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In the context of the increasing global connectivity in science, this article investigates the internal heterogeneity of international research collaborations (IRCs). We focus on the prevalence of shared heritage collaborations and the rise of multiple institutional affiliations as a collaboration mechanism. An analytical typology of IRCs based on the characteristics of collaborating researchers' location and heritage is developed and empirically tested on the dataset of Russia's publications in 2015. We found that shared heritage IRC and IRC via multiple affiliations are the cornerstones of internationalization. Significant structural differences are revealed between conventional IRC and these nonconventional IRCs across fields of science, locations, visibility of international partners, and the sources of funding. These results contribute towards a better understanding of IRC as a complex, heterogeneous phenomenon, which encompasses a variety of arrangements for knowledge creation across borders. A more nuanced understanding of IRC is needed for smarter university strategy, metric development, and policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The prognostic role of the initial lactate/albumin ratio (LAR) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the initial LAR in predicting 30-day mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and compare the initial level of serum lactate and albumin for mortality prediction. Materials and Methods: A single-center and observational clinical study between April 2020 and December 2020 were retrospectively performed. Clinical and laboratory variables of patients evaluated in this study were collected within the first 24 hours following the intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Results: A total of 282 critically ill patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 66.34±12.08 years, wherein 179 (63.5%) were male. Patients who died within 30 days had higher lactate (p<0.001), lower serum albumin (p<0.001), and higher LAR levels (p<0.001). ROC analysis revealed that LAR (AUC: 0.824) was superior to the serum albumin (AUC: 0.644) and lactate levels (AUC: 0.795) for mortality prediction. Overall ICU mortality rates (75.6% vs. 13.1%, p<0.001) were significantly higher in patients with LAR of >0.60. Conclusion: LAR is a useful prognostic factor for risk stratification of critically ill patients with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article puts forward a method to identify the national heritage of authors based on the morphology of their surnames. Most studies in the field use variants of dictionary‐based surname methods to identify ethnic communities, an approach that suffers from methodological limitations. Using the public file of ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) identifiers in 2015, we developed a surname‐based identification method and applied it to infer Russian heritage from suffix‐based morphological regularities. The method was developed conceptually and tested in an undersampled control set. Identification based on surname morphology was then complemented by using first‐name data to eliminate false‐positive results. The method achieved 98% precision and 94% recall rates—superior to most other methods that use name data. The procedure can be adapted to identify the heritage of a variety of national groups with morphologically regular naming traditions. We elaborate on how the method can be employed to overcome long‐standing limitations of using name data in bibliometric datasets. This identification method can contribute to advancing research in scientific mobility and migration, patenting by certain groups, publishing and collaboration, transnational and scientific diaspora links, and the effects of diversity on the innovative performance of organizations, regions, and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal of synthetic biology bio-foundries is to innovate through an iterative design/build/test/learn pipeline. In assessing the value of new chemical production routes, the intellectual property (IP) novelty of the pathway is important. Exploratory studies can be carried using knowledge of the patent/IP landscape for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. In this paper, we perform an assessment of pathways as potential targets for chemical production across the full catalogue of reachable chemicals in the extended metabolic space of chassis organisms, as computed by the retrosynthesis-based algorithm RetroPath. Our database for reactions processed by sequences in heterologous pathways was screened against the PatSeq database, a comprehensive collection of more than 150M sequences present in patent grants and applications. We also examine related patent families using Derwent Innovations. This large-scale computational study provides useful insights into the IP landscape of synthetic biology for fine and specialty chemicals production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationships between the citation impacts of scientific papers and the sources of funding that are acknowledged as having supported those publications. We examine several relationships potentially associated with funding, including first citation, total citations, and the chances of becoming highly cited. Furthermore, we explore the links between citations and types of funding by organization and also with combined measures of funding. In particular, we examine the relationship between funding intensity and funding variety and citation. Our empirical work focuses on six small advanced European economies, applying a zero inflated negative binomial model to a set of more than 240,000 papers authored by researchers from these countries. We find that funding is not related to the first citation but is significantly related to the number of citations and top percentile citation impact. Additionally, we find that citation impact is positively related to funding variety and negatively related with funding intensity. Finally there is an inverse relationship between the relative frequency of funding and citation impact. The results presented in the paper provide insights for the design of research programs and the structure of research funding and for the behavior and strategies of research and sponsoring organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key object of innovation policy is to change behaviour of actors in order to improve innovation capabilities and outcomes. The overarching aim of this article is to improve our understanding of how this behavioural additionality (BA) can be better conceptualized and put into practice in evaluation and policy making. The article first outlines the theoretical framework of the concept of BA. On that basis it looks in detail at the way BA is currently operationalized in evaluation practice and how the concept is applied in the interaction between policy makers and evaluators. The article utilizes a statistical analysis of 171 innovation policy evaluations, a text analysis of selected BA evaluation reports, and finally a number of in-depth case studies of evaluations. Based on the conceptualization and the empirical findings, the article identifies three different uses of BA in innovation policy evaluations. The article further concludes that despite the widespread use of the concept of BA, an improved theoretical basis and serious methodological improvements are needed to realize the full potential of the concept for evaluation and policy practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The most important step in inpatient management to prevent mortality in COVID-19 patients is to diagnose clinical deterioration early and quickly. Early warning score (EWS) systems evaluate vital signs to detect early deterioration in a patient's clinical status. The aim of this study was to see how accurate the EWS is at predicting the need for a transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) and the mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia patients who are hospitalized. METHODS: A total of 471 confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia patients treated in our COVID-19 wards were included in the present study. RESULTS: ICU admission occurred in 95 (20.1%) of the cases during hospitalization, with a death rate of 11.9%. Compared with patients who were not admitted to the ICU, those who were admitted had higher National Early Warning Score (NEWS), NEWS2, Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score (p<0.001). NEWS was found to be superior to NEWS2, MEWS, and qSOFA in predicting patient clinical deterioration (p<0.001). NEWS outperformed NEWS2, MEWS, and the qSOFA score in predicting overall hospital mortality (p<0.05). ICU admission was substantially associated with high NEWS (=7) and NEWS2 (=7) (p=0.001, p=0.0028). CONCLUSIONS: NEWS and NEWS2 could be used routinely in pandemic wards to detect clinical worsening in COVID-19 pneumonia patients who are hospitalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Nowadays, with the rise in average life expectancy, the rate of hospitalization of the older population in intensive care unit (ICU) is gradually increasing. Unfortunately, there are no ideal combination of prognostic factors predicting the mortality in older patients admitted to the ICU. In the present study, we aim to determine the prognostic factors and their impacts on short-time mortality in older critically ill patients. Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed between January 2019 and February 2020. We included 133 patients aged ≥80 years and hospitalized ≥24 h in the ICU. Results: A total of 133 critically ill patients enrolled in the present study. And, the median age of the patients was 85 (80–106) years. 30-days and overall ICU mortality rates were found 30.1% and 34.6%, respectively. The patients were grouped as survivors (n = 94) and nonsurvivors (n = 39). Hospital length of stay before the ICU admission was found significantly longer in nonsurvivors (p = 0.001). Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II (APACHE-II) score were significantly higher in nonsurvivors (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Also, blood lactate level and glucose level were respectively significantly higher in nonsurvivors (p < 0.001, p = 0.006). We found that modified nutrition risk in critically ill (mNUTRIC) score and prehospital clinical frailty scale (CFS) were independent prognostic factors for the older critically ill patients (HR = 9.19, 95% CI=1.47–57.32, p = 0.018, HR = 20.16, 95% CI = 2.63–54.07, p =0.004). Conclusion: mNUTRIC score and prehospital CFS score were the most important prognostic factors in the admission of older patients to intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Yoğun bakım ünitesine (YBÜ) kabul edilen koronavirüs hastalığı-19 (COVID-19) pnömonisi olgularında nütrisyon risk değerlendirmesi ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda klinik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID19 pnömonisi nedeni ile akut solunum yetmezliği gelişen ve YBÜ’ye kabul edilen kritik COVID-19 pnömonisi olgularının nütrisyon risk durumununun değerlendirilmesi ve mNUTRIC skorun 30 günlük sağkalım ile ilişkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma Ağustos 2020 ve Eylül 2021 tarihleri arasında Malatya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi COVID-19 YBÜ’de tedavi görmüş 18 yaş üzerindeki kritik COVID-19 pnömonisi olgularında retrospektif kohort olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 48 saatten daha uzun süre YBÜ’de takip ve tedavi edilen toplam 281 kritik COVID-19 pnömonisi olguları dahil edilmiştir (Şekil 1). Bulgular: Olguların 167’si (%59,4) erkek ve 114’ü (%40,6) kadın olup ortalama yaş 64,3±13,3 yıl idi. Olguların 143’ünü (%50,8) 65 yaş ve üzerindekiler oluşturmaktaydı. Olguların mNUTRIC skoru 3,81±1,66 ve NRS-2002 skoru ise 3,21±0,84 olarak saptanmıştır. mNUTRIC skoruna göre olguların 101’inin (%35,9), NRS-2002 skoruna göre ise 229’unun (%81,4) malnütrisyon riski açısından yüksek riskli oldukları saptanmıştır. Malnütrisyon riski yüksek olan olgularda daha fazla invaziv mekanik ventilasyon, vazopresör ve renal replasman tedavisi gereksiniminin geliştiği saptanmıştır (p<0,001). Otuz günlük mortalite tahmininde mNUTRIC skorunun NRS-2002 skorundan daha üstün olduğu saptanmıştır (Şekil 2). Otuz gün içinde ölen olgularda YBÜ yatış günü mNUTRIC skoru ve NRS-2002 skoru anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001) ve NRS-2002 skoru ≥3 ve mNUTRIC skoru ≥5 olan hastaların oranı hayatta kalmayan grupta anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Ek olarak malnütrisyon riski yüksek olan olguların sağkalım sürelerinin daha kısa olduğu mNUTRIC skorunun 30-günlük mortalite için bağımsız ve önemli bir prognostik faktör olduğu ve mNUTRIC skoru ≥5 olan olguların 30 günlük mortalite açısından 6,26 kat riske sahip oldukları saptanmıştır (Tablo 1). Sonuç: Akut solunum yetmezliği nedeni ile YBÜ’ye kabul edilen kritik COVID-19 pnömonisi olgularının üçte biri yüksek malnütrisyon riskine sahip olup yüksek mNUTRIC skoru artmış mortalite ile ilişkilidir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grand challenges stress the importance of multi-disciplinary research, a multi-actor approach in examining the current state of affairs and exploring possible solutions, multi-level governance and policy coordination across geographical boundaries and policy areas, and a policy environment for enabling change both in science and technology and in society. The special nature of grand challenges poses certain needs in evaluation practice: (a) the need for learning at the operational, policy and, especially, system level; and (b) the importance of a wider set of impacts and behavioural change. The examination of the usefulness of evaluations as learning tools thus becomes relevant as does the way current evaluation practices address broader impacts and issues such as behavioural additionality. The suitability of existing evaluation contexts in meeting the specific issues posed by the 'grand challenges' orientation is also worth examining. The paper argues that learning at the policy and system levels is largely unaddressed while concepts such as behavioural additionality are still underexploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: SARS-CoV-2’nin neden olduğu yeni koronavirüs hastalığı Mart 2021’den beri ülkemizi etkisi altına almıştır. Bir çok ülkede ivedi şekilde aşı çalışmalarına başlanmış; faz 1, 2, 3 çalışmaları tamamlanmış, ülkemizde Ocak 2021 itibarı ile aşılama startı verilmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda ilimizde yaşanan 4. dalgada yoğun bakımda yatan COVID pnömonili olguların aşılanma durumlarının mortaliteye etkisini karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: 1 Temmuz 2021-15 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında COVID-19 pnömoni tanısı ile yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatırılan 18 yaş ve üstü hastalar retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, yatış esnasındaki aşılanma durumu, yandaş hastalıkları, yatış günündeki solunum desteği durumu hastane otomasyon sistemi incelenerek kayıt altına alındı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 92’si (%66,2) kadın ve 47’si (%33,8) erkek olmak üzere toplam 139 yoğun bakım hastası dahil edilmiştir. Hastalar aşı olma durumuna göre gruplandırıldığında 81’inin (%58,3) aşısız, 41’inin (%29,5) 2 doz aşılı ve 17’sinin (%12,2) 3 doz aşılı olduğu görülmüştür. İki doz aşılı olanların 8’i (%5,8) 2 doz BioNTech ve 33’ü (%23,7) 2 doz Sinovac aşılı olduğu görülmektedir. Aşı olma durumuna göre mortaliteleri incelendiğinde aşısız olanların %77,8’i, 2 doz aşılı olanların %82,9’u ve 3 doz aşılı olanların ise %47,1’i eksitus olmuştur. Aşı olma durumları arasında mortalite açısından anlamlı farklılık görülmüştür. Üçüncü doz aşılı olanlardan 2 Sinovac + BioNTech olanların %33,3’ü, 2 Sinovac + Sinovac olanların ise %54,5’i eksitus olmuştur. İki doz aşı olan hastaların aşı oldukları tarih ile yoğun bakıma yatış süreleri arasında ortalama 6 ay süre geçtiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Global olarak COVID-19 aşılarının COVID-19 pandemisini kalıcı şekilde kontrol altına almak için en etkili yaklaşım olduğuna dair güçlü bir fikir birliği vardır. Aşılama sonrasında yoğun bakıma yatış hızının azaldığı ve sağlık bakanlığının belirlediği aşılama takvimine göre hatırlatma dozunu olan hasta grubunda yoğun bakım yatışlarının belirgin oranda azaldığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak aşı, bugün için enfeksiyon hastalığından korunmada en etkili, en güvenli, en ekonomik ve en akılcı tıbbi bir yaklaşımdır. Pandemi döneminde hastanelerdeki iş yükünün azaltılması ve yoğun bakım ünitelerine yatışın önlenebilmesi açısından aşılamanın önemi göz ardı edilmemelidir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article characterizes and analyses evaluation practice in national innovation policy across Europe. It is the first study that examines and interprets the characteristics, quality, usefulness, and consequences of evaluations in a systematic way. The analysis is based on the comprehensive I NNO-Appraisal repository of 171 evaluation reports of national innovation policies of EU25 countries, conducted between 2002 and 2007. The article seeks (1) to assess the state of the art of evaluation in innovation policy at national level, (2) to understand how different key dimensions of evaluation (timing, purpose, methods, tendering process, etc.) relate to each other, and (3) to explore types of evaluations. On that basis, we (4) draw lessons as to what constitutes good practice in evaluation, as the results of the survey have been exchanged and discussed with a number of policy makers of the sample responsible for the evaluation. The article thus both contributes to the academic understanding of policy evaluation and supports use in policy practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]