, P -value <0.05) and (β: −0.05, P -value <0.05), furthermore some job categories presented greater stress such as teachers (16.94 ± 5.46). Conversely, remote working positively affected life quality, enhancing factors such as creativity (Average Variance Extracted, AVE: 0.41, R 2: 0.17) and self-efficacy (AVE: 0.60, R 2: 0.36). Future research should focus more on the relationship between work and family and on interventions that counteract social isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health risk level in operating rooms is correlated to the safety levels of microclimatic parameters, thermal indices, anesthetic gases and microbiological parameters. The objective of this study was to estimate the staff and medical service management compliance with the suggestions resulting from monitoring. Methods: The environmental conditions of 38 different operating rooms in the Sicily region, Italy, from January 2011 to December 2020 were monitored. The results were compared with specific standards suggested by national and international laws and guidelines. Results: Almost all microclimatic and microbiological parameters were outside the limits. The monitoring of the anesthetic gases showed that 5.6% of sevoflurane measurements exceeded the limit values. Conclusions: Constant environmental monitoring is an essential element for maintaining optimal living conditions in the working environment. The compliance of staff with guidelines and rules is a fundamental parameter for achieving this objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The daily environmental exposure of humans to plasticizers may adversely affect human health, representing a global issue. The altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays an important pathogenic role in exposure to plasticizers. This systematic review summarizes recent findings showing the modified expression of miRNAs in cancer due to exposure to plasticizers. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, we performed a systematic review of the literature published in the past 10 years, focusing on the relationship between plasticizer exposure and the expression of miRNAs related to cancer. Starting with 535 records, 17 articles were included. The results support the hypothesis that exposure to plasticizers causes changes in or the deregulation of a number of oncogenic miRNAs and show that the interaction of plasticizers with several redundant miRNAs, such as let-7f, let-7g, miR-125b, miR-134, miR-146a, miR-22, miR-192, miR-222, miR-26a, miR-26b, miR-27b, miR-296, miR-324, miR-335, miR-122, miR-23b, miR-200, miR-29a, and miR-21, might induce deep alterations. These genotoxic and oncogenic responses can eventually lead to abnormal cell signaling pathways and metabolic changes that participate in many overlapping cellular processes, and the evaluation of miRNA-level changes can be a useful target for the toxicological assessment of environmental pollutants, including plastic additives and plasticizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) represent a current public health concern since toxicity has not yet fully investigated. They were found in several foods, but to the best of our knowledge, at this time no data was reported for the edible vegetables and fruits. We focused on diet exposure aiming to evaluate the number and the size (<10 μm) of MPs in the most commonly consumed vegetables and fruits, in relation to their recommended daily intake too. MPs extraction and analysis were carried out using an innovative Italian methodology and SEM-EDX, respectively. Finally, we calculated the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) for adults and children for each type of vegetal and fruit. The higher median (IQR) level of MPs in fruit and vegetable samples was 223,000 (52,600–307,750) and 97,800 (72,175–130,500), respectively. In particular, apples were the most contaminated fruit samples, while carrot was the most contaminated vegetable. Conversely, the lower median (IQR) level was observed in lettuce samples 52,050 (26,375–75,425). Both vegetable and fruit samples MPs levels were characterized by wide variability. The smallest size of MPs was found in the carrot samples (1.51 μm), while the biggest ones were found in the lettuce (2.52 μm). Both vegetable and fruit samples had size of the MPs characterized by low variability. We found the highest median level of MPs in samples purchased from the "fruiter 3" (124,900 p/g) and the lowest in those purchased in "supermarket" (87,600 p/g). The median size of the MPs had overlapping dimensions in all the purchase sites, with the exception of the samples purchased at the "shop at km zero 2″ which had slightly smaller size (1.81 μm). The highest adults' (4.62 E+05) and children's (1.41 E+06) EDIs are due the ingestion of apples, instead the lowest are due to the ingestion of carrots (adults: 2.96 E+04; children: 1.15 E+05). We hypothesized that the mechanism of uptake and translocation of MPs can be the same described and reported for carbon-nanomaterials. This may be a possible translocation route of MPs by environment to vegetables permitting, so, the translocation or uptake inside of their biological systems. Based on the results obtained it is urgent important to perform toxicological and epidemiological studies to investigate for the possible effects of MPs on human health. • No microplastics (MPs) data for edible vegetables and fruits are available. • MPs <10 μm ranged by 52,050 to 233,000 particles/g depending on vegetable samples. • Apples and lettuces were the most and least contaminated samples, respectively. • Estimate Daily Intakes of adults and children for apples were 4.62 E+05 and 1.41 E+06, respectively. • Fruits showed the highest Microplastics (MPs) < 10 μm contamination compared to vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to highlight the degree of trace element contamination along three sites of Sicily: the Magnisi peninsula (MP), located in proximity to the Augusta–Priolo–Melilli petrochemical plant; the Ragusa agro-ecosystem (RA), characterized by a rural landscape; and the Gela plain (GP), characterized by intensive agriculture and a disused petrochemical plant. We collected biological samples (abraded back feathers and blood) of the Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758) as well as soil samples to determine the trace elements concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Se and V using ICP-MS analysis. The results found for the three sites show different trends of accumulation, which depend on the different management and geological characteristics of the areas. The Gela plain and Magnisi peninsula showed a higher degree of contamination (As, Co, Cu, Mn and Se for the Gela plain; Pb and Hg for the Magnisi peninsula). Nevertheless, no critical values were found for either the environment—if the results are compared with the legal limits fixed by the Legislative Decree No. 152/2006, approving the Code on the Environment—or for living organisms—if the results are compared with the toxicological thresholds for birds, especially if the short-term exposure results from the blood values are considered. Only the Se levels in animal blood from the RA and GP were found slightly higher than the minimum level required in bird diets. The positive scenario can be attributed on the one hand to the interruptions of emissions of the Gela refinery around 5 years ago, and on the other hand to the more intense and strict controls that are implemented in the area surrounding the petrochemical pole of Augusta–Priolo–Melilli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing demand for seafood, providing a sustainable solution, and contributing to global food security. It offers notable advantages for saltwater aquaculture in terms of cost‐effectiveness, environmental management, and reduced ecological impact. As a system for farming aquatic organisms, aquaculture significantly contributes to human food production and addresses issues like protein shortages and diet‐related diseases. However, it also faces challenges such as fish epidemics and ecosystem impacts. This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA)‐based systematic review focuses on the needs of both the modulation of chemical–physical environmental factors and natural ingredients used in feed formula to improve the wellness of farmed fish in freshwater aquaculture. We analyzed published articles between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The results highlighted the good effects of ultraviolet light (UV‐C) treatment about bacterial infections and the use of oxolinic acid (OA) and alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) on fish welfare through diet. These factors highlighted the importance of dose‐dependent applications of both environmental physico‐chemical factors and natural feed ingredients. Tailoring diets with specific nutritional components is crucial to improve productive outcomes in freshwater aquaculture systems, ultimately supporting the health and welfare of farmed fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental health literacy (EHL) is a rather recent concept that applies health literacy skills to environmental issues. Research in this field is still at the beginning, and there is currently no existing tool in the literature designed to comprehensively assess individual general EHL among university students. The aim of our study is to fill this gap through the validation of the Environmental Health Literacy Index (EHLI) in such a target group. We adapted a previously administered survey, originally completed by 4778 university students from various Italian universities. Starting from the original questionnaire, our methodology involved a three-round item selection process, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the instrument's psychometric properties. The EHLI consists of 13 Likert-type items, covering three primary domains of health literacy: functional (six items), interactive (three items), and critical (four items). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.808 for the global scale, while it stands at 0.888 for the functional, 0.795 for the critical, and 0.471 for the interactive components. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached a value of 0.643. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant yet slight correlation between EHLI and both functional health literacy score and the extent of pro-environmental behaviors adoption. Our study serves as an important initial step in developing a tool able to evaluate the EHL of university-aged individuals. Further research efforts may improve the questionnaire's validity and completeness, as well as to explore its applicability to different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on association of environmental and occupational risk factors with development of pathological disorders. Topics discussed include risks associated with air pollutants like heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for development of pathologies; interaction between environmental and professional risk factors during disease development; and roles played by heavy metals in deep vein thrombosis.

This study aims to estimate long-term survival, cancer prevalence, and several cure indicators for Italian women with gynecological cancers. Thirty-one cancer registries, representing 47% of the Italian female population, were included. Mixture cure models were used to estimate net survival, cure fraction, time to cure (when 5-year conditional net survival becomes > 95%), cure prevalence (women who will not die of cancer), and already cured (living longer than time to cure). In 2018, 0.4% (121 704) of Italian women were alive after diagnosis of corpus uteri cancer, 0.2% (52 551) after cervical cancer, and 0.2% (52 153) after ovarian cancer. More than 90% of patients with uterine cancers and 83% with ovarian cancer will not die from their neoplasm (cure prevalence). Women with gynecological cancers have a residual excess risk of death <5% at 5 years after diagnosis. The cure fraction was 69% for corpus uteri, 32% for ovarian, and 58% for cervical cancer patients. Time to cure was ≤10 years for women with gynecological cancers aged <55 years; 74% of patients with cervical cancer, 63% with corpus uteri cancer, and 55% with ovarian cancer were already cured. These results can contribute to improving follow-up programs for women with gynecological cancers and supporting efforts against discrimination of already cured ones. This article is part of a Special Collection on Gynecological Cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis due to autoimmune hyperthyroidism, especially in women. This umbrella review aimed to provide an evidence-based summary of epidemiological studies conducted on the association between GD and the risk of developing thyroid cancer risk and its prognosis. Strong evidence was found for thyroid cancer risk in GD patients and nodular thyroid disease and mortality risk from thyroid cancer in GD patients, particularly in Europe. However, the results of this umbrella review should be taken with caution; as the evidence comes mainly from retrospective studies, the potential concerns are selection and recall bias. Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease considered the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Some studies have investigated its relationship with the risk and prognosis of developing thyroid cancer. Considering that there is no consensus on the relationship between GD and thyroid cancer risk, this umbrella review aimed to summarize the epidemiologic evidence and evaluate its strength and validity on the associations of GD with thyroid cancer risk and its prognosis. This umbrella review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed and Scopus from January 2012 to December 2022. The strength of the epidemiological evidence was graded as high, moderate, or weak by the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR-2). "Strong" evidence was found for the risk of thyroid cancer in GD patients with thyroid nodular disease (OR: 5.30; 95% CI 2.43–12) and for the risk of mortality from thyroid cancer in these patients (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.17–7.37, p = 0.02), particularly in Europe (OR 4.89; 95% CI 1.52–16). The results of this umbrella review should be interpreted with caution; as the evidence comes mostly from retrospective studies, potential concerns are selection and recall bias, and whether the empirically observed association reflects a causal relationship remains an open question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have explored the hypothesis that low blood lead (PbB) and high noise levels may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension. To assess the possible relationship between occupational exposure to lead (Pb) and noise and elevated blood pressure, we studied 105 workers (age: 41.27 ± 6.25 years and length of employment: 4.12 ± 5.33 years) employed in a Pb battery recycling plant by measuring A-weighted equivalent sound level, PbB, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). Results showed that occupational exposure to higher ambient Pb and noise levels was related to slightly increased SBP and DBP. PbB values correlated significantly with SBP and DBP, whereas noise levels correlated neither with SBP nor with DBP. Furthermore, workers exposed to higher ambient Pb had higher PbB and ZPP and showed more decreased ALAD activity. Blood pressure does not correlate with noise exposure but only with PbB concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing usage of glucocorticoids for a variety of diseases raises concerns since these drugs, including the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone (DEX), are frequently found in the environment. The impact of DEX was evaluated on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) by exposure to environmental concentrations (C1: 4 ng/L; C2: 40 ng/L; C3: 400 ng/L; C4: 2000 ng/L), and sampling at 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) days. A multi-biomarker approach was applied on gills, involved in gas exchange, feed filtering, and osmoregulation. A dose- and time-dependent uptake of DEX was recorded, besides haemocyte infiltration, increased neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, and a general pro-oxidant effect witnessed by lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant system. Metabolomics revealed rise in protein turnover and energy demand by fluctuations in free amino acids (alanine, glycine) and energy-related metabolites (succinate, ATP/ADP). It is necessary to reduce DEX dosage from the environment by recovery strategies and effective eco-pharmacovigilance programs. • The environmental impact of dexamethasone (DEX) was assessed in marine mussels. • A time- and dose-dependent drug uptake occurred at the higher DEX dosages tested. • Haemocyte infiltration and increased mucopolysaccharides were found in gills. • Pro-oxidant effect was found with lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant system. • Enhancement in protein turnover and energy demand was revealed by metabolomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global increase in incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) occurring in the past decades has been partly attributed to increased diagnostic scrutiny of early lesions, with a potential phenomenon of overdiagnosis. The reported positive linear relation between skin biopsy rate and incidence of early CMM is compatible with this hypothesis. Objectives: We explored the ecological association between the trends in annual dermatologic office visit rates, skin biopsy rates, incidence rates of in situ and invasive CMM by tumour thickness category, and CMM mortality rates in the Emilia‐Romagna Region (northern Italy). Methods: Four cancer registries covering a population of 2,696,000 provided CMM incidence data for the years 2003–2017. Dermatologic office visit rates and skin biopsy rates were calculated using the Regional outpatient care database. All rates were age‐standardized. Trends were described with the estimated average annual per cent change (EAAPC). Correlations were tested with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Incidence increased significantly. The increase was steeper for in situ CMM (EAAPC: men, 10.2; women, 6.9) followed by CMM <0.8 mm thick (9.1; 5.2), but the rates grew significantly for most subgroups of CMMs ≥0.8 mm thick. Mortality decreased significantly among women (−2.3) and non‐significantly among men. For dermatologic office visit rate and skin biopsy rate the EAAPC were, respectively, 1.7 and 1.8 for men and 1.2 and 0.9 for women. Annual dermatologic office visit rate correlated with skin biopsy rate in both sexes. However, the proportion of skin biopsies out of dermatologic office visits was constant across the years (range: men, 0.182–0.216; women, 0.157–0.191). Conclusions: In Italy, the increasing CMM incidence trend is, at least in part, genuine. Overdiagnosis—if any—is due to an increased patient presentation at dermatologic offices and not to a lower dermatologic threshold to perform biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental matrices have been considered of paramount importance in the spread of antibiotic-resistance; however, the role of drinking waters is still underexplored. Therefore, a scoping review was performed using a systematic approach based on PRISMA guidelines, with the aim of identifying and characterizing antibiotic-resistance in tap water, specifically, water treated at a potabilization plant and provided for drinking use through a water distribution system. The review included 45 studies, the majority of which were conducted in upper-middle-income economies (42.2%), mainly from the Western Pacific region (26.7%), followed by Europe (24.4%). Most of the papers focused on detecting antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), either alone (37.8%) or in combination with antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) (26.7%). Multidrug-resistance profile was often identified in heterotrophic bacteria, including various species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas spp., and Aeromonas spp., which were especially resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins (including 3rd-generation), and also to macrolides (erythromycin) and tetracyclines. Resistance to a wide range of antibiotics was also prevalent in fecal bacteria, e.g., the Enterobacteriaceae family, with common resistance to (fluoro)quinolones and sulfonamide groups. ARGs were investigated either in bacterial strains isolated from tap waters or directly in water samples, and the most frequently detected ARGs belonged to β-lactam, sulfonamide, and tetracycline types. Additionally, mobile genetic elements were found (i.e., int 1 and tnp A). Sulfonamides and macrolides were the most frequently detected antibiotics across countries, although their concentrations were generally low (<10 ng/L) in Europe and the United States. From a health perspective, tap water hosted ARB of health concern based on the 2024 WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, mainly Enterobacteriaceae resistant to 3rd-generation cephalosporin and/or carbapenem. Despite the fact that tap water is treated to meet chemical and microbiological quality standards, current evidence suggests that it can harbor antibiotic-resistance determinants, thus supporting its potential role in environmental pathways contributing to antibiotic resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae is emerging as a promising alternative for biowaste (i.e. food waste) treatment, generating larval biomass and process residues, suitable for use as animal feed and fertilizer, respectively. In line with an increasing use of starch-based bioplastics in food packaging, the presence of these biopolymers and associated biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) in food waste is expected to rise. Knowledge of the generation of BMPs and their fate in the BSF treatment process is scarce, or indeed, completely lacking in the case of small-sized BMPs (<50 μm). The present study aims to investigate the generation and potential accumulation of BMPs in BSF larvae process. Food waste mixed with starch-based bioplastic films was fed to larvae and BMPs of two particle sizes (inferior to and exceeding 10 μm in diameter) were monitored over time in rearing substrate and larval biomass. BMPs concentrations in substrate were compared with larvae-free control tests. The presence of larvae favoured the generation of BMPs. Concentrations of smaller-sized BMPs (<10 μm) increased by approximately 172% in the final substrate, and accumulated in the larval biomass with a peak exceeding the initial larval concentration by over 1000% just before prepupation, which is the typical stage they are collected when used as animal feed. These results indicate a potential risk of soil contamination by BMPs when final substrate is used as fertilizer and a risk of biomagnification phenomena when larvae are used as animal feed. [Display omitted] • Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae is a promising alternative for food waste treatment. • Microplastics might generate from biodegradable bioplastics in food waste. • BSF process enhanced the generation of biodegradable microplastics (BMPs). • BMPs in substrates suggests risk of soil contamination, when used as fertilizer. • Peak of BMPs accumulation in larvae occurred just before the prepupation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‐term increase in survival from cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is generally attributed to the decreasing trend in tumour thickness, the single most important prognostic factor. Objectives: To determine the relative contribution of decreased tumour thickness to the favourable trend in survival from CMM in Italy. Methods: Eleven local cancer registries covering a population of 8 056 608 (13.4% of the Italian population in 2010) provided records for people with primary CMM registered between 2003 and 2017. Age‐standardized 5‐year net survival was calculated. Multivariate analysis of 5‐year net survival was undertaken by calculating the relative excess risk (RER) of death. The relative contribution of the decrease in tumour thickness to the RER of death was evaluated using a forward stepwise flexible parametric survival model including the available prognostic factors. Results : Over the study period, tumour thickness was inversely associated with 5‐year net survival and multivariate RER in both sexes. The median thickness was 0.90 mm in 2003–2007, 0.85 mm in 2008–2012 and 0.75 mm in 2013–2017 among male patients, and 0.78 mm, 0.77 mm and 0.68 mm among female patients, respectively. The 5‐year net survival was 86.8%, 89.2% and 93.2% in male patients, and 91.4%, 92.0% and 93.4% in female patients, respectively. In 2013–2017, male patients exhibited the same survival as female patients despite having thicker lesions. For them, the increasing survival trend was more pronounced with increasing thickness, and the inclusion of thickness in the forward stepwise model made the RER in 2013–2017 vs. 2003–2007 increase from 0.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.80] to 0.70 (95% CI 0.57–0.86). This indicates that the thickness trend accounted for less than 20% of the survival increase. For female patients, the results were not significant but, with multiple imputation of missing thickness values, the RER rose from 0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.93) to 0.82 (95% CI 0.66–1.02) in 2013–2017. Conclusions: For male patients in particular, decrease in tumour thickness accounted for a small part of the improvement in survival observed in 2013–2017. The introduction of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in 2013 is most likely to account for the remaining improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may reduce health risks associated with chronic exposure to smoke and their potential benefits have been the matter of intense scientific debate. We aimed to replicate three published studies on cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of cigarette smoke and ENDS aerosol in an independent multi-center ring study. We aimed to establish the reliability of results and the robustness of conclusions by replicating the authors' experimental protocols and further validating them with different techniques. Human bronchial epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were exposed to cigarette whole smoke and vapor phase and to aerosol from ENDS. We also assessed the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 and the remodeling mediator matrix metalloproteinase-1. We replicated cell viability results and confirmed that almost 80% of cytotoxic effects are due to volatile compounds in the vapor phase of smoke. Our findings substantiated the reduced cytotoxic effects of ENDS aerosol. However, our data on inflammatory and remodeling activity triggered by smoke differed significantly from those in the original reports. Taken together, independent data from multiple laboratories clearly demonstrated the reduced toxicity of ENDS products compared to cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the abundance of environmental microplastics (MPs) has become a global paramount concern. Besides the danger of MPs for biota due to their tiny size, these minute particles may act as vectors of other pollutants. This study focused on evaluating the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs (10 and 50 mg/kg sediment) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P, 1 µg/kg sediment), alone and in mixture, for 3 and 7 days in marine polychaete Hediste diversicolor , selected as a benthic bioindicator model. The exposure period was sufficient to confirm the bioaccumulation of both contaminants in seaworms, as well as the potential capacity of plastic particles to adsorb and vehiculate the B[ a ]P. Interestingly, increase of acidic mucus production was observed in seaworm tissues, indicative of a defense response. The activation of oxidative system pathways was demonstrated as a strategy to prevent lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the comprehensive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics revealed significant disorders in amino acids metabolism, osmoregulatory process, energetic components, and oxidative stress related elements. Overall, these findings proved the possible synergic harmful effect of MPs and B[ a ]P even in small concentrations, which increases the concern about their long-term presence in marine ecosystems, and consequently their transfer and repercussions on marine fauna. [Display omitted] • Seaworms were exposed to environmental microplastics (MPs) and B[ a ]P, alone and mixed. • Time-dependent bioaccumulation and increased acidic mucus were observed. • Oxidative system pathways were activated to prevent lipid peroxidation. • NMR-based metabolomics revealed disorders in various metabolic pathways. • The synergic harmful effect of MPs and B[ a ]P were demonstrated in seaworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pharmaceuticals are not sufficiently removed from treated wastewaters. • Ibuprofen and caffeine are common micropollutants identified in wastewaters. • Glomus aggregatum reduced caffeine accumulation in rice grains and. did not interact with the ibuprofen accumulation in rice grains. • About 0.07 % ibuprofen supplied with irrigation water was recovered in the grain. Alternative water sources for crop production need to be identified in order to meet increasing food demand under climate change scenario. However unconventional water source can contain micropollutants like endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals due to their persistence after the most common wastewater treatments. Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world's population which requires high volumes of water to achieve optimal yields. For this reason also low micropollutants concentration can represent a serious problem due to the stack in the trophic chain. At the state of art, the effects of these compounds on crops yield and quality remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, the aim of this work was to determine the effects of caffeine and ibuprofen on the growth of Oryza sativa (L.) and their presence in the grain. We also investigated the possible interactions of biofertilizer based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with the pollutants to evaluate if their use affected the grain pollutants content due to irrigation with polluted water. The results show that the polluted solution has caused an increase in rice yield (+51 %) and growth. The interaction between the polluting treatment and the mycorrhizal fungi has caused an increase in photochemical efficiency values compared to the control (+2.63 %). Instead, only with AMF treatment an inhibitory effect on the growth (−42 %) and photochemical efficiency (−5.4 %) have been observed. An ibuprofen (119.3 ng g−1) and caffeine (from 52 to 1060 ng g−1) translocation in rice grain has been observed. As far as we know, this is the first study reporting the presence of exogenous caffeine, and ibuprofen in rice grain suggesting further evaluations about the possible agronomical, environmental and human health risks effects of these pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in the area close to Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe located in Northeastern Sicily. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to the emissions from the volcano is associated with thyroid cancer in 186 municipalities from three provinces surrounding the volcano (1.9 million inhabitants). We measured the angle between the bearing of the municipalities and each direction, with special focus on South-East, the prevalent direction of the plume, and conducted a regression analysis on 2003–2016 incidence rates of thyroid cancer, adjusting for distance from Mount Etna, population size, and income. A 10-degree increase in the angle with South-East was associated with a decrease in thyroid cancer rates in the whole population (− 0.67 cases/100,000, p = 0.002) and in women (− 1.54/100,000, p < 0.001), and were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Similar results were obtained for East-South-East direction. These results support the hypothesis of a potential role of exposure to the plume from Mount Etna in determining the high rates of thyroid cancer. The results need to be confirmed in analytical studies, in which information of exposure to chemicals originating from the volcano, as well as other possible causes, should be carefully measured, molecular characteristics of the tumors and taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PM 2.5 exposure represents a risk factor for the public health. PM 2.5 is able to cross the blood-alveolar and blood-brain barriers and reach the brain through three routes: nasal olfactory pathway, nose-brain pathway, blood-brain barrier pathway. We evaluated the effect of PM 2.5 to induce cytotoxicity and reduced viability on in vitro cultures of OECs (Olfactory Ensheathing Cells) and SH-SY5Y cells. PM 2.5 samples were collected in the metropolitan area of Catania, and the gravimetric determination of PM 2.5 , characterization of 10 trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out for each sample. PM 2.5 extracts were exposed to cultures of OECs and SH-SY5Y cells for 24-48-72 h, and the cell viability assay (MTT) was evaluated. Assessment of mitochondrial and cytoskeleton damage, and the assessment of apoptotic process were performed in the samples that showed lower cell viability. We have found an annual average value of PM 2.5 = 16.9 μg/m3 and a maximum value of PM 2.5 = 27.6 μg/m3 during the winter season. PM 2.5 samples collected during the winter season also showed higher concentrations of PAHs and trace elements. The MTT assay showed a reduction in cell viability for both OECs (44%, 62%, 64%) and SH-SY5Y cells (16%, 17%, 28%) after 24-48-72 h of PM 2.5 exposure. Furthermore, samples with lower cell viability showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytotoxicity, and also impaired cellular integrity and induction of the apoptotic process after increased expression of vimentin and caspase-3 activity, respectively. These events are involved in neurodegenerative processes and could be triggered not only by the concentration and time of exposure to PM 2.5 , but also by the presence of trace elements and PAHs on the PM 2.5 substrate. The identification of more sensitive cell lines could be the key to understanding how exposure to PM 2.5 can contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative processes. [Display omitted] • PM 2.5 crosses blood-brain barrier contributing to neurodegenerative disease onset. • In vitro cultures of Olfactory Ensheathing and SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to PM 2.5. • Olfactory Ensheathing and SH-SY5Y cells showed reduced cell viability. • Olfactory Ensheathing and SH-SY5Y cells showed mitochondrial and cytoskeleton harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was undertaken to analyze 29 pesticides residues in 37 commercially olive oil collected samples from Iran's markets using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) approach along with acetonitrile for the extraction, surface adsorbents for clean-up procedure, following with a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In order to eliminate the matrix effect, the calibration curves were drawn using spiked samples with the Area under curve (AUC) portion calculation of pesticide residue to AUC internal standard (Triphenyl Methane (TPM)). Moreover, the probabilistic health risk assessment includes non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk were estimated by target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and cancer risk (CR) using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 10–1500 ng/g, and R2 was higher than 0.994. All pesticides recoveries as average were in the range of 77.97–112.65%. The respective numbers attributed to LOD and LOQ were 3–5 ng/g and 8–15 ng/g. Results showed that 29.7% of samples were contaminated by pesticides which according to Iranian regulation, while in 7 cases banned pesticides were detected. Only 4 samples are noncompliant with EU regulation. The rank order of pesticides based on THQ was Heptachlor > DDT > Pretilachlor. Also, TTHQ for adults was 0.139; and children 0.467. The rank order of pesticides based on CR was Heptachlor > DDT. Consumers (adults and children) are not at non-carcinogenic risk due to ingestion of oil olive content (THQ and TTHQ < 1 value) but are at considerable carcinogenic (CR > 1E-6). According to the observed profile of pesticide in olive oil samples, which are mostly banned according to Iranian regulation, further improvements in agriculture procedures of cultivated olive in Iran, as well as required assessments of imported olive oil, was recommended. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Concentration of pesticides residue olive oil samples using QuEChERS and GC-MS were analyzed. • 29.7% of samples were contaminated by pesticides. • The highest THQ and CR was related to Heptachlor in olive oil. • Consumers are not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk but are at considerable carcinogenic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have documented the existence of a behavioral addiction related to Video Games, which appears to be similar to other forms of addiction (gambling and substance-related) in terms of characteristics and consequences. Literature about this topic has suffered from the lack of a standard definition of this disorder before the publication of DSM-5. Thus, the prevalence of the disorder and its characteristics at the moment are unclear. The present research aimed to investigate the differences between sub-clinical problematic Video Game (VG) use and Internet use and clear Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and Internet addiction in terms of gender, amount of time spent gaming, preferential coping strategies, adjustment problems, interpersonal relations, and to identify risk factors that predict a problematic engagement in video gaming. We administered a survey containing measures about coping strategies, interpersonal relations, internalizing/externalizing problems, and Internet and Video Game addiction to 612 Italian students recruited in the four main regions of the country (age range 9-19; M = 13.94). Results show that 15.2% of participants showed a sub-clinical problematic use of Video Games, while those with a clear IGD were 2.1% (n = 13); 16.3% of them showed a sub-clinical problematic Internet use, while full-criteria Internet addiction was found in 5.9% of the sample. IGD appears to be linked to various dysfunctional outcomes including a wide range of psychological symptoms and behavioral and social problems. Also, problematic video gamers tend to preferentially adopt dysfunctional coping strategies as distraction and avoidance, so VGs seem to represent a mean to cope with problems and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological tissues of elected biosentinels represent an optimal biomarker for eco-monitoring of polluted areas. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is the most definitive method for detecting, quantifying and possibly identifying radicals in complex systems. Objective A non-invasive method for monitoring polluted areas by the quantitative determination of ROS in frog skin biopsy is presented. Methods We assessed by ESR spectroscopy the ROS level in adult male of Pelophylax bergeri , specie not a risk of extinction, collected from the polluted Sarno River (SA, Italy) basin. The spin-trap ESR method was validated by immunohistochemical analysis of the well-assessed pollution biomarkers cytochrome P450 aromatase 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and by determining the poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) and GST enzymatic activity. Results ROS concentration in skin samples from frogs collected in the polluted area is significantly higher than that determined for the unpolluted reference area. Immunohistochemical analysis of CYP1A and GST supported the reliability of our approach, even in the absence of evident morphological and ultrastructural differences. PARP activity assay, connected to possible oxidative DNA damage, and the detoxification index by GST enzymatic assay give statistically significant evidence that higher levels of ROS are associated to alterations of the different biomarkers. Conclusions ROS concentration, measured by ESR on isolated frog skin, through the presented non-lethal method, is a reliable biomarker for toxicity screening and represents a useful basic datum for future modelling studies on environmental monitoring and biodiversity loss prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting for their ability to change the normal function of human endocrine system. Their action on the reproductive system, both on male and female, is the most one investigated by international scientific community. The aim of this systematic review was to gather the available information regarding the role of phthalates on breast carcinogenesis focusing our research in their intake through the diet. Research was performed according the PRISMA methodology and 25 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2018 were selected. The main source of exposure to phthalates is diet, mainly through the consumption of food and beverages wrapped in different plastic packaging. Several in vitro studies suggest that certain phthalates may be associated to breast cancer since they can bind and activate the estrogen receptors. However, results of epidemiological studies are debated, yet. It's necessary to plan the future studies more carefully to have more representative data on phthalate exposure by replacing urinary matrix with piliferous one, by including as confounding factors not only the other risk factors but also prevention one as diet and miRNA expression and, finally, by direct the study considering not only the estrogenic activity of phthalates and so including also the ER negative tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiacloprid is an insecticide belonging to the family of neonicotinoids, substances initially underestimated for their potential adverse effects, that they may manifest in the long term leading to an extensive use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect at increasing concentrations of thiacloprid on chick embryos development. The research was carried out on 75 fertile eggs of Gallus gallus domesticus . The eggs were opened after 10, 15 and 20 days of incubation and in treated embryos were observed developmental alterations, growth retardation, limbs defects and ectopia viscerale. The histological analysis showed hepatic steatosis and haemorrhages both in the liver and in the lungs. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analysis performed on the liver sections showed a strong positivity only for the erythrocytes to the anti-CYP1A antibody. Thiacloprid exposure increases the risks of teratogenic effects especially at the higher doses tested, therefore its use should be more controlled and limited. Since the literature on the topic is lacking, then the human health impacts resulting from neonicotinoids exposure is not yet fully understood, and, our data will be helpful to allow the assessment of an oral reference dose and health risk characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified "Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe" QuEChERS in combination with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized for the determination of acrylamide content in different types of tah-dig (rice, bread, and potato). Also, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (target hazard quotient (THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)) due to ingestion of acrylamide via tah-dig in the adults and children were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The recoveries of acrylamide at five concentration levels (n = 3) ranged from 83.82% to 106.41%. The repeatability of the proposed method was demonstrated with RSD% in the range of 11.3–20%. In addition, the limits of detection and quantification were reported as 5 ngg −1 and 15 ngg −1 , respectively. The mean levels of the acrylamide contents in rice tah-dig, bread tah-dig, and potato tah-dig were measured as 24.65 ngg −1 , 39.48 ngg −1 , and 714.11 ngg −1 , respectively. The highest acrylamide content was determined in potato tah-dig (2100 ngg −1 ) and the lowest acrylamide in rice tah-dig (≤LOQ). Based on the conducted risk assessment, the P (95%) of cumulative probability in the MCS method, the lowest and highest THQ was observed in the adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-2), and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 1.90E+00), respectively. Additionally, the lowest and highest ILCR were reported in adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-5) and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 7.49E-3), respectively. The rank order of type tah-dig based on THQ and ILCR for all groups of consumers was potato tah-dig > rice tah-dig > bread tah-dig. There is a considerable non-carcinogenic risk for the children due to ingestion potato tah-dig (THQ > 1). Additionally, the significant carcinogenic risk for the Iranian adults and children due to consumption of rice, bread, and potato tah-dig (ILCR > 1.00E-5) was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beginning in 2008, metal-on-metal prostheses have been in the spotlight owing to much higher revision rates than expected. Adverse local tissue reactions have been well described in the literature as potential complications.Methods: Between 2012 and 2013, 13 patients with metal-on-metal total hip replacements were evaluated clinically and radiologically and with laboratory samples. The same tests were repeated between 2015 and 2016 on eight patients to assess any changes. In the laboratory assessment, we searched for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel in blood and urine samples over 24 h.Results: Clinical assessment has shown good score in all patients except one. On a second examination, between 2015 and 2016, all patients obtained results similar to those obtained in the first assessment, except a patient, who reported a recent fall. In the radiological assessment between 2012 and 2013, results were optimal, apart from a case of aseptic mobilization. The patients reassessed 3 years after the first examination showed radiological results similar to those previously obtained, apart from a patient, who showed signals of mobilization. Metal levels found in their blood decreased in most cases after 3 years. Urine levels of nickel increased in five subjects, and chromium levels increased in four, but levels of cobalt and molybdenum decreased in four patients.Conclusion: It could be hypothesized that the decreasing trend of metal ion levels is associated with a stable wear status. On the contrary, a progressive increase in metal ion levels must be considered as early proof of implant loosening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish and shellfish belonging to five different species among pelagic, benthonic and molluscs, were collected from the Gulf of Catania in 2017 to evaluate arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). Risk of developing chronic systemic effects derived from seafood consumption was evaluated with the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and compared with the results obtained from the same area and the species, collected in 2012. Hg, Cd and Pb concentrations were found below the limits set by European Community for human consumption in all the analysed species. The total risk is reduced from 1.1 to 0.49, and this result is strongly associated with the lower bioaccumulations levels found for Hg, Mn, Se and V. Others metals such as As, Pb, Ni and Zn bioaccumulation levels remain approximately the same, conversely, it is revealed a slight increase of Cd and Cr. Overall, the present study show a positive picture of the studied area, the Gulf of Catania, highlighting not only a decreased metal availability of the study area, but, above all, a decreased risk to develop chronic systemic effects derived from consumption of local seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is a trace element of both nutritional and toxicological interest, depending on its dose and chemical form. Diet is the primary source of exposure for most individuals. We sought to investigate the influence of food intake on serum levels of selenium species. Among fifty subjects randomly selected from a Northern Italian population, we assessed dietary habits using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We also measured circulating levels of selenium species in serum using high pressure liquid chromatography associated with inductively-coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometer. Circulating levels of inorganic selenium, the most toxic selenium species, were positively associated with intake of fish, legumes and dry fruits, and inversely associated with intake of dairy products and mushrooms. Concerning the organic selenium species, selenoproteinP-bound selenium was inversely associated with intake of fish, fresh fruits, vegetables, and legumes, while selenocysteine-bound selenium positively associated with intake of fresh fruit, potato, legume and mushroom. In the present study, intakes of different foods were correlated with different types of selenium species. These results have important public health implications when assessing the nutritional and toxicological potential of diet composition with reference to selenium exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was performed to review the conducted studies regarding the concentration of radon 222 in the tap drinking water; furthermore, by estimation of ingestion and inhalation effective dose, the health risk assessment in the adults and children using MCS technique was assessed. All related studies published among January 1990 to October 2016; were screened in the available databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, SID, and Irandoc. The total effective dose was estimated by calculating E ing (Effective dose of ingestion) and E inh (Effective dose of inhalation) by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The range of ND ─ 40.9 Bq/L for radon 222 in water resources was proposed after evaluation of data collected from 13 studies with 1079 samples. The overall concentration of radon 222 in drinking water in Iran was 3.98: 95%CI (3.79 ─ 4.17 Bq/L). Also, the effective ingestion dose of radon 222 in adults age groups was 1.35 times higher than children. The rank order of drinking water resources based on the concentration of radon 222 was Spring > Spring and Well > Well > Spring and Qanat > Tap water. The overall concentration of radon 222 in drinking water in Iran was lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Also, the rank order regarding area studied based on the concentration of radon 222 was Gillan > Mashhad > Mazandaran > Kerman > Yazd > Tehran > Kermanshah > Golestan > Hormozgan. The effective ingestion dose of radon 222 to consumers in the Gillan, Mashhad, Mazandaran, and Kerman were higher than WHO guidance (0.1 mSv/y). Also except consumers in the Hormozgan, inhalation effective dose radon 222, in the other investigated areas were higher than WHO guidance (0.1 mSv/y). Therefore, it is recommended to conduct the required programs regarding control and elimination of radon 222 concentration in Iranian drinking water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the effects of different combinations of selected lactic acid bacteria strains on Lactobacillus species occurrence, on safety and on sensory traits of natural green table olives, produced at large factory scale. Olives belonging to Nocellara Etnea cv were processed in a 6% NaCl brine and inoculated with six different bacterial cultures, using selected strains belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus pentosus species. The fermentation process was strongly influenced by the added starters and the identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated throughout the process confirms that L. pentosus dominated all fermentations, followed by L. plantarum , whereas L. casei was never detected. Pathogens were never found, while histamine and tyrosine were detected in control and in two experimental samples. The samples with the lowest final pH values showed a safer profile and the most appreciated sensory traits. The present study highlights that selected starters promote prevalence of L. pentosus over the autochthonous microbiota throughout the whole process of Nocellara Etnea olives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]