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Background: Canine lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs. Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of hematological abnormalities and ratios in both humans and dogs with lymphoma. Aim: To compare hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of dogs affected by lymphoma and healthy dogs to identify potential prognostic markers for lymphoma. Methods: This retrospective case-control study compares hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of 114 dogs affected by multicentric large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) and 60 healthy dogs. Results: The study found several statistically significant differences between the hematological indices of LBCL dogs and healthy dogs, but no correlation between these parameters and the survival times of 78 dogs treated with chemotherapy Madison Wisconsin protocol. In addition, hematological alterations were evaluated such as anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: Hematological ratios have been suggested as potential prognostic markers for canine LBCL but their real prognostic value remains controversial and requires future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports the case of a 3 years old, female Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presenting lethargy, anorexia,weight loss, and anemia and marked leukocytosis at CBC. The majority of leukocytes were lymphocytic/lymphoblastic cells (97%). Immunocytochemical staining of blood smears marked for CD3 (neg) and CD79a (pos) suggested immunophenotype B. The patient died after one month from diagnosis. Histology evidenced lymphoid infi ltration in the heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and gut. In addition, in the bone marrow a massive infi ltration of lymphoid cells confi rmed the diagnosis of leukemia. Immunohistochemistry confi rmed the CD79a positivity of a large part of infi ltrating lymphoid cells indicating a B cells immunophenotype of the neoplastic population. The presence of lymphocytosis and multiorgan infi ltration supported the diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia. Finally, a revision of the literature has also been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Intestinal parasites were evaluated in dogs with lymphoma and in control dogs. • In dogs with high-grade multicentric lymphoma, protozoa infections were prevalent. • Opportunistic protozoa were prevalent in lymphoma dogs undergoing chemotherapy. • Results underline the need to monitor lymphoma dog patients for intestinal protozoa. Abstract Prevalence and species composition of intestinal parasites were evaluated in dogs affected by high-grade multicentric lymphoma and undergoing chemotherapy and in control healthy dogs. Obtained data were statistically analyzed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was 33.3%. In lymphoma dogs, the prevalence of protozoa infections (46.7%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of helminth infections (6.7%) and Giardia duodenalis , Cryptosporidium spp., Neospora caninum , Cystoisospora ohioensis -complex, Entamoeba sp. and Spirocerca lupi were identified. In the control group, only 3/15 dogs (20%) were found positive and no statistically significant differences emerged regarding helminth (hookworms and Toxocara canis) and protozoa (G. duodenalis) infections. Results from this study may suggest a potential higher prevalence of opportunistic intestinal protozoa, including some potentially zoonotic species, in dogs affected by high-grade multicentric lymphoma, emphasizing the need to monitor lymphoma-affected dogs for these protozoa, especially those undergoing chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of systemic preventive measures in dogs living in areas with Leishmania infection is advisable, particularly in blood donors. The aim of this study was to monitor healthy blood-donor dogs immunized with the vaccine CaniLeish® by means of hematological, biochemical (serum total protein, albumin, protein electrophoresis, and C-reactive protein), serological (Speed Leish K™ and IFAT), and molecular assays (qualitative PCR, qlPCR). Twenty-four dogs were monitored at (T0), second (T1), third (T2) immunizations, and 2 months (T3) after the initial immunization and at the first (T4), second (T5), and third (T6) annual booster. The results were as follows: slight hyperproteinemia (29.5%, p > 0.05) observed throughout the monitoring period (T0-T6); increase in C-reactive protein (46.4%, p < 0.05) (at T3-T6); significant alterations in β-1 and β-2 globulin fractions (as absolute and percentage values, p < 0.05), Speed Leish K™ assay negative at T0 and T4-T6, positive IFAT titres of 1/40 (9.5%) at T0, and T3-T6, 1/80 (8.6%) at T1-T4, 1/160 (6.7%) at T1-T2 and T4, and 1/320 (1.9%) at T2 and T4; and qlPCR positive in 7.7% of samples at T3-T6. The vaccination with Canileish® induced changes in a few clinico-pathological and serological markers, which are likely associated with the activation of the immune response. These changes should be carefully considered when evaluating vaccinated dogs included in blood transfusion programs. The use of the CaniLeish® vaccine could be recommended as an additional preventive measure and could represent an important practice in the field of canine transfusion medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim was to establish the prevalence of DEA 1, the most immunogenic and clinically important blood group in canine blood transfusion, in 7,414 dogs from Italy. The potential sensitization risk following a first transfusion and the acute reaction risk following a second transfusion given without a cross-matching and blood typing test were also calculated. Dogs tested were purebred (4,798) and mongrel (2,616); 38.8% were DEA 1 negative and 61.2% were DEA 1 positive. High prevalence for DEA 1 positive blood type was found in Ariegeois and English Setter, whereas German Shepherd and Boxer had higher DEA 1 negative blood type. Breeds with blood type never reported before included French Brittany Spaniel and Pug showing a high prevalence of DEA 1 positive type, while French Bulldog and West Highland White Terrier were more often DEA 1 negative. Just 48.8% of purebred and 13.9% of mongrel dogs were considered as prospective blood donors based upon their blood type. Most of the breeds had a sensitization risk of 20.0–25.0%. Rottweiler and Ariegeois had less risk of sensitization (9.4 and 4.2%) and the minor risk of an acute transfusional reaction (0.9–0.2%). The prevalence of DEA 1 positive and negative dogs in Italy agrees with most of the data already reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and serological findings in healthy canine blood donors after the administration of CaniLeish® vaccine. Twenty-seven client-owned dogs were included in the study and arranged into 3 groups according to the vaccination stage. Complete blood count (CBC) with blood smear examination, serum biochemical profile (SBP), serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), and serological tests for L. infantum were performed at different times. Additionally, in a subgroup of dogs IgA, IgM, and IgG were quantified. No statistical significance for CBC and SBP was found. In 10.7% of cases slight hyperproteinemia occurred. In SPE absolute values β-1-globulins (Group 2 and Group 2-3) and β-2-globulins (Group 3) were found modified (P<0.05). IgG values were statistically different (P<0.05) 6–8 months after the third immunisation (Group 2) and IgM and IgG values were statistically different after 2 months (Group 3). IFAT positive samples were 20.8% (Group 1), 15.0% (Group 2), and 52.8% (Group 3). Speed Leish K™ tests were always negative. The modifications found were probably attributed to the development of immune or inflammatory response due to the vaccine. Administration of CaniLeish vaccine in canine blood donors could be a safe practice and did not affect their health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 20 years, an increasing interest toward oxidative stress has been documented in order to investigate their direct or indirect involvement in several mechanisms regarding oncogenesis and lymphomas in particular. The aim of this paper was to evaluate oxidative stress in dogs affected by malignant lymphoma in comparison to a control group, to investigate what factors can affect this status, and to point out similarities and differences with human. Forty-eight samples from four subjects, affected by high-grade centroblastic polymorphic lymphoma and receiving a standard chemotherapy, have been processed for derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests. The obtained data show a condition of oxidative stress in dogs with lymphoma, with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) plasma levels and a decrease in antioxidant capacity. No significant differences emerged on the basis of remission. Further results of canine studies about oxidative status in lymphomas could be a model for human, according to analogy between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of unusual two RBCs patterns (so-called "quatrefoil RBCs," qRBCs) on canine blood smears at Optical Microscope (OM) was seen during routine evaluation of CBCs. Two consecutive retrospective investigations were arranged including about 7,000 CBCs and clinical records and laboratory data from dogs showing qRBCs. Few samples with qRBCs were prepared for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). qRBCs were found in 6.89% (139 of 2016) and 8.47% (133 of 1569) of dogs and in 3.89% (154 of 3,958) and 4.47% (138 of 3,081) of CBCs (some dogs were tested more than once). Statistical analysis was significant for age groups (Chi squared, P < 0.0001), decreased total leukocyte and neutrophil counts (ANOVA, P < 0.0001), RBCs anisocytosis, polychromasia, and Howell-Jolly bodies (ANOVA, P < 0.018, <0.005, and <0.003, respectively). qRBCs were distributed in the area of feathered edge and at the smear side of body-feathered edge area in blood films. SEM ruled out the possibility of an optical illusion or an accidental overlap. qRBCs are associated with ageing of dogs, total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and RBC anisocytosis, polychromasia, and Howell-Jolly bodies. Few hypotheses were discussed to explain the origin and meaning of this RBC arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractClient-owned pet dogs represent exceptional translational models for advancement of cancer research because they reflect the complex heterogeneity observed in human cancer. We have recently shown that a genetic vaccine targeting dog telomerase reverse transcriptase (dTERT) and based on adenovirus DNA electro-gene-transfer (Ad/DNA-EGT) technology can induce strong cell-mediated immune responses against this tumor antigen and increase overall survival of dogs affected by B-cell lymphosarcoma (LSA) in comparison with historical controls when combined with a cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) chemotherapy regimen. Here, we have conducted a double-arm clinical trial with an extended number of LSA patients, measured the antigen-specific immune response, and evaluated potential toxic effects of the immunotherapy along with a follow-up of patients survival for 3.5 years. The immune response was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The expression of dTERT was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Changes in hematological parameters, local/systemic toxicity or organic dysfunction and fever were monitored over time during the treatment. dTERT-specific cell-mediated immune responses were induced in almost all treated animals. No adverse effects were observed in any dog patient that underwent treatment. The overall survival time of vaccine/COP-treated dogs was significantly increased over the COP-only cohort (>76.1 vs. 29.3 weeks, respectively, p<0.0001). There was a significant association between dTERT expression levels in LSA cells and overall survival among vaccinated patients. In conclusion, Ad/DNA-EGT-based cancer vaccine against dTERT in combination with COP chemotherapy is safe and significantly prolongs the survival of LSA canine patients. These data confirm the therapeutic efficacy of dTERT vaccine and support the evaluation of this approach for other cancer types as well as the translation of this approach to human clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid within a body cavity (abdominal, thoracic, pericardial) and it is a common sign of several disorders in cats. Examination and classification of effusions can help to establish the cause of disease and to provide useful information for diagnosis and prognosis. The aim of this study was to classify feline effusions according to a problem-oriented approach in order to reduce the diagnostic differential. Three hundred and ninety-six thoracic and abdominal feline effusions were classified using both cytological criteria and refractometrical estimates of total protein concentration. This study revealed the high prevalence of lymphorrhagic effusions (23.2 %) and the rarity of bile peritonitis (0.3 %), mesothelial hyperplasia (0.5 %), and eosinophilic exudates (0.8 %) in the cat. Our problem-oriented classification scheme appears to be clinically useful, providing a reduced diagnostic differential, and drives the clinician to perform additional diagnostic tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Type 2 Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a severe coagulopathy occurring in the Deutsch-Drahthaar dog (or German Wirehaired Pointer, DD/GWP). Recently, a causative recessive mutation has been identified, and a DNA test is now available for individual screening. The genotype distribution (clear, carrier, and affected dogs) was investigated in 1855 DD/GWP dogs using data collected by the DD DNA-VWD-Databank in several European countries. 1704 (91.8%) DD/GWP dogs were genotypically clear of the VWD mutation, 144 (7.8%) were carriers, and seven (0.4%) were affected. The estimated disease allele frequency was highest in Germany and Sweden (almost 5%), and about 1% in Denmark, Finland and Norway. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was tested in the German sample, and showed no evidence of deviation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prevalence of canine microcytosis, detected as reduced mean corpuscolar volume (MCV) by impedance cell counter was investigated retrospectively in relationship to sex, breed, diseases, and other blood count parameters. One thousand and twelve (1,012) canine medical records with complete blood count (CBC) were evaluated for MCV results. CBCs were performed using impedance cell counter and stained blood smears for leukocyte differential count, erythrocyte morphology, and platelet estimation. Statistical analysis included both comparative and descriptive investigations in dogs showing microcytosis (MICRO) versus dogs with normal MCV (control, CTR). MCV was lower than the reference range in 8.5% of medical records (86/1,012). Only 47.7% of MICRO dogs were affected by different degrees of anemia. In MICRO dogs, thrombocytosis was present in 19.8%, while 16.3% showed thrombocytopenia, and mild leukocytosis was found in 30.2%. Statistical analysis showed significant difference about sex and breeds in MICRO vs. CTR dogs while different disorders did not affect the MICRO vs. CTR dogs; few CBC parameters such as erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and red cell dimension width were both significantly related to MCV of MICRO dogs and between CTR and MICRO dogs. Multivariate hierarchical cluster analysis showed significant difference among clusters considering platelets and displayed a subgroup of patients in MICRO dogs. Microcytosis detected at low rate in CBC of clinical records is not always related to anemia. The comparison in MICRO and CTR dogs showed a significant difference for most blood count parameters dealing with erythrocytes and leukocytes but not for platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine cancers occur with an incidence similar to that of humans and share many features with human malignancies including histological appearance, tumor genetics, biological behavior, and response to conventional therapies. As observed in humans, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity is largely confined to tumor tissues and absent in the majority of normal dog tissues. Therefore, dog TERT (dTERT) can constitute a valid target for translational cancer immunotherapy. We have evaluated the ability of adenovirus serotype 6 (Ad6) and DNA electroporation (DNA-EP) to induce immune responses against dTERT in dogs affected by malignant lymphoma (ML). The vaccine was combined with standard chemotherapy regimen [cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (COP)]. dTERT-specific immune response was induced in 13 out of 14 treated animals (93%) and remained detectable and long-lasting with the absence of autoimmunity or other side effects. Most interestingly, the survival time of vaccine/Chemo-treated dogs was significantly increased over historic controls of Chemo-treated animals (>97.8 versus 37 weeks, respectively, P = 0.001). Our results show that Ad6/DNA-EP-based cancer vaccine against dTERT overcomes host immune tolerance, should be combined with chemotherapy, induces long-lasting immune responses, and significantly prolongs the survival of ML canine patients. These data support further evaluation of this approach in human clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period of 8 years, 120 dogs affected by lymphoma were referred to the veterinary teaching hospital of the University. Canine lymphoma was classified and staged using a standardised diagnostic approach that involved the acquisition of detailed clinical history, physical examination and extended laboratory workup including lymph node cytology. Additionally, immunophenotyping was available in 22 cases. Multicentric lymphoma was the most common form of disease identified clinically, while the cytological classification revealed the B-cell polymorphic centroblastic subtype as the most frequent type of lymphoma in the study. Furthermore, the influence of several prognostic factors in relation to remission rate, relapsing rate and survival time were evaluated for 16 patients treated with a specific chemotherapy protocol and for which a complete follow-up was available. The results of our study suggest that chronic inflammation may represent a negative prognostic factor shortening both the relapsing and the survival times, while pre-treatment with steroids may have a negative effect on the survival time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Numerous breeds have been identified in the domestic cat, grouped according to their phylogenetic or geographical origin. In the cat, the AB blood group system is the most important feline system, and the determination of the blood group by specific methods is an essential step to avoid or reduce the risk of an adverse reaction in the recipient patient. Many studies have been published on the distribution and prevalence of blood types in pedigree and non-pedigree cats, but the information has never been collated in a systematic manner. Domestic cats descended from the African wildcat several thousand years ago. Cats have spread to all parts of the world, probably along routes between civilizations or geographical boundaries, leading to the movement of species, from Asia to the African continent through the Mediterranean basin, and finally to the American continent, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently, 73 cat breeds are recognized by the International Cat Association. With the increasing interest in the selection of breeds, the determination of blood groups in cats has acquired importance over time. The AB blood group system is the most important blood system in cats, in which A, B, and AB or C blood groups are identified. This systematic review describes data from previously published reports about cat blood types and cat breeds. After applying specific criteria, 28 eligible studies were identified in which the prevalence percentages for each blood group in correlation with specific cat breeds were reported. The breeds were, in turn, divided into four groups according to their geographic and phylogenetic origins as follows: Asian cat breeds, American cat breeds, European cat breeds, and breeds from Oceania. Although numerous studies were carried out before 2021, gaps in the literature on the AB system and, in particular, the Mik group are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In clinical routine, it can happen that to an abnormal hemogram corresponds an unexpected cytological normal bone marrow examination that can be difficult to interpret and to manage. Aim: This cytologically retrospective study wants to evaluate a consistent number of qualitative and quantitative normal bone marrow exams according to the hematological and clinical-pathological data to judge if this normality is by itself a pathologic state. Methods: Six hundred and thirteen bone marrow samples were examined. The bone marrow cytological examinations were performed using morphological and numerical criteria together with a complete hemogram, after the identification of clinical or hematological alterations such as multiple lymph nodes enlarged, positive leishmania serological result, staging of neoplasia, cytopenia, increased number of cells, or suspicion of malignant blood disorders. Results: Of the 613 bone marrow samples evaluated, 85 (14%) were classified as normal or without cytological abnormalities; however, only 28 (33%) of those cases had a normal hemogram associated, whereas 55 (65%) had one or more cytopenia and 2 (2%) had increased blood cells count. Conclusion: From this study emerges that cytological bone marrow examinations without any morphological or numerical abnormalities are often associated with altered hematological exams and for this reason, they should not be considered normal and should lead to other deepened investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hematological and biochemical profiles are essential in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease in veterinary medicine, requiring optimal Reference Intervals (RIs) for accurate interpretation. The aim of this study is to determine hematobiochemical RIs for 5 hunting dog breeds from a blood donor database and to compare them with laboratory established and published RIs to identify possible breed and attitude-related differences. A total of 445 healthy adult hunting dogs (156 Ariégeois, A; 52 Bleu de Gascogne, B; 64 Bracco italiano, C; 123 Segugio italiano, D; 50 Briquet Griffon Vandeen, E) were included in the study. Significant differences in 12 hematologic and serum biochemical analytes, for which a breed-specific variation appears to be the most plausible explanation, were detected, and new RIs for these parameters are provided. Numerous studies have shown the importance of breed-related differences between hematological and biochemical results in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study is to determine hematologic and biochemical Reference Intervals (RIs) for 5 hunting dog breeds from a blood donor database, adopting an indirect sampling method, and to compare them with laboratory established and published RIs to identify possible breed and attitude-related differences. The study analyzed the blood parameters of 445 adults (222 females and 223 male, with age ranging from 2 to 8 years, mean age 5.3 years), client-owned, clinically healthy blood donor dogs of 5 breeds: 156 Ariégeois, 52 Bleu de Gascogne, 64 Bracco italiano, 123 Segugio italiano, and 50 Briquet Griffon Vandeen. Statistical analysis was performed as recommended by the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines. RIs for red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HB), main corpuscular volume (MCV), main corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), main corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red distribution widht (RDW), white blood cells (WBC), and differential leukocytes count, PLT, Albumin, Total Protein, Urea, Creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for each of the 5 breeds were performed, and significant differences with the established RIs were detected. We found significant differences in 12 hematologic and serum biochemical analytes for which a breed-specific variation appears to be the most plausible explanation. New RIs for HCT, MCH, MCHC, RDW, PLT, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Albumin, Urea, Creatinine, AST, and ALT are provided for at least 1 breed. Breed-specific RIs for adult hunting dogs will help avoid misinterpretation of laboratory results in these breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the field of transfusion medicine for dogs has advanced significantly, becoming a crucial aspect of veterinary clinical practice. Nowadays, blood still remains a fundamental biological source and the welfare and health status of eligible species-specific blood donors are essential for veterinary transfusion medicine. Aim: This study focused on evaluating two shelters in Central Italy (Marche region), located in Tolentino (TS) and in Camerino (CS), in order to assess the potential of the shelter dogs as canine blood donors. Methods: We evaluated a total of 45 dogs from these shelters based on physical (age and size), clinical, behavioural, and blood analysis criteria described in the Italian Ministerial Guideline for Veterinary Transfusion Medicine (2016). Results: At the TS shelter, out of 206 resident dogs, 125 met the donation criteria (60.68%), with 28 (13.59%) selected for the study due to the impossibility to collect the samplings or other exclusion causes. In the CS shelter, of the 149 dogs, 17 (11.41%) were identified as potential blood donors and included in the study. Among these, seven dogs (25%) from TS and five dogs (29.41%) from CS were found to have DEA1 negative blood group. High percentages (TS = 25.24%, CS = 40.27%) of dogs were excluded for seniority and 29.53% in CS for behavioural issues. Notable findings included reduced erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume [mean TS = 63.93 fl; CS = 64.00 fl] and Reticulocyte Hemoglobin [mean TS = 22.39 pg; CS = 21.38 pg]. Additionally, in both shelters’ dogs showed a modest increase in eosinophils levels [mean TS = 1.59 K/μl; CS = 1.02 K/μl]. Conclusion: Shelter dogs can fulfill the blood donation requirements set by the Italian Ministerial Guideline on Veterinary Transfusion Medicine. They are generally in good health and present a low risk of transmitting parasitic diseases; however, many are ineligible for donation due to behavioural pathologies or temperament issues and seniority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: we have recently shown that Tel-eVax, a genetic vaccine targeting dog telomerase (dTERT) and based on Adenovirus (Ad)/DNA Electro-Gene-Transfer (DNA-EGT) technology can induce strong immune response and increase overall survival (OS) of dogs affected by multicentric Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) when combined to COP therapy in a double-arm study. Here, we have utilized a clinically validated device for veterinary electroporation called Vet-ePorator™, based on Cliniporator™ technology currently utilized and approved in Europe for electrochemotherapy applications and adapted to electrogenetransfer (EGT).Methods: 17 dogs affected by DLBCL were vaccinated using two Ad vector injections (Prime phase) followed by DNA-EGT (Boost phase) by means of a Vet-ePorator™ device and treated in the same time with a 27-week Madison Wisconsin CHOP protocol. The immune response was measured by ELISA assays using pool of peptides.Results: No significant adverse effects were observed. The OS of vaccine/CHOP animals was 64.5 weeks, in line with the previous study. Dogs developed antibodies against the immunizing antigen.Conclusions: Tel-eVax in combination with CHOP is safe and immunogenic in lymphoma canine patients. These data confirm the therapeutic efficacy of dTERT vaccine and hold promise for the treatment of dogs affected by other cancer types. More importantly, our findings may translate to human clinical trials and represent new strategies for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous complementary feeds to support liver function are commercially available for small animals. Aiming to furnish a scientific support for clinicians/nutritionists that necessitate a complementary feed to support liver function in dogs and cats, with the present paper, we analyzed scientific evidences supporting the use, for this purpose, of ingredients/additives such as artichoke (Cynara scolymus), curcumin, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), phosphatidylcholine, and S-adenosylmethionine. Although sustained by significant results, our review found only few scientific papers, and albeit we believe that they represent a significant aid in handling hepatopathies, in the authors' opinion, this topic probably deserves, and would benefit of, further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies highlighted the role of autophagy as a cardinal regulatory system for homeostasis and cancer‐related signalling pathways. In this context, the deregulated expression of p62 – Sequestosome1 (p62/SQSTM1) – a protein acting both as an autophagy receptor and signalling hub, has been associated with tumour development and chronic inflammation. Multiple clinical studies test drugs targeting autophagy, and even more research is on the way to clinical trials. However, no comparative investigations have been carried out to identify adequate preclinical models to assess p62‐based medicine. In veterinary oncology the role of p62 in cancer‐related pathways has been largely ignored. We compared p62 sequences in multiple organisms and found that canine p62 significantly diverges from the humans and from other animals sequences. Then, we chart by immunohistochemistry the expression levels of p62 in canine mammary tumours. A total of 66 tumours and 10 non‐neoplastic mammary samples were examined. The expression of p62 was higher in normal tissue and adenomas than carcinomas, with lowest levels of p62 protein detected in high grade carcinomas. In all cases examined the tumour stroma appeared to be p62‐negative. Taken together our results would suggest that in dogs the association between p62 expression and cancer cells overturns that reported in human breast carcinoma, where p62 accumulates in malignant cells as compared to normal epithelium. Thus, at least in canine mammary tumours, p62 should be not considered a tumour‐rejection antigen for an anti‐cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Proteomics is a discipline investigating the proteins present in a specific biological environment, aiming to understand better the processes that take place in specific districts but also aiming for the possible discovery of new biomarkers. Herein, the fecal proteome of healthy dogs and dogs suffering from different hepatobiliary disorders was investigated. The study highlighted qualitative and quantitative differences between the groups of patients under analysis, leading us in particular to hypothesize a possible role for proteins such as fibronectin, haptoglobin, and trefoil factor 2. The present results need to be further confirmed by other tests and studies, but the direction taken appears promising. In the present study, the fecal proteomes of clinically healthy dogs (HD = n. 10), of dogs showing clinical, ultrasonographic, and/or laboratory evidence of different hepatobiliary dysfunction (DHD = n. 10), and of dogs suffering from chronic hepatitis (CHD = n. 10) were investigated with an Ultimate 3000 nanoUPLC system, coupled to an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid mass spectrometer. Fifty-two different proteins of canine origin were identified qualitatively in the three study groups, and quantitative differences were found in 55 proteins when comparing groups. Quantitatively, a total of 41 and 36 proteins were found differentially abundant in the DHD and CHD groups compared to the control HD, and 38 proteins resulted dysregulated in the CHD group as compared to the DHD group. Among the various proteins, differently abundant fecal fibronectin and haptoglobin were more present in the feces of healthy and DHD dogs than in chronic ones, leading us to hypothesize its possible diagnostic/monitoring role in canine chronic hepatitis. On the other hand, the trefoil factor 2 was increased in DHD dogs. Our results show that the analysis of the fecal proteome is a very promising field of study, and in the case of dogs suffering from different hepatobiliary disorders, it was able to highlight both qualitative and quantitative differences among the three groups included. Results need to be confirmed with western blotting and in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The cheetah (genus Acinonyx), which is considered vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, suffers quite frequently from chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, often associated with Helicobacter spp., with a significant mortality, especially in captive animals. The study of the fecal proteome aims to investigate possible new markers of disease that could be useful in diagnosing and/or monitoring, when performed in feces, gastrointestinal disorders. Considering the invasiveness of some diagnostic investigations (e.g., GI endoscopy) in general and the difficulties of carrying out even simple blood sampling in animals such as the cheetah, the possibility of deriving clinical-diagnostic information from fecal samples is extremely interesting. Herein, a fecal proteomic evaluation from healthy and diseased cheetahs suffering from GI disorders is performed. Fecal proteomics allows for the identification of proteins and peptides present in stools and is useful in finding possible new biomarkers for diagnosing and/or monitoring gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In the present study, we investigated the fecal proteome in healthy and diseased cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Captive individuals of this species frequently show gastrointestinal disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of diarrhea, rare episodes of vomiting and weight loss, associated with Helicobacter spp. infection. Fecal proteomic evaluation has been performed by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In healthy cheetahs, the results showed the presence of the following proteins: collagen alpha-1 (II) chain, transthyretin, IgG Fc-binding protein, titin, dystonin, isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 and protein disulfide-isomerase A6. The presence of albumin isoforms was found only in diseased cheetahs. The present paper reports the study of the fecal proteome in the cheetah, evidences some differences between healthy and diseased patients and confirms, once again, the potential of fecal proteomics for the study of the GI environment, with promising developments regarding the identification of new diagnostic/monitoring markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The cheetah is the fastest land mammal. Habitat destruction, high mortality due to other predators, and illegal wildlife trade has led to a decrease in the wild population. Currently, the global adult population present in their natural habitat is estimated to be 7100 individuals. In captivity, the population suffers from limited reproduction and disease. Both the wild and captive populations have reduced genetic diversity from a historic bottleneck, leading to increased ecological and environmental vulnerability. Over the years, conservation programs have been developed for habitat protection, management of human–animal conflict, and the study of disease and genetics. Among these, the one with the greatest prevalence in captivity is chronic gastritis. This review analyzes the scientific literature on gastric pathology in cheetah, with the potential causes divided into "extrinsic factors", such as living conditions and diet, and "intrinsic factors", including the presence of Helicobacter-like organisms and the genetic predisposition. The rapid decline of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) throughout their range and long-term studies of captive breeding has increased conservation action for this species including the study of chronic diseases. Gastritis is one of the captive diseases that leads to high mortality presented with symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss. The disease presents different histological lesions in the gastrointestinal tract that are characterized by inconstant and different clinical appearance in captive and free-range cheetahs. The aim of this review is to summarize the causes of chronic gastritis in the cheetah. Factors including diet, living conditions, infections with gastric Helicobacter-like organisms (GHLOs), the lack of genetic polymorphism and the cheetah's specific-immunocompetence are analyzed. All studies on gastroenteric cheetah pathologies, conducted between 1991 (to the best of our knowledge, the first report on online databases) and 2021, are included in this review, highlighting the possible correlation between stress-related captive conditions and chronic gastric pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Dal, and DEA 1, 4, 7 blood types, in a population of canine blood donors from Italy and Spain. Three hundred and twenty blood donor dogs receiving an annual health evaluation were included in the study. DEA 1 blood type was determined using an immunochromatographic strip technique while Dal, DEA 4 and 7 blood types were determined with polyclonal antisera using agglutination on gel columns. Results: Out of 320 dogs blood typed 7 (2 Cane Corso and 5 Doberman Pinschers) (2.2%) were Dal negative; 137 (42.8%) were positive for DEA 1; 320 (100%) were positive for DEA 4 and 43 (13.4%) were positive for DEA 7. Conclusion: This study showed a similar prevalence of DEA 1, 7 and 4 to that reported in previous studies in the same, and in different, geographic areas, and provides new data on the prevalence of the Dal blood group in Italy and Spain. There was no significant difference (P = 0.8409) between prevalence of Dal negative blood types found in our population (2.2%) and the prevalence reported in a canine blood donor population from the USA (2.5%). Our study identified Dal negative dogs in a previously tested breed i.e. Doberman Pinschers, but also the Cane Corso breed was found to have Dal negative dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular access ports (VPAs) are totally implantable devices designed to provide repeated access to the vascular system. Port access is performed by percutaneous needle insertion using a noncoring needle. VAPs have been placed in 12 dogs affected by different tumors and needing long lasting chemotherapy. Using the non-invasive Seldinger technique a silicone catheter was inserted from the jugular vein up to the junction of the cranial vena cava and the right atrium. The catheter then was connected to the port previously placed in a subcutaneous pocket over the scapula. 7/12 dogs showed no clinical complications. Port was removed in 4/12 dogs for post-operative complications as fistula formation (n.2) and infection/mal-position (n.2). One patient had mild complications shortly after implantation. VPAs were left in site until the death in the rest of patients. VAPs are useful for dogs undergoing long-lasting chemotherapy protocols as these devices allow peripheral veins to be spared and not seriously damaged for repeated infusion of vesicant drugs. In most cases VPAs are well tolerated and may be left in site for several months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: During the storage of blood units, cells undergo many changes, defined as storage lesions; these are biochemical, morphological and immunological modifications and seem to be responsible for adverse post-transfusion effects in recipients. The pre-storage leukoreduction seems to reduce them. The aims of this study are both to evaluate the human filter effectiveness and the effect of pre-storage leukoreduction in stored canine whole blood units. We tested whole blood units, leukoreduced and not, obtained from seven enrolled subjects, until the 42nd day. The white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts are reported to express the leukoreduction effectiveness. As indicators of storage-induced hemolysis, the lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and sodium, potassium, and chlorine electrolytes were measured in plasma, and the red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct) were obtained with the complete blood count (CBC). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values and morphological index obtained from blood smear evaluation were used as indices of morphological changes. We observed that the leukoreduction filter for human use is equally effective on canine whole blood and that leukoreduction has a partially protective role to prevent some storage lesions. Storage lesions (SLs) occur when the red blood cell quality is altered during the preservation of blood units. Pre-storage leukoreduction would limit the number of SLs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a leukoreduction filter for human use and the effect of pre-storage leukoreduction on some ematobiochemical parameters in stored canine whole blood. Seven canine blood units were tested. Each one was divided into two units—one leukoreduced (LRWB) and one non-leukoreduced (nLRWB). On each unit, we determined the complete blood count (CBC), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−), morphological index (MI) and hemolysis, on storage days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Leukoreduction allowed a 98.30% recovery of the RBC count, retaining 99.69% and 94.91% of WBCs and PLTs, respectively. We detected a significant increase of LDH and MI with strongly higher values in nLRWB compared to LRWB. A progressive increase in electrolytes and LDH concentrations was observed as indices of stored hemolysis. LDH showed significantly lower values in LRWB units compared to nLRWB, suggesting its release from leukocytes. In the majority of units, hemolysis reached 1% on the 42nd day of storage. We assert the human leukoreduction filter effectiveness on canine whole blood, and we recommend using nLRWB before day 14, especially for critically ill patients. The difference of the basal hemolysis (day 0) percentages observed between subjects suggests that more studies should be performed to confirm a possible inter-individual donor biological variability of RBC membrane resistance, as happens in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The red cell distribution width (RDW) is a simple and inexpensive laboratory parameter that reflects the difference in size of the red blood cells (also known as anisocytosis) and is conventionally used in a clinical setting for the differential diagnosis of anemias. Nonetheless, recent studies have demonstrated that anisocytosis is commonplace in many non-hematological human disorders and an increased RDW has been associated with a negative prognosis in patients with different cardiovascular diseases. In dogs, no studies have evaluated the prognostic role of RDW with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The present study evaluates clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory parameters, including RDW, with a cohort of dogs with MMVD and followed up on for more than one year. We sought to evaluate if RDW acts as an independent prognostic marker for negative outcomes in dogs with MMVD with or without concurrent non-cardiac diseases. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative measurement of anisocytosis. This hematological parameter is an important prognostic biomarker for different cardiovascular disorders in humans but its influence on survival has been poorly investigated in dogs with cardiovascular disease. The RDW and various clinical, complete blood count, serum biochemical and echocardiographic variables were retrospectively investigated in 146 client-owned dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) at various disease stages, with or without concurrent diseases and treatment. Laboratory variables, including RDW, urea, and white blood cell (WBC), in addition to the echocardiographic variable left atrium to aorta ratio were found to be independent predictors of all-cause mortality at six months in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. In particular, the hazard ratio of RDW was 1.203 (95% confidence interval = 1.045–1.384; p = 0.010). The negative effect of increased RDW on outcome was confirmed using Kaplan–Meier curve analysis. The results of this study indicate that RDW acted as an independent predictor of negative outcome in dogs with MMVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: "Blood group" or "blood type" refers to the blood group system comprising red blood cell antigens and a specific pattern. Many studies have characterized dog blood groups by the prevalence of the Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA), Kai, and Dal antigens in different geographic areas and by using a variety of methods. Some pioneering studies on blood groups, upon which others were subsequently based, were conducted by Bowdler, Colling, and Hall in the 1970s and 1980s. Our results show that most relevant studies covered the European and American continents, and the methods used to identify DEA, Kai, and Dal groups evolved from 1999 to 2020, albeit without a single method based upon specificity and sensitivity. However, the existence of rapid commercial kits for the determination of the DEA 1 group makes this group the most widely used in clinical practice. Through a systematic review, our aim was to illustrate the countries in the world where different blood groups have been identified with reference to the different methods used and the prevalence of those groups among dog breeds. In recent years, blood transfusions have been more commonly given to pets. The importance of determining blood groups in dogs and cats is, therefore, well-known for reducing the risk of adverse reactions in the recipient blood caused by a "non-compatible" donor. This systematic review summarizes data from previously published reports and follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 41 eligible studies using different states and blood-typing methods to determine blood groups in dogs. The dog blood groups that were identified between 1999 and 2020 in 17 different countries were combined to yield the DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen), Kai, and Dal groups. These studies were conducted in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia but not in all the countries of these continents. The methods used to determine blood types have also changed over the years. This systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and should advance future studies synthesizing data with methodological rigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colonic dysmotility in dogs can cause different GI signs. Sometimes, histology of enterocolic biopsies does not reveal inflammatory infiltrates or mucosal lesions that are typically associated with clinical disease activity. It is speculated that, similarly to humans, colonic dysmotility may be anxiety‐based, although recent data demonstrate that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) could result from acute infectious enteritis. Specific Lactobacillus spp. strains administered orally in humans induced the expression of μ‐opioid and cannabinoid receptors in mucosal enterocytes, modulating intestinal morphine‐like analgesic functions. We investigated the potential association of GI signs caused by colonic dysmotility and mucosal expression of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal epithelial cells and the number of mucosal mast cells. Methods: Ten to 15 endoscopic biopsies were collected from colonic mucosa of 20 dogs diagnosed with dysmotility disturbances before and after probiotic (Slab51 bacterial blend; Sivoy®) administration (3‐month period). Number and distribution of mast cells (MCs), and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Results were compared to data obtained from five clinically healthy dogs (archive samples). Key results: Decreased numbers of MCs (P <.0001) and increased CB1‐ and CB2‐positive epithelial cells (P <.0001) in diseased dogs were positively associated with post‐treatment CCECAI scores (P <.0001). Conclusions and inferences: Our results suggest that probiotic administration can reduce signs of colonic dysmotility, possibly due to microbiota modulation and epithelial cell receptor–mediated signaling in intestinal mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]