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For decades, periodontitis has been considered to be a local inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues in the oral cavity. Initially, associations of periodontitis with a multitude of noncommunicable diseases were each studied separately, and relationships were shown. The associations of periodontitis with morbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, have been demonstrated. As most such studies were cross‐sectional in nature, questions about causality cannot be univocally answered. And periodontitis as an independent risk factor for one systemic disease, becomes even more difficult to assess since recently periodontitis has also been associated with multimorbidity. Periodontitis and many systemic diseases share environmental, lifestyle and genetic risk factors, and share immunopathology. Moreover, suffering from one common noncommunicable disease may increase the susceptibility for another such chronic disease; the systemic effects of one condition may be one of various risk factors for another such disease. The overarching effect of any systemic disease is it causing a pro‐inflammatory state in the individual; this has also been shown for periodontitis. Moreover, in periodontitis a prothrombotic state and elevated immunological activity have been shown. As such, when we consider periodontal disease as another systemic disease, it can affect the susceptibility and progression of other systemic diseases, and importantly, vice versa. And with this, it is not surprising that periodontitis is associated with a variety of other noncommunicable diseases. The medical definition of a systemic disease includes diseases that affect different organs and systems. Thus, the aim of this opinion paper is to propose that periodontitis should be considered a systemic disease in its own right and that it affects the individual's systemic condition and wellbeing. The dental and medical profession and researchers alike, should adapt this paradigm shift, advancing periodontal disease out of its isolated anatomical location into the total of chronic noncommunicable diseases, being for some conditions a comorbid disease and, vice versa, comorbidities can affect initiation and progression of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Gilbert Simondon’s Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information, taking the question of animality as the guiding thread. It analyzes whether in this book there is an anthropological approach that allows us to sharply separate the individuation of man from that of other animals. The initial hypothesis is that such a conception of anthropogenesis, with the humanist exceptionalism and speciesism that it implies, is incompatible with the system deployed there by Simondon. Throughout the paper, it is highlighted that Simondon’s ontology, with its ambiguities and tensions around this issue, demands to think of another concept of animality than the one he inherits from the philosophical tradition against which he stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An astronomical concept up to the eighteenth century, 'eccentricity' started to be used to refer to behaviours considered as odd, strange, rare, extravagant, etc. Once reified into a personality trait, it gained explanatory power. This not only increased its popularity but also facilitated its links with psychopathology and neuropsychology, and, via the shared concept of madness, with the notions of genius and creativity. This Classic Text describes the process whereby Alienism (Psychiatry) medicalized eccentricity. To this day, the latter remains firmly attached to 'psychoticism' and to some personality disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical performance, we used data from the 2015–2018 Know Your Heart study on 4215 adults aged 35–69 from Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk, Russia. We classified participants' drinking status into non-drinking, non-problem drinking, hazardous drinking, and harmful drinking based on their self-reported drinking behaviors. To evaluate physical performance, we developed a Composite Physical Performance Scale (CPPS), which combined the results of three functional tests: grip strength (GS), closed-eyes balance, and chair rises (CR). We applied multivariable linear regression to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and CPPS score, and ordinal logistic regression to explore the associations between alcohol consumption and the three functional tests separately. The results showed that harmful drinking was associated with lower CPPS scores compared to non-problem drinking. Among harmful drinking men, the decrease in CPPS scores was explained by all three tests equally and exceptionally by GS among women. Non-drinking was also associated with decreased CPPS, linked to lower GS and CR scores in men, and only lower GS scores in women. The study revealed a reduced physical performance in the non-drinking and harmful drinking groups compared to non-problem drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Colombia currently has 595,722 oil palm-cultivated hectares, but production is declining due to phytophagous insects feeding mainly on the leaves; one of them, Durrantia arcanella, is a recurring pest in the northern palm zone of Colombia, for which we do not have all the essential information. Therefore, it was proposed to determine its biology, foliar consumption rate, population fluctuation, and relationship with climatic variables and to identify its main natural enemies in the department of Cesar. The life cycle under laboratory conditions, including adult longevity, was 48.0 ± 10.1 days, the egg stage lasted 8.0 ± 0.7 days, the larva stage lasted 24.2 ± 6.2 days, the pre-pupa stage lasted 1.5 ± 0.5 days, the pupa stage lasted 7.1 ± 0.9 and the adult had a longevity of 7.2 ± 2.0 days. At the end of the larval period, it was determined that they individually consumed 8.2 ± 5.3 cm2 of leaflets. Correlation was found between D. arcanella population dynamics and climatic factors such as temperature and relative humidity, likewise with natural enemies. Durrantia arcanella is a recurring pest insect of oil palm in Colombia. Because the biology and ecology of D. arcanella are unknown, it was proposed to determine the life cycle and foliar consumption under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, through sequential sampling for two and a half years, its population fluctuation and natural enemies were determined in Agustín Codazzi and El Copey (Cesar, Colombia). Also, temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were registered. The life cycle of D. arcanella lasted 48.0 ± 10.1 days, the egg 8.0 ± 0.7 days, larva 24.2 ± 6.2 days, pre-pupa 1.5 ± 0.5 days, pupa 7.1 ± 0.9 days, and adult 7.2 ± 2.0 days. The larvae consumed 8.2 ± 5.3 cm2 of leaflets. Correlations were found between the population fluctuation in D. arcanella and the temperature in El Copey (ρ = −0.45; p < 0.0043), relative humidity in Codazzi (ρ = 0.33; p < 0.034), and with the natural control in both locations ((ρ = 0, 61; p < 0.000044) and (ρ = 0.42; p < 0.006)). These results suggest monitoring the pest populations in the second semester of the year and show the importance of promoting native natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the presence of commensal and pathogenic respiratory microorganisms is of critical global importance. However, community-based surveillance is difficult because nasopharyngeal swabs are uncomfortable and painful for a wide age range of participants. We designed a methodology for minimally invasive self-sampling at home and assessed its use for longitudinal monitoring of the oral, nasal and hand microbiota of adults and children within families. Healthy families with two adults and up to three children, living in and near Liverpool, United Kingdom, self-collected saliva, nasal lining fluid using synthetic absorptive matrices and hand swabs at home every two weeks for six months. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic and epidemiological data and assess feasibility and acceptability. Participants were invited to take part in an exit interview. Thirty-three families completed the study. Sampling using our approach was acceptable to 25/33 (76%) families, as sampling was fast (76%), easy (76%) and painless (60%). Saliva and hand sampling was acceptable to all participants of any age, whereas nasal sampling was accepted mostly by adults and children older than 5 years. Multi-niche self-sampling at home can be used by adults and children for longitudinal surveillance of respiratory microorganisms, providing key data for design of future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the presence of commensal and pathogenic respiratory microorganisms is of critical global importance. However, community-based surveillance is difficult because nasopharyngeal swabs are uncomfortable and painful for a wide age range of participants. We designed a methodology for minimally invasive self-sampling at home and assessed its use for longitudinal monitoring of the oral, nasal and hand microbiota of adults and children within families. Healthy families with two adults and up to three children, living in and near Liverpool, United Kingdom, self-collected saliva, nasal lining fluid using synthetic absorptive matrices and hand swabs at home every two weeks for six months. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic and epidemiological data and assess feasibility and acceptability. Participants were invited to take part in an exit interview. Thirty-three families completed the study. Sampling using our approach was acceptable to 25/33 (76%) families, as sampling was fast (76%), easy (76%) and painless (60%). Saliva and hand sampling was acceptable to all participants of any age, whereas nasal sampling was accepted mostly by adults and children older than 5 years. Multi-niche self-sampling at home can be used by adults and children for longitudinal surveillance of respiratory microorganisms, providing key data for design of future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive psychosis (RP) is a trauma-induced category whose meaning has varied in relation to the role attributed to lived experiences or vulnerable personality. It has long been described in different countries, but seldom investigated under the influence of symptom-based psychiatric classifications. This article aims to examine the development of RP since the early 20th century, outline how it has been incorporated in modern diagnostic classifications, and set out empirical findings. It is likely that variations in terminology and diagnostic practice have affected estimates of the frequency and hampered the validity of RP in earlier studies. To enhance reliability, RP underwent several changes in successive Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and ICD versions and was eventually replaced with descriptive categories for short-lived psychotic disorders. Clinical observations during the COVID-19 pandemic attest the durability of RP, but the current categories prove unhelpful in identifying it and have failed to encourage research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excited‐state version of the Creutz–Taube ion was prepared via visible light excitation of [(NH3)5RuII(μ‐pz)RuII(NH3)5]4+. The resulting excited state is a mixed valence {RuIII–δ(μ‐pz⋅−)RuII+δ} transient species, which was characterized using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with vis‐NIR detection. Very intense photoinduced intervalence charge transfers were observed at 7500 cm−1, revealing an excited‐state electronic coupling element HDA=3750 cm−1. DFT calculations confirm a strongly delocalized excited state. A notable consequence of strong electron delocalization is the nanosecond excited state lifetime, which was exploited in a proof‐of‐concept intermolecular electron transfer. The excited‐state Creutz–Taube ion is established as a reference, and demonstrates that electron delocalization in the excited state can be leveraged for artificial photosynthesis or other photocatalytic schemes based on electron transfer chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excited‐state version of the Creutz–Taube ion was prepared via visible light excitation of [(NH3)5RuII(μ‐pz)RuII(NH3)5]4+. The resulting excited state is a mixed valence {RuIII–δ(μ‐pz⋅−)RuII+δ} transient species, which was characterized using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with vis‐NIR detection. Very intense photoinduced intervalence charge transfers were observed at 7500 cm−1, revealing an excited‐state electronic coupling element HDA=3750 cm−1. DFT calculations confirm a strongly delocalized excited state. A notable consequence of strong electron delocalization is the nanosecond excited state lifetime, which was exploited in a proof‐of‐concept intermolecular electron transfer. The excited‐state Creutz–Taube ion is established as a reference, and demonstrates that electron delocalization in the excited state can be leveraged for artificial photosynthesis or other photocatalytic schemes based on electron transfer chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-lived psychotic disorders as currently listed under "acute and transient psychotic disorder," ICD-11 Classification of Mental, Behavioural, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and "brief psychotic disorder," Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), constitute a point of divergence in the classification of psychotic disorders between the 2 diagnostic systems, which reveals the lack of knowledge about these conditions. Whether this is due to conceptual shortcomings inherent to the categories themselves and which spill over onto research or reflects a mismatch between the diagnostic criteria used and research techniques needs clarification. This study aimed to examine conceptual issues involved in the development of the above categories and shows that little continuity exists between earlier nosological concepts such as bouffée délirante, cycloid psychosis, and reactive psychosis and modern descriptive categories used to classify short-lived psychotic disorders. It seems likely that shortcomings in terms of symptom completeness, specificity, and heterogeneity, in addition to changes in definition and diagnostic criteria in successive DSM and ICD versions, have hampered empirical research, making it difficult to enhance the understanding of these conditions and achieve a closer concordance between the 2 classificatory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his book Observations on the Zoonomia of Erasmus Darwin MD, Thomas Brown included a critical chapter on the analysis of madness proposed by Darwin in Zoonomia. Although neither Darwin nor Brown are ground-breaking in their views on madness, they illustrate the transitional accounts of madness that were being entertained at the end of the eighteenth century, particularly among writers who had studied at Edinburgh University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible‐light excitation of a family of bimetallic ruthenium polypyridines with the formula [RuII(tpy)(bpy)(‐CN)RuII(py)4L]n+ (RuRuLn+), where L=Cl−, NCS−, DMAP and ACN, was used to prepare photoinduced mixed‐valence (PI‐MV) MLCT states as models of the photosynthetic reaction center. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy allowed to monitor photoinduced IVCT bands between 6000 and 11000 cm−1. Mulliken spin densities resulting from DFT and (TD)DFT computations revealed the modulation of the charge density distribution depending on the ligand substitution pattern. Results are consistent with PI‐MV systems ranging from non‐degenerate Class II to degenerate Class III or II/III, with electronic couplings between 1000 and 3500 cm−1. These findings guide the control electron localization‐delocalization in charge‐transfer/charge‐separated excited states, like those involved in the photosynthetic reaction center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its construction in Classical times, the meaning of 'paranoia' has changed at least three times. Important gaps still interrupt its long chronology, and more studies of specific clinical and cultural usages are needed before its total history is put together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature of the past has included self-reports by the mentally ill since before Roy Porter reminded us that their views and experiences constitute an important document for historians of psychiatry. The value of these self-reports can be enhanced if their potential biases and informational power are duly determined. This Classic Text concerns a self-report of a form of periodic madness written by an eighteenth-century Danish vicar. It shows how the same document can be presented in a more or less neutral fashion by a medical historian (Maar) or used as 'evidence' for some 'ontological' view of madness by a clinician (Rasmussen). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present the preparation of a complex [(tpy)(bpy)Ru(μ-CN)Ru(py)4(OH2)](PF6)3 (tpy = 2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; py = pyridine) that combines a ruthenium chromophore linked to another ruthenium ion that bears a labile position trans to the bridge. Substitution in this position is very attractive, as it allows us to place a quencher trans to the chromophore maximizing the separation between them. This complex allowed us to prepare a family of cyanide-bridged ruthenium polypyridines of general formula [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(μ-CN)Ru(py)4(L)]2/3+ (L = Cl−, NCS−, 4-dimethylaminopyridine or acetonitrile) and compare them with the related complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(μ-CN)Ru(bpy)2(L)]2/3+ where the L ligand lies cis to the bridge. The mixed-valence form of these complexes shows evidence of strong coupling between the ruthenium ions and enhanced delocalization as the redox potential of the {Ru(py)4L} fragment increases. (TD)DFT calculations reproduce very well the experimental spectra of these complexes and indicate that when L = acetonitrile, the hole in the mixed-valence complex is almost equally distributed between both ruthenium ions. For L = DMAP and NCS− the π orbitals of the ligands are mixed with dπ orbitals of the Ru ions, resulting in partial delocalization of the charge on the ligands. The latter result illustrates that the trans configuration of these complexes is well-suited to extend the interaction beyond the bridged ruthenium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heiberg's 1913 text on psychopathological concepts and terms in classical times remains important because of its freshness and historiographical value. A philologist and classical scholar, he seemed puzzled by the assumption of nosological continuity between classical categories of madness and current ones that prevailed at the time among historians of medicine and psychiatry. Heiberg's text acts as a bridge or transition between the nosological antiquarianism of the 19th century and histories of psychiatry that later warned of the dangers of an anachronistic reading of earlier medical texts. It also shows how important has been the contribution of classical philologists to the study of the history of madness. To our knowledge, this is the first rendition into English of the complete Danish work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A family of coordination polymers with formula [Ln(4-OHBBA) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ] with a new 3D supramolecular network topology was obtained. Luminescence properties were studied. A new family of 1D coordination polymers (CPs) based on 4′-hydroxi-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (4-OHBBA) linker and lanthanide metals were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The compounds were fully characterized and present the general formula [Ln(4-OHBBA) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ] (where Ln = La, Pr), crystallizing in the monoclinic P 2 1 / c space group. The CPs are formed by "fish bone-like" chains along [010] direction. Also, the topological analysis revels a 3D supramolecular structure with a 7-nodal 3,3,3,4,4,4,4-connected network and the (6.82)2(62.8)2(63.82.10)2(63)4(65.8)2(86) point symbol. The luminescence and chemical sensing tests of the europium doped compound was performed, finding that the Eu, Tb and Dy -doped samples exhibited dual emissions from the 4-OHBBA ligand and the lanthanide centres. A new family of 1D coordination polymers with formula [Ln(4-OHBBA) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ] and a new 3D supramolecular network topology was obtained. Photoluminescence and sensing tests of doped compounds were performed. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic optical sensors, as those based on the reflectivity of isotropic dielectrical interfaces, can be useful for measuring small changes in the refractive index of fluid media. Exact and approximated explicit formulas for their sensitivity are developed. These expressions clarify the influence of each of the constructive parameters of the device, both in partial and in total reflection. It is analytically found that sensitivities are always greater when the angle of incidence approaches the angle of total reflection. It is also demonstrated that close to the critical angle for both types of reflection, the sensitivity of the p mode is greater than that of the s mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a three dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) based on Dy(III) and the L-tartrate ligand was experimentally shown to exhibit a spin polarization (SP) power of 100% at room temperature. The material's spin filtering ability was ascribed to the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. In this work, we computationally characterize the electronic structure of this MOF, revealing that the high SP of the material is linked to the asymmetric arrangement, around the Fermi level, of the alpha- and beta-spin electron states arising from the 4f-states of the lanthanide Dy atom, which results in two different conduction channels (band gaps) for each spin state. Based on the understanding gathered in this work, we propose that the substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the ligand by mercaptan groups should boost the electrical conductivity, while retaining the spin filtering power of the material. Recently ideal spin filtering ability was demonstrated in the Dy-L-Tar metal-organic framework. In this work the authors show that this unusual effect emerges from the asymmetric display of alpha and beta spin states around the Fermi level, composed of the f states of the lanthanide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Psychiatry' presented itself as a branch of medicine seeking scientifically to explain the causes of objective phenomena and facts called 'mental diseases' (and on the basis of such new knowledge) to develop rational cures. The psychiatry needs periodic calibration, auditing and research contribute to calibration, psychiatry includes a clinical and a conceptual component, epistemology audits the conceptual frame of psychiatry; history, philosophy and supervised empirical research provide the main tools of epistemology, the current model of mental symptom originated during the 19thC, and the construction of mental symptoms is never ending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techniques for the simulation of thermodynamic processes in molecular systems are proposed. The results of the calculation of the argon isothermal compressibility by the molecular dynamics method for isobar cooling from 200 to 15 K at a pressure of 40 atm and an adiabatic compressibility in the range of 200–160 K at 40 atm are given. Steps, interpreted as phase transitions, are visible on the temperature dependences of the isothermal compressibility at fast (1012 K/s) and relatively slow (109 K/s) cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on the history of ‘paranoia’ (as a clinical concept) is large and confusing. This is partly explained by the fact that over the centuries the word ‘paranoia’ has been made to participate in several convergences (clinical constructs), and hence it has named different forms of behaviour and been linked to different explanatory concepts. The Classic Text that follows provides information on the internal clinical evolution of the last convergence in which ‘paranoia’ was made to participate. August Wimmer maps the historical changes of ‘Verrücktheit’ as it happened within the main European psychiatric traditions since the early 19th century. After World War II, that clinical profile was to become reified and renamed as ‘delusional disorder’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical epistemology is a useful method to understand the longitudinal construction of the movement disorders in psychiatry. Four periods can be identified in such a process. The first, extending from Classical times to the work of Griesinger, included disorders such as catalepsy, crocidism, epilepsy and paralysis. The second period, stretching from Griesinger to Kahlbaum, concentrated on the study of melancholia attonita, stupor and catatonia. The third period, covering the time from Kahlbaum to WWI, witnessed important conceptual shifts such as: the transformation of madness into psychoses; the redefinition of movement and motility in psychiatry; the appearance of self-contained syndromes as dyskinesias, tics, akathisia, complex disorders like the cases of encephalitis lethargica, etc.; the advent of functional and psychodynamic explanations; and the description by Wernicke, Kleist and others of the motility psychoses. The fourth period stretches from WWI to the present and since it corresponds to the views and work reported in the rest of this Special issue it has not been touched upon in this paper. In spite of an increasing methodological refinement, empirical research is yet to clarify what is the clinical meaning of the movement disorders in the context of the psychoses and to explain whether such disorders are primary (i.e. issuing directly from the brain and parallel to the rest of psychotic symptomatology) or secondary (i.e. mediated by cognitive and emotional phenomena characteristic of the psychoses). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1862, the French philosopher Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) published one of the earliest books on the philosophy of psychiatry and psychopathology. Although brought up as a Spiritualist thinker in the mould of Maine de Biran and Royer-Collard, he attempted to reconcile the speculative neurobiological account of madness predominant in his time (particularly amongst alienists interested in its medicalization) with a broader approach that conceived of the mind as a psychological space populated by dynamic forces and elements also relevant to the causality and meaning of madness. In the ongoing debate on whether Psychology or Physiology was the most appropriate science for the study of Madness he rightly stood in the middle. His views remain important for the issues that he dealt with have not yet been resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the evolution of the properties of the inter-valence charge transfer (IVCT) transition in a family of cyanide-bridged ruthenium polypyridines of general formula [RuII(tpy)(bpy)(μ-CN)RuIII(bpy)2(L)]3/4+ (tpy = 2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; L = Cl−, NCS−, 4-dimethylaminopyridine or acetonitrile). In these complexes, the redox potential difference between both ruthenium centers (ΔE) is systematically modified. A decrease in ΔE causes a red shift of the energy and an intensity enhancement of the observed IVCT transitions. For L = acetonitrile, the IVCT band becomes narrower and asymmetrical, and shows very little dependence on the nature of the solvent, suggesting a delocalized configuration, although a non-symmetrical one. Also, additional electronic transitions of low energy are clearly resolved in this complex. The observed variation in the properties of the IVCT transitions can be understood on the basis of DFT calculations, that point to increasing mixing between the dπ orbitals of both Ru ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motility psychoses are a group of acute psychiatric conditions characterized by salient disorders of movement (increased, decreased and disorganized), psychotic experiences, confusion and good prognosis. The debate on whether they are just atypical forms of schizophrenia or manic-depressive insanity or constitute an independent group of psychoses has not yet been settled. Erik Strömgren’s classical chapter deals with the history and clinical aspects of the motility psychoses. Based on a historical analysis and an empirical study of a patient cohort, the author draws conclusions on the nature of this clinical group that has stood the test of time well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short review of the works where theoretical models for describing kinetics of catalytic X-H bonds breaking reactions (X = C, O, and H) over metal surfaces were developed on the basis of concepts of the Dogonadze-Kuznetsov-Levich quantum mechanical theory of chemical processes. Numerical values of the rate constants of these reactions over (111) surfaces of nickel, platinum and rhodium, which are considered as steps of a complex catalytic process of methane steam reforming (MSR) are calculated and compared with experimental data. These rate constants are used for simulations of microkinetic models of the MSR reactions on the catalysts. Effects of external parameters on the MSR rates and on isotope effects are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the simulation of the glass transition process of argon at cooling rates of 10, 10, 10, and 10 K/s are reported. At temperatures far below the melting point, T = 83.8 K, the second maximum of the radial distribution function is split into two peaks, which is connected with the glass transition. In addition, the form of this split changes depending on the cooling rates, which points to different structural states of the system. The calculation of the sound velocity in argon by means of correlation functions gives rise to quite reasonable results in the gaseous, liquid, glass, and crystalline states, including the areas of phase transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research in psychiatry is increasingly focused on empirical studies with methods and technologies adopted from medicine. This paper argues that psychiatry has a different epistemological basis from medicine, and it is on account of this that research in psychiatry demands a different approach, one that perforce focuses on the clarification of concepts central to psychiatric practice. This means undertaking conceptual analysis and conceptual history and only then moving on to empirical study. This paper highlights the crucial epistemological differences between the practice of medicine and psychiatry, showing that the latter is enacted at the level of language and communication. Consequently, the structures of psychiatric objects, namely, mental disorders and mental symptoms, are complexes of meaning derived from heterogeneous sources - both organic and semantic. Conceptual analysis of such structures is essential as ultimately the validity of empirical research is directly dependent on the conceptual clarification of its objects of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligand field (LF) states have been present in discussions on the photophysics and photochemistry of ruthenium-iminic chromophores for decades, although there is very little documented direct evidence of them. We studied the picosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy of four {RuII(imine)} complexes that respond to the formula trans-[Ru(L)4(X)2], where L is either pyridine (py) or 4-methoxypyridine (MeOpy) and X is either cyanide or thiocyanate. Dicyano compounds behave as most ruthenium polypyridines and their LF states remain silent. In contrast, in the dithiocyanate complexes we found clear spectroscopic evidence of the participation of LF states in the MLCT decay pathway. These states are of donor and acceptor character simultaneously and this is manifested in the presence of MLCT and LMCT transient absorption bands of similar energy. Spectroelectrochemical techniques supported the interpretation of the absorption features of MLCT states, and DFT methods helped to assign their spectroscopic signatures and provided strong evidence on the nature of LF states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apesar de uma extensa pesquisa empírica, o significado da Doença de Parkinson (DP) permanece incerto.1 É improvável que mais trabalhos "empíricos" solucionem esse problema, uma vez que a história da DP mostra algumas confusões conceituais implícitas. De fato, desde sua descrição "oficial", em 1817, não houve um momento em que os limites clínicos da DP tenham permanecido verdadeiramente estáveis. Pesquisas atuais sugerem que a DP não é uma doença "unitária", mas sim um complexo proteico de sinais e sintomas se formando e reformando periodicamente em diferentes subgrupos. Espera-se que uma análise histórica adequada da construção da DP possa esclarecer essas questões. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript addresses the synthesis, structural characterization and optical properties of a 1D coordination polymer (CPs) and 2D and 3D Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) obtained from lanthanide metals, 3-hydroxinaftalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (3-OHNDS) and two different phenanthroline derivates as ancillary ligands. The first is a family of 2D compounds with formula [Ln(3-OHNDS)(H2O)2], where Ln = La(1), Pr(2), Nd(3) and Sm(4). The addition of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in the reaction produces 1D compounds with general formula [Ln(3-OHNDS)(phen)(H2O)]·3H2O, where Ln = La(5), Pr(6), Nd(7) and Sm(8). Finally, the synthesis with 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3,4,7,8-TMPhen) as an ancillary ligand results in the formation of the 3D [La(3-OHNDS)(3,4,7,8-TMphen)(H2O)] (9) compound. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of 1D and 2D compounds were fully investigated in comparison with the 3-OHNDS ligand. One of the most important results was the obtaining of a white-light single-emitter without adding dopant atoms in the structure. With all these results in mind it was possible to establish structure–property relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical text reproduced below is important for three reasons: it was written by James Sully, one of Britain's most outstanding 19th-century philosophers and psychologists; it makes an interesting distinction between the concepts of illusion and fallacy; and it contains a veiled warning as to the efficiency of the epistemological method of psychological introspection. Each of these points is dealt with briefly in this introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here the spectroscopic properties of four very closely related mixed-valence cyanide-bridged bimetallic complexes, trans-[Ru(T)(bpy)(μ-NC)Ru(L)4(CN)]3+ (T = tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane (tpm, a) or 2,2';6',2"-terpyridine, (tpy, b), and L = pyridine (py, 1) or 4-methoxypyridine (MeOpy, 2)). In acetonitrile all the complexes present intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transitions in the NIR region, but their intensities are widely different, with the intensity of the transition observed for 1a-b3+ around four times larger than that observed for 2a-b3+. This contrasting behavior can be traced to the different nature of the dπ acceptor orbitals involved in these transitions, as confirmed by (TD)DFT calculations. The spectroscopy of 1a-b3+ provides evidence that the spin density is delocalized over the two ruthenium ions, such as a narrowing of the IVCT bands that results in the resolution of the expected three bands, and a weak solvent dependence of the energy of these transitions. The spectroscopy of 2a-b3+ instead indicates that the spin density is localized on one ruthenium ion. The IVCT in these systems is particularly weak due to the configuration of the Ru(III), where the vacant orbital is perpendicular to the cyanide bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This historiographical (not historical) paper explores the difference in quality that separates, on the one hand, research on the clinical usage of lithium in psychiatry and on the other, writings on its history. Whilst in general the former is of high standard the latter, with few exceptions, is repetitious and biased. This disparity is due to a corrosive asymmetry affecting our discipline, namely, that whilst professional historians and philosophers of psychiatry would not dream of writing a ‘weekend’ paper on psychopharmacology or the basic and clinical neurosciences, experts in the latter disciplines have no compunction in writing on the history and philosophy of psychiatry. The superficial and bad quality history thereby generated is then perpetuated by the fact that: a) it appears in clinical journals and textbooks and hence becomes a daily pabulum for clinicians, and b) trainees rarely if ever will consult professional historical sources. An educational and ideological shift is needed to teach psychiatric trainees that (like in the neurosciences) special training is required to research in the history and philosophy of psychiatry. This might prevent future academic trespassing and expose clinicians to good quality historical writings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The NIR and IR spectroscopic properties of the cyanide-bridged complex, trans-[Ru(dmap)4{(μ-CN)Ru(py)4Cl}2]3+ (py=pyridine, dmap=4-dimethylaminopyridine) provide strong evidence that this trimetallic ion behaves as a Class III mixed-valence species, the first example reported of a cyanide-bridged system. This has been accomplished by tuning the energy of the fragments in the trimetallic complex to compensate for the intrinsic asymmetry of the cyanide bridge. Moreover, (TD)DFT calculations accurately predict the spectra of the trans-[Ru(dmap)4{(μ-CN)Ru(py)4Cl}2]3+ ion and confirms its delocalized nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NIR and IR spectroscopic properties of the cyanide-bridged complex, trans-[Ru(dmap)4{(μ-CN)Ru(py)4Cl}2]3+ (py=pyridine, dmap=4-dimethylaminopyridine) provide strong evidence that this trimetallic ion behaves as a Class III mixed-valence species, the first example reported of a cyanide-bridged system. This has been accomplished by tuning the energy of the fragments in the trimetallic complex to compensate for the intrinsic asymmetry of the cyanide bridge. Moreover, (TD)DFT calculations accurately predict the spectra of the trans-[Ru(dmap)4{(μ-CN)Ru(py)4Cl}2]3+ ion and confirms its delocalized nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on simulate and to analyze using Finite Element Method, the stresses behavior obtained in a system (substrate+coating) as a result of the contact with a rigid particle under normal load and sliding along the surface of the system, which has roughness Ra of 0,36µm. The results show that in the scratch test simulation, the roughness of coated system must be considered contrary to the literature simulations of this field, since this affects the stresses and deformations behavior during contact and sliding. Thus, to increase surface roughness peaks greater possibility of inducing stress cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gurney's article presented here is important for having redirected the study of hallucinations away from the narrow medical context that had been set down by Esquirol, Baillarger and Michéa (Berrios, 1996). The untimely death of Gurney, a man of rare talent from Cambridge deprived British epistemology of one of its most important thinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of the cyanide-bridged complex salts trans-[(NC)RuII(L)4(μ-CN)RuII(py)4Cl]PF6 and trans-[RuIIL)4{(μ-CN)-RuII(py)4Cl}2] (PF6)2 (L = pyridine or 4-methoxypyridine). The mixed-valence forms of these compounds show a variety of metal-to-metal charge-transfer bands, including one arising from charge transfer between the remote ruthenium units. The latter is more intense when L = 4-methoxypyridine and points to the role of the bridging ruthenium unit in promoting mixing between the du orbitals of the terminal fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatry is still living in Kraepelin s world. With this, studies on his writings are a-historical. The selective exegesis of the numerous editions of his book led to a rigid understanding of his contribution. But Kraepelin lived and wrote during an important period in European intellectual history and his writings can only be understood from this perspective. This article analyzes the development of his opinions in terms of the "program of studies " that he planned early in his life, the objective of which was to establish a stable description and classification of the psychoses. He eventually achieved this by longitudinally studying cohorts of patients using methodological criteria such as the course of psychosis and its incurability. In the case at hand, this methodology allowed him to use correlation to identify "clinical pictures " that both represented the "essence " of the disease and provided a taxonomic criterion. Although declaredly a-theoretical, Kraepelin (influenced by Kahlbaum and Wundt) thus managed to construct an empirical support for his Kantian categorization of the psychoses. A discussion on the cultural variables that forged these ideas is included here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalysis‐based approaches offer versatile strategies for activating anticancer prodrugs, potentially allowing precise control over drug release and localization within tumor tissues while reducing systemic toxicity. In this study, we explore the role of the phenothiazine dye methylene blue (MB+) as a photocatalyst in conjunction with biologically relevant electron donors to facilitate the red‐light conversion of two Pt(IV) complexes, denoted as cis,cis,trans‐[PtCl2(NH3)2(O2CCH2CH2COOH)2] (1) and trans‐[Pt(O2CCH2CH2COOH)21R,2R‐(DACH)(ox)] (2), into cisplatin and oxaliplatin, respectively. Combining spectroscopic techniques (NMR, UV–vis, and flash photolysis) with computational methods, we reveal that the doubly reduced MB+ (leucomethylene blue, LMB) triggers the reductive elimination of axial ligands in the two Pt(IV) precursors, generating the corresponding Pt(II) anticancer drugs. In vitro experiments conducted on the human cervical cancer cell line CaSki, which harbors multiple copies of the integrated HPV‐16 genome, and on nontumoral cells (HaCat) demonstrate that coadministration with Pt(IV) prodrugs improves MB+’s antiproliferative efficacy in cancer cells, particularly under red light exposure. This enhancement could be attributed to the catalytic production of Pt(II) species within the cellular environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-absorbing properties of cellular materials with D, G, IWP*, N, P, Q, PJ triply minimal energy surface geometries were investigated. Materials were made of glass-filled polyamide by selective laser sintering. Mechanical properties of cellular structures were determined depending on the geometry: the highest specific compressive strength ssp.max >8 MPa·cm3/g is possessed by samples with the geometry IWP* and PJ; the highest specific energy absorption Asp = 14.5 MJ/m3 is in the sample with the geometry N. A mass-strength criterion for cellular structures is proposed. The maximal values of mass-strength criterion are from samples with geometries N, IWP* and PJ; 4.16 MPa2/g, 3.51 MPa2/g, and 2.88 MPa2/g. The adequacy of applying the Gibson-Ashby equation for fabricated cellular materials with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) geometry has been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an aquaponic system, fish and plants are cultivated together in a symbiotic environment where they mutually benefit, using significantly less water than traditional farming methods. The main aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in two aquaponic systems implemented in two Chilean high schools using rainbow trout and lettuce cultures. When water samples (fish tank, biofilter, and plant raft) were analyzed over a three-month period, no resistance to oxytetracycline was detected, whereas the occurrence of resistance to florfenicol was rather small, ranging from 0.01% to 3.1% of bacterial culturable counts. Eighteen isolates were recovered from various sources as representatives of the florfenicol-resistant population, and all of them belonged to the Pseudomonas genus, showing a multi-drug-resistance phenotype and exhibiting simultaneous resistance to 7–13 antimicrobials. All isolates exhibited resistance to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and furazolidone and susceptibility to meropenem, oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Five and two isolates carried the amphenicol-resistance-encoding genes floR and cmlA, respectively, whereas no carriage of integrons or the fexA, fexB, pexA, optrA, and cfr genes encoding for florfenicol resistance was detected. Eleven isolates carried plasmids, but only two of them were able to transfer their plasmid content by conjugation. The knowledge of the microbiome associated with aquaponic systems is still scarce, and their role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and related genes of these systems must be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]