Search

During public health crises such as pandemics, governments must rapidly adopt and implement wide-reaching policies and programs ("public policy interventions"). A key takeaway from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was that although numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focussed on drugs and vaccines, few policy experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of public policy interventions across various sectors on viral transmission and other consequences. Moreover, many quasi-experimental studies were of spurious quality, thus proving unhelpful for informing public policy. The pandemic highlighted the need to continuously develop competence, capacity and a robust legal–ethical foundation for impact evaluations well before crises occur. It raised a crucial question: how can governments in non-crisis times develop capabilities to generate evidence on the effects of public policy interventions, thus enabling a rapid and effective research response during public health crises? We conducted a mapping to explore how government agencies in Norway use RCTs and quasi-experimental methods to strengthen the evidence base for public policy interventions and to identify barriers and facilitators to their use. Contributing to the study were 10 government agencies across sectors such as development assistance, education, health, social welfare, statistics and taxation. Many of these agencies have conducted or commissioned RCTs or quasi-experimental studies in the past 5 years, with evaluations ranging from 1 or 2 to more than 15 per agency. The measures evaluated included organizational, educational and financial interventions and interventions for oversight and sanctions. Some agencies have internal capabilities for designing and conducting evaluations, while others commissioned such studies to universities and other research institutions. Agencies reported examples where enhanced communication among implementers, researchers, ministries and political leaders facilitated impact evaluations, and these lessons offer opportunities for cross-sector knowledge-sharing to help strengthen rigorous evaluations of public policy interventions. Despite their potential, various government agencies report that randomized and quasi-experimental studies face legal, ethical, political and practical barriers that affect their use. For instance, the urgency of politicians to implement policies at scale has led to the discontinuation of trials and hindered learning from their effects. The surveyed agencies stressed the importance of legislation providing clear guidelines on when differential treatment can be justified and when informed consent requirements can be waived, as well as faster and clearer processes for managing privacy concerns related to data access. Crucially, greater political acceptance for systematically and gradually implementing reforms, including using randomization, could strengthen evidence-informed public policy, enhancing the scaling-up of effective interventions and deprioritizing ineffective ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opportunistic Network (OppNet) IoT is a subsection of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) in which the connection between nodes is not regulated. In MANET, the message is transmitted to the destination with the known routing path, whereas OppNet can transmit data without having a predefined path for data transmission. Estimating the path between sources and destinations is complicated due to the lack of infrastructure and the frequently changing environment. In this research, efficient routing with the detection or classification of nodes is accomplished with a multi-hop routing-based deep learning model. The EPRoPHET routing algorithm is based on a deep learning strategy in which the energy-efficient routing decision is made based on node classification. The deep learning model optimized deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is utilized to classify reliable and unreliable nodes based on their ability to deliver the message. The hyperparameters used in the DCNN are updated with the Bird Swarm bionic Model (BSBM). Information, such as node movement, location, distance between nodes, and energy status, is considered when estimating the delivery probability. The decision about the forwarder node is taken with the memory of individual nodes and the previous routing information. The performance of a proposed approach is evaluated and compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. For 150 nodes, the proposed model achieved a better delivery probability of 0.96, an overhead ratio of 15.6, a latency of 4,100ms and an energy consumption of 37.5J, respectively. The higher performance obtained with the EPRoPHET routing algorithm represents the efficiency of a proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in hydrogen-powered engines is growing due to their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. This research examines how the start of combustion (SOC) impacts the performance of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines using hydrogen exclusively. Using numerical simulations with a 0D multi-zone HCCI model, the study investigates parameters such as compression ratio (CR), equivalence ratio (ER), and intake charge temperature (ICT) to assess their influence on engine performance. The results uncover hydrogen’s unique combustion behaviour, characterised by its physiochemical properties and low-temperature combustion. The study identifies an optimal ER range of 0.1 to 0.3, with various ICTs and it is playing a pivotal role in promoting auto-ignition and accelerating combustion. However, an ER of 0.4 and ICT of 393 K produces relatively higher indicated thermal efficiency, which is affected by knocking due to a higher rate of pressure rise, constraining the ER range. Additionally, the research explores the potential of charge dilution to expand the ER range in HCCI mode. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing the operation of hydrogen-fuelled HCCI engines, facilitating the transition to cleaner and more efficient propulsion systems in transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Management of chronic moderate and severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains controversial. We propose that the modified trochanteric triplane osteotomy(MTTO) with a 1300 angled blade plate, without removal of bone wedge, is effective for addressing moderate and severe chronic SCFE. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent MTTO for moderate to severe chronic SCFE, with at least two years follow-up. Radiological outcomes assessed were osteotomy union, alpha angle, neck shaft angle, mechanical axis deviation and limb length discrepancy(LLD). Functional outcomes were assessed using modified Harris hip score, lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) and SF-36 questionnaire. Results: A total of 11 patients (13 hips) underwent MTTO for chronic SCFE, with a mean age of 12.9 ± 2.1 years. The pre-operative median modified Harris Hip Score was 73. 12 had severe slip and one had moderate slip. All the osteotomies went on to unite by two months. At an average of 37 months follow up, the mean neck shaft angle was 1290, mean alpha angle was 69.70, and mean LLD was 1.05 cm. There was significant improvement in the post-operative modified Harris hip score (p < 0.001), the median post-operative modified Harris hip score was 96, and the median LEFS was 78. One case had bone scan evidence of AVN, but did well with bisphosphonate therapy and one case had a superficial infection. Conclusion: MTTO is a safe and effective option for addressing deformities in chronic moderate and severe SCFE. However, a residual proximal femoral Cam deformity persists after this procedure which may need to be treated with a simultaneous or a staged osteochondroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) represent infrequent yet severe skin and mucous membrane disorders, frequently instigated by certain medications, notably carbamazepine. Diagnostic challenges arise due to the absence of definitive laboratory assays. While the presence of the HLA-B*1502 allele is established as a predisposing factor for carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN, instances of reaction manifestation in patients devoid of this genetic marker are documented. Essential to effective management is a comprehensive understanding of disease trajectory, precise discrimination from mimicking conditions, and prompt therapeutic intervention. This study underscores the critical importance of vigilant disease monitoring and personalized treatment approaches. Notably, this vigilance is imperative even in carbamazepine-treated patients lacking the HLA-B*1502 genotype. Additionally, the potential utility of exploring other alleles, such as HLA-B75, warrants consideration to optimize treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The study investigated 50 Permian coals from the Singrauli Coalfields in the Son Valley Basin, India, using advanced petro‐geochemical techniques to assess their source rock properties, energy and utilisation potential and to reconstruct the paleodepositional environment. Petrological analysis indicated vitrinite reflectance values between 0.39% and 0.49%, classifying the Singrauli coals as sub‐bituminous to high volatile bituminous rank and indicating a thermally immature state. The results of geochemical analysis (volatile matter: 36.8%–46.5% and Tmax: 420°C–425°C) further support the above contention. High carbon content (average 77.89%), low sulphur content (average 0.46%) and varying nitrogen and oxygen levels in studied coal enhance its environmental suitability. The hydrogen index (HI: 163–279 mg HC/g TOC) values suggest a predominance of type‐III kerogen with mixed type‐II–III kerogen, further supported by petrographic data. Moreover, geochemical and petrographic data suggested the suitability of Singrauli coals for gasification. The high total organic carbon (TOC ≥ 38 wt%) indicated admirable potential as a source rock for hydrocarbon generation, particularly within the gas‐source rock zone, highlighting their suitability for energy production. Petrographic indices indicated a wet forest swamp origin with a telmatic source and bog region under ombrotrophic to mesotrophic hydrological circumstances. The association of macerals and total sulphur content further supported the conclusion of a freshwater environment during peat deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Discussion Stillbirths are a major global health concern. Half of stillbirths occur during intrapartum period, mostly in low‐ and middle‐income countries of sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia. Achieving a stillbirth rate of less than 12 per 1000 births by 2030 is the global target of Every Newborn Action Plan and Sustainable Development Goals. Evidence suggests that improving intrapartum quality of care can help reduce stillbirths and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study will explore whether quality improvement (QI) packages at intrapartum care points can reduce stillbirths and other outcomes such as maternal and neonatal mortality.We will conduct a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. Comprehensive search strategy will be developed for databases PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Cochrane and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will include randomized controlled trials, controlled non‐randomized trials, controlled clinical trials, interrupted time series, cohort studies, case–control and nested case–control studies which assess the impact of QI interventions at intrapartum points of care on stillbirths and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. We will search grey literature such as unpublished research studies, dissertations and unfinished trials. English and non‐English language articles will be included to avoid language bias. We will also evaluate reporting quality and risk of bias. Sensitivity tests will be carried out for heterogeneity. Pooled estimates of effect sizes will be computed with random‐effects models. Supplementation of the quantitative synthesis with a qualitative narrative synthesis would be added, if deemed necessary. We will explore publication bias using funnel plot and Egger's regression test will be used for evaluation, if needed.We will report pooled effectiveness of different intrapartum QI interventions across multiple settings in averting stillbirths and other adverse outcomes such as maternal mortality and neonatal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of ferroelectricity in HfO2 ultrathin films has gathered considerable interest from the microelectronic industry owing to their compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. However, a significant challenge in utilizing HfO2 thin films for commercial devices is the wakeup effect, which is an increase in polarization with the number of electric field cycles in HfO2-based capacitors. Despite efforts to develop wakeup-free HfO2 thin films, the root cause of this effect remains elusive. Some studies attribute it to the tetragonal (T) to orthorhombic (O) phase transformation, while others suggest it is due to the redistribution of oxygen vacancies within the HfO2 layer during electric field cycling. This study investigated the phase transformation dynamics and oxygen vacancy distributions in TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN capacitors subjected to electric field cycling using in situ grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction and ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-grown HZO films were crystallized in a mixed phase consisting of monoclinic (M), tetragonal, and orthorhombic fractions. The T-phase volume fraction decreased continuously up to 10k electric field cycles. In contrast, the O-phase fraction increased within the first 100 cycles and then stabilized with further cycling. The redistribution of oxygen vacancies occurred continuously throughout the cycling process. The results revealed that continuous oxygen vacancy redistribution during electric field cycling resulted in phase transformation between the T-, O-, and M-phases. The study provides insight into the phase transformation dynamics and oxygen vacancy redistribution in TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN capacitors during electric field cycling, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of the wakeup effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Despite a lack of conclusive evidence of effect, methenamine hippurate is widely prescribed as preventive treatment for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Norway. A national discontinuation of methenamine hippurate treatment due to a 4-month drug shortage in 2019 presented an opportunity to evaluate its preventive effect on UTIs among regular users. Objective To estimate the impact of the methenamine hippurate drug shortage on prescription frequency of UTI antibiotics. Methods Data from The Norwegian Prescription Database was analysed using an interrupted time series design. The time series consisted of 56 time periods of 14 days. The model included two naturally occurring interruptions: (i) the methenamine hippurate drug shortage, and (ii) reintroduction of the drug. The study population were 18 345 women ≥50 years receiving ≥2 prescriptions of methenamine hippurate in the study period before the shortage. Main outcome measure was number of prescriptions of UTI antibiotics per 1000 methenamine hippurate users. Prescription rates of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections were analysed to assess external events affecting antibiotic prescribing patterns. Results We found a significant increase of 2.41 prescriptions per 1000 methenamine hippurate users per 14-day period during the drug shortage (95%CI 1.39, 3.43, P  < 0.001), followed by a significant reduction of −2.64 prescriptions after reintroduction (95%CI −3.66, −1.63, P  < 0.001). Conclusions During the methenamine hippurate drug shortage, we found a significant increase in prescribing trend for UTI antibiotics followed by a significant decrease in prescribing trend after reintroduction. This change in trend seems to reflect a preventive effect of the drug on recurrent UTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The costs of foraging can be high while also carrying significant risks, especially for consumers feeding at the top of the food chain.To mitigate these risks, many predators supplement active hunting with scavenging and kleptoparasitic behaviours, in some cases specializing in these alternative modes of predation.The factors that drive differential utilization of these tactics from species to species are not well understood.Here, we use an energetics approach to investigate the survival advantages of hunting, scavenging and kleptoparasitism as a function of predator, prey and potential competitor body sizes for terrestrial mammalian carnivores.The results of our framework reveal that predator tactics become more diverse closer to starvation, while the deployment of scavenging and kleptoparasitism is strongly constrained by the ratio of predator to prey body size.Our model accurately predicts a behavioural transition away from hunting towards alternative modes of predation with increasing prey size for predators spanning an order of magnitude in body size, closely matching observational data across a range of species.We then show that this behavioural boundary follows an allometric power‐law scaling relationship where the predator size scales with an exponent nearing 3/4 with prey size, meaning that this behavioural switch occurs at relatively larger threshold prey body size for larger carnivores.We suggest that our approach may provide a holistic framework for guiding future observational efforts exploring the diverse array of predator foraging behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain applications like aerospace, bio-medical and devices operated in hazardous environment necessitate a dc-dc converter with a fault ride-through feature. In this paper, a family of high-gain converter structures with a fault ride-through feature is proposed. The proposed structures focus on reducing voltage stress on switches and diodes and improving the voltage gain. As a result of this focus, the efficiency of the proposed converters is improved. The operating principle, steady-state and small-signal analysis of the proposed converters are presented. All the proposed converters have fault ride-through capability, which makes the converter operational even when one of the switches fails. A detailed comparative analysis is performed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed converters. The analytical performance of the proposed converters is validated with 500 W, 50 kHz hardware prototypes. The experimental results are provided for boosting 48 V input to 650 V output. The results showed that the proposed converters can be used in applications that need high voltage gain. Integration of a solar PV system using one of the proposed converters with a P&O algorithm is also explained. The proposed converters have symmetrical structures, reduced voltage stress, improved efficiency, and fault ride-through capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The densely packed centromeric heterochromatin at minor and major satellites is comprised of H3K9me2/3 histones, the heterochromatin protein HP1α, and histone variants. In the present study, we sought to determine the mechanisms by which condensed heterochromatin at major and minor satellites stabilized by the chromatin factor CFDP1 affects the activity of the small GTPase Ran as a requirement for spindle formation. CFDP1 colocalized with heterochromatin at major and minor satellites and was essential for the structural stability of centromeric heterochromatin. Loss of CENPA, HP1α, and H2A.Z heterochromatin components resulted in decreased binding of the spindle nucleation facilitator RCC1 to minor and major satellite repeats. Decreased RanGTP levels as a result of diminished RCC1 binding interfered with chromatin-mediated microtubule nucleation at the onset of mitotic spindle formation. Rescuing chromatin H2A.Z levels in cells and mice lacking CFDP1 through knock-down of the histone chaperone ANP32E not only partially restored RCC1-dependent RanGTP levels but also alleviated CFDP1-knockout-related craniofacial defects and increased microtubule nucleation in CFDP1/ANP32E co-silenced cells. Together, these studies provide evidence for a direct link between condensed heterochromatin at major and minor satellites and microtubule nucleation through the chromatin protein CFDP1. CFDP1 is a chromatin factor that has been shown to regulate cell proliferation and maintain higher-order chromatin structure, but its mechanistic role in mitotic spindle assembly is unclear. This study shows that CFDP1 is essential for the structural stability of centromeric heterochromatin, which in turn influences microtubule nucleation during mitotic spindle formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Renal mesenchymal tumours are a subset of primary renal tumours arising from the mesenchymal tissue in the kidney. They are a heterogeneous group of mostly benign tumours that exhibit varied behaviours and molecular characteristics. Aim: To analyse the wide spectrum of histological subtypes, their unique clinical presentation, and pathological features of primary renal mesenchymal neoplasms. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective crosssectional observational clinicopathological study conducted in Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, tertiary care hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, looking at data of adult Primary Renal Mesenchymal Tumours (PRMT) for a 15-year period between January 2006 and March 2021. Clinical details such as age, presenting symptoms, and tumour size were obtained from the hospital information system. Histopathology and immunohistochemical slides were reviewed for all the cases. Additional Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular studies were performed for the undifferentiated sarcomas. The tumours were categorised into three groups as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2020 classification of soft-tissue tumours based on biological behaviour: benign, intermediate, and malignant. Continuous variables are expressed as mean and Standard Deviation (SD). Comparison of categorical variables between groups was performed using the Chi-squared test. Continuous variables between groups were compared using the Student's t-test for significance. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 2164 nephrectomies performed for neoplastic conditions, 97 (4.5%) were diagnosed as renal mesenchymal tumours. There were 59 (60.8%) benign, 10 (10.3%) with intermediate biologic behaviour and 28 (28.9%) malignant tumours. The mean ages at presentation were 40.5 years for benign, 43.4 years for intermediate, and 41 years for malignant tumours, respectively. Haematuria was seen in 11 of 38 (29%) intermediate grade and malignant tumours and in only 6 of 59 (10%) benign tumours, a difference that was statistically significant (p-value=0.017). Malignant tumours 24 of 28 (86%) were more likely to be larger (>7 cm) when compared to benign tumours 28 of 59 (47%) at the time of presentation (p-value=0.027). Classical angiomyolipomas constituted 53/59 (90%) of the benign tumours. Of the 10 intermediate grade tumours, epithelioid angiomyolipomas and solitary fibrous tumours were the most common, accounting for 50% and 30% of the intermediate group, respectively. Undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma was the most common malignant neoplasm, making up 12/28 (43%) of the malignant tumours. Conclusion: The present study found that renal mesenchymal tumours constitute a small but unique group of renal tumours. They are predominantly benign, but up to a quarter are malignant. Malignant tumours tend to be larger and more often present with haematuria. The present study highlights the importance of IHC in the diagnosis of intermediate and malignant mesenchymal tumours and the requirement of exhaustive molecular studies individually tailored to the immuno-profile of malignant tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a carcinogen. This has been established beyond doubt from many years of studies such as those conducted among the survivors of the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later from the Chernobyl accident. Despite immense progress in the field of carcinogenesis, complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind IR-induced cancer remains elusive. In particular, the long gestation period between exposure to IR and the onset of cancer, frequently unpredictable, and sometimes lasting for many years, remains poorly understood. The centrality of DNA damage and misrepair in carcinogenesis research has not entirely benefited IR-induced cancer research and the past decade has seen a shift in understanding radiation-driven cellular mechanisms beyond simplistic models of targeted DNA damage. This paper presents a viewpoint on the gaps in our knowledge of IR-induced cancer with a focus on the nontargeted bystander effect, the mechanisms underlying which may be key to radiotherapeutic advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses a research paper that focuses on intermittent water supply systems in South Asian countries, specifically in India. The authors propose a model that uses dummy components to simulate water demands in these systems. However, the discussers argue that the proposed model is not advantageous compared to an earlier model and provides different results. They suggest that replacing an artificial reservoir with a dummy emitter leads to a different depiction of water consumption behavior. The discussers analyze two models representing water consumption behavior in Integrated Water Supply systems and find a lack of data to determine which model is more accurate. They also argue that the assumption of uncontrolled water demands in these systems needs to be reconsidered and that more research is needed to understand water consumption behavior. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Anterior mediastinal masses pose a significant challenge during the perioperative period due to their close vicinity to vital structures, causing airway compression, obstruction of venous return, or obstruction to the output of the heart. Herein, we report a known case of anterior mediastinal mature cystic teratoma that underwent excision of tumour along with right phrenic nerve transection ten years ago. The patient now presents with complaints of chest pain. Upon investigation, they were diagnosed with a recurrence of the tumour and were scheduled for redo-sternotomy with excision of the tumour under general anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeny of field crabs has been under profuse discussion for several decades. At this juncture, this paper reassesses the "decades old" phylogenetic status of an edible field crab, hitherto referred to as Paratelphusa hydrodromous , inhabiting the paddy fields of Chelari village (Kerala, India). After Alcock's (1910) description, there has hardly been any serious attempt at ascertaining its precise taxonomic status. Through an integrated approach, using parsimony analysis and molecular methods, the present study reveals the candidate form's (species') closer affinity to the genus Oziotelphusa. Comparison of morphological and molecular characteristics with its closest phylogenetic neighbours (O. biloba , O. wagrakarowensis , O. kerala and O. aurantia) has shown that the candidate form is a taxonomically distinct entity, qualified to be considered as an unreported species; its suggested revised nomenclature is Oziotelphusa chelarensis , reminiscent of the village Chelari. Further, the paper views the relevance of this taxonomic study from conservational angles as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying mechanistic water quality analysis models that are proficient at simulating the dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria within distribution pipes is a pragmatic approach to maintaining biological stability during drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) operation. Accurate interpretation of hydrodynamics and the uncertainties associated with the multifaceted exchanges within the distribution pipes is crucial to the reliability of these models' predictions. However, knowledge about most exchanges within DWDS is still inadequate. Therefore, state-of-the-art mechanistic models exist merely as theoretical frameworks to understand the causes and effects of microbiological quality fluctuations in DWDS, and they lack general applicability. Advancing the applicability and reliability of the mechanistic models necessitates adequate consideration of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. This study developed mechanistic models to realize the degree of complexity that needs to be integrated into the modeling framework to accurately describe the water quality dynamics in a real-world DWDS. Under the test conditions considered, the simplest single-phase models that ignore the complex exchanges associated with the pipe biofilm layers were found to make similar microbiological quality predictions as the relatively complicated two-phase models. The results indicate that the knowledge uncertainty associated with mechanisms concerning heterotrophic bacterial regrowth in the bulk phase and biofilm detachment in the wall phase is critical in controlling the reliability of the mechanistic water quality models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pneumonia is the most prevalent infection worldwide, leading to hospitalisation and contributing to mortality rates. Among the bacterial agents associated with CommunityAcquired Pneumonia (CAP), Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common. Conventional microbiological diagnostic tests have various limitations, including issues with sample collection, prior antibiotic administration, and delayed specimen transport. Urinary Antigen Testing (UAT) shows promise in rapidly identifying the causative agent of CAP, allowing for targeted therapy. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the pneumococcal UAT in identifying CAP. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of one year from June 2022 to May 2023 at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 38 patients (>18 years of age) with clinically suspected CAP and who satisfied the clinical criteria for CAP were recruited for the study. Respiratory specimens were subjected to bacterial culture, real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and UAT using the Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA) to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the pneumococcal UAT for detecting CAP were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0. Results: The study revealed a female predominance 22 (57.89%). Bacterial culture and real-time PCR identified 7 (18.42%) of patients with S. pneumoniae, while the UAT only detected 1 (2.63%). The pneumococcal UAT showed low sensitivity (14.29%), high specificity (100%), and satisfactory accuracy (84.21%). Conclusion: The pneumococcal UAT, with its straightforward technology, ease of use, rapid results, non invasive approach, cost-effectiveness, and high specificity and accuracy, could be favoured over bacterial culture and molecular techniques for ruling out CAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Horses mount a huge stress response to anesthesia when compared to other animals, hence are risky candidates for anesthesia. Inhalant anesthetic agents offer more control to anesthetic depth and facilitate rapid recovery, hence are considered to be safer than intravenous agents for surgical procedures requiring more than an hour, however, newer drug combinations are being explored to minimize the undesired consequences and dose rate of inhalant agents. The present study explored the safety of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and lidocaine constant rate infusion alone or as a combination along with Isoflurane for safer anesthesia in horses. Methods: The study was conducted on 28 horses divided into S, D, DK and DKL groups having 7 animals in each. Xylazine (1 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg) were given intravenously for premedication. Ketamine (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) were used for induction and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Normal saline (1000 ml/hour), Dexmedetomidine (2 µg/kg/hr), Dexmedetomidine and ketamine (2 µg/kg/hr and 2 mg/kg/hr) and Dexmedetomidine, ketamine and lidocaine (2 µg/kg/hr, 2 mg/kg/hr and 2 mg/kg/h) were given as CRI in groups S, D, DK and DKL, respectively. Thiopentone sodium (250 mg bolus, 5%) was given as a fast intravenous bolus whenever required. Anesthetic efficacy was evaluated based on clinical, haemato-biochemical, hemodynamic, and endocrine variables. Result: A significant decline in mean arterial pressure was noticed in group DKL but changes in CVP and SpO2 in different groups were non-significant. Higher Blood glucose and low Insulin levels were seen in group DK during 45-60 min. Constant rate infusions of Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Lidocaine alone or in combination produced a significant sparing effect on Isoflurane and thiopentone while they improved peri-operative quality of anesthesia in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizing reliability is imperative for water distribution network (WDN) design. Recent claims about providing adequate and operable isolation valves as a focal aspect of a reliable WDN design have attracted substantial interest. In this direction, this paper attempts to answer the question of which isolation valves in a WDN must be prioritized based on their criticality toward enhancing WDN reliability. Two novel algorithms are proposed, one for ranking every isolation valve in a WDN and the second to identify the location of a new isolation valve to reduce the criticality of a specific valve in a WDN. Unlike the prevailing methodologies, the proposed algorithms are entirely based on the topological attributes of a WDN and do not require a calibrated hydraulic model, which is often a limiting factor in WDN management. Our proof of concept has unveiled the capability of the methodology to deliver preliminary information to water utilities regarding the criticality of valves without any hydraulic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new approach for solving dynamic facility layout problems (DFLP) using a genetic algorithm (GA) enhanced with machine learning techniques, namely clustering algorithms. The proposed course aims to design a robust layout that can adapt to changes in the input parameters. Traditionally, the DFLPs are solved using adaptive methods, i.e., the layout from period to period varies. However, in the robust approach, the layout remains the same throughout the different planning periods. The GA is used for generating the solutions, and the machine learning technique is used to cluster the solutions and select the candidate solution to undergo the local search procedure. The proposed approach is tested on a set of benchmark instances and compared with published approaches. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing approaches in terms of solution quality, robustness, and computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In applications involving renewable energy sources such as solar PV and fuel cells, the high‐gain DC–DC converter must have the following desirable characteristics: high voltage gain, continuous input current with low ripple content, common ground structure, reduced voltage stress on the components, and high efficiency. In addition, the requirement of a lower duty ratio to produce a higher voltage gain aids in reducing the converter's inductor core saturation issue. In this research, a converter employing switched capacitor–inductor cells and a quasi‐Z source network with the aforementioned features is proposed. The steady‐state analysis in both CCM and DCM is presented. The performance of the converter including the parasitic effect of converter components is analyzed. This paper also includes a comprehensive comparative analysis highlighting the benefits of the proposed converter. A small signal model and the output‐to‐control transfer function are derived. The analytical performance of the proposed converter is validated using a hardware prototype of 500 W, 50 kHz. A compensator is designed to improve the dynamic closed‐loop performance and validated experimentally. The experimental findings for boosting 48 V input to 650 V output are provided. The results prove that the proposed converter has the advantages of high gain with a lower duty ratio, low voltage stress on components, continuous input current with low ripple content, and a common ground structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain is the major cause of fear and anxiety leading to prolonged hospital admission and delayed discharge rates in hospitalized patients. So, to make the patient pain free, multimodal analgesia has been used since long time. Opioids as an adjunct to epidural local anaesthetics by many people, but opioid free analgesia is a major concern in recent times to avoid its respiratory depressant and other adverse effects. Objective: studying non opioid drugs namely a2 agonist dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate as an adjunct to epidural bupivacaine and to compare their hemodynamic, sedative and analgesic effects. Methods: A randomized double blinded study was conducted in 60 patients of either sex belonging to ASA class I and II scheduled for elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries under epidural anaesthesia. They were divided randomly into two groups (n = 30). After epidural block, test dose was given with 3 ml 2% lignocaine with adrenaline. Both the groups received 15ml 0.5% bupivacaine, group MB received 50mg magnesium sulphate and group DB received 25μg dexmedetomidine. Onset and duration of sensory blockade, motor blockade; time required for first rescue analgesia; Ramsey sedation score; cardiorespiratory parameters and adverse events were recorded. Result: Onset of sensory and motor blockade was rapid: duration of sensory and motor blockade; and the time for rescue analgesic was prolonged with higher sedation in group DB. Cardiorespiratory parameters and adverse effects were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Addition of dexmedetomidine to epidural bupivacaine can be advantageous with increased duration of sensory and motor blockade with arousable sedation, acceptable side effects and better patient comfort compared to addition of magnesium sulphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the ideal forearm position that allows maximum upper-limb function. In certain congenital/acquired upper-limb disorders, the management boils down to sacrificing rotatory movements of the forearm. The position of fusion that facilitates maximum upper-limb function is a topic of debate and is decided upon by personal preferences and assumptions. Although the literature has many level five evidence reports, there is a lack of well-designed research to answer the same question and we intended to study it both in dominant and non-dominant limbs. Methods: 15 healthy adolescent volunteers were fitted with a custom adjustable brace that simulated forearm arthrodesis in five rotatory positions. They were asked to carry out a series of activities as per Sollerman's hand function test, and each activity was scored using the standardized scoring system. The test was carried out with the brace fitted first in the dominant side, followed by the non-dominant side, and finally in both the upper limbs together. Results: We found that the mid-prone position allowed for the best function overall in both dominant and non-dominant upper limbs, and if both upper limbs required simultaneous fusion, our results suggest that fixing the dominant side in mid-prone and non-dominant side in 45° supination would be ideal. Conclusions: For unilateral forearm arthrodesis, the ideal position of fusion is the same irrespective of the dominance of the limb, whereas, for bilateral arthrodesis, limb dominance is to be taken into consideration. Level of Evidence: Level III quasi-experimental study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of early congenital syphilis in a 15-day-old infant whose parents had tested positive for syphilis during the mother's antenatal visit but did not follow up for treatment. The infant presented with various skin lesions and was successfully treated with antibiotics. The article emphasizes the importance of timely syphilis screening during pregnancy to prevent congenital syphilis and highlights the need for adherence to recommended testing and treatment protocols to avoid severe complications. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial titled "Lacrimal irrigation before intraocular surgery: Where are we today?" discusses the importance of preoperative screening for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) in ophthalmology. The article highlights the impact of NLDO on ocular health, particularly in relation to microbial flora and the risk of endophthalmitis post-surgery. Different techniques for assessing NLD patency, such as ROPLAS and lacrimal irrigation, are discussed, with varying recommendations on their use. The editorial emphasizes the need for individualized care and clinical judgment in assessing NLD patency before intraocular surgery. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Paraumbilical hernias are currently treated most effectively with a minimally invasive strategy. After the introduction of Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh Placement (IPOM), it has been performed as a traditional technique for paraumbilical hernias, though there are many techniques such as placement of mesh in the preperitoneal/retromuscular space or subcutaneous space. However, there has been a constant debate over the choice of a better approach. Aim: To compare the short-term outcomes of IPOM and Subcutaneous Onlay Laparoscopic Approach (SCOLA) repair (subcutaneous onlay mesh placement) for paraumbilical hernias. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, SRM medical college hospital and research centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from March 2021 to August 2022. Study was conducted on patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia mesh repair for paraumbilical hernia. A total of 60 individuals were included in the study. They were placed in groups A and B according to block randomisation with concealed cover. Group A got laparoscopic SCOLA repair and group B got laparoscopic IPOM repair. The patients were tracked for a total of six months. A comparison of two groups was done to evaluate which technique is superior over the other in terms of duration of hospitalization, cost-effectiveness, duration of surgery, postoperative pain, postoperative complications, speed of recovery and returning to routine activity and recurrence. Results: Total 60 participants were divided into two groups, 30 subjects each in group A and group B with a mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age of the subjects in SCOLA group and IPOM group was 37.50±8.41 years and 37.87±9.18 years, respectively. Laparoscopic SCOLA repair for paraumbilical hernia has a comparable outcome to the traditional laparoscopic approach like IPOM in terms of postoperative wound healing (p-value=0.25). A 6-month follow-up revealed no recurrence in either group. Being a newer procedure that requires extensive dissection, the operating time (p-value=0.001), seroma formation (p-value=0.057) and number of hospital days (p-value=0.001) was higher for SCOLA. Also, it was noted that patients who underwent IPOM had significantly more pain experienced as compared to those undergoing SCOLA (p-value 0.45, 0.01 and 0.66 on postoperative days 1, 3 and 5, respectively). Moreover, a significant advantage of SCOLA is its cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: With the advantages of cost-effectiveness and lesser pain, SCOLA approach may be used more frequently in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores (i) the health status among the elderly in India; (ii) variation in the health status among the elderly by their socioeconomic characteristics; and, (Hi) the morbidity among the elderly from a different group of diseases. It used data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) for its 75th round survey, namely 'Social Consumption in India-Health' which was conducted in the country between July 2017 and June 2018. The study employed age-adjusted logistic regression (OR) for finding the dependence of 'Poor overall health status' with background characteristics of the elderly. It was observed that poor perceived health status rose with the increase in the age of respondents and was comparatively higher among women, those who lived without their spouse, resided in urban areas and were economically dependent, than their counterparts. In the case of physical immobility as well, a substantial increase in the proportion of per sons suffer ing from this phenomenon was observed with an increase in age. It was also higher among women who lived without their spouses. The morbidity profile of the elderly found a high prevalence of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, endocrine, metabolic and nutritional group of diseases, and musculoskeletal ailments among the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. In most cases, BCC can be diagnosed by its characteristic histopathological features. The differential diagnosis includes basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and adnexal tumours of follicular differentiation. Cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and name of an immunostain (BerEP4) are reported to be useful in differentiating between them. Objectives: The primary objective was to compare the expression of BerEP4 and CD10 in BCC with that of SqCC and adnexal tumours of follicular differentiation, and the secondary objective was to evaluate the proportion of different histological subtypes of BCC. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight cases of BCCs, 34 cases of SqCCs and 16 adnexal tumours of follicular differentiation received in the institution during the study period January 2017 to June 2018 were included in this descriptive study. Immunostaining with CD10 and BerEP4 was performed, and the staining pattern was studied in all 78 cases. A detailed histopathological evaluation including subtyping was carried out for BCC cases. Results: All BCCs showed positivity with CD10 and BerEP4, but the intensity and pattern varied. Squamous cell carcinomas were completely negative for BerEP4 and CD10 in tumour cells, and 25 of 34 cases showed stromal CD10 positivity. Among adnexal tumours of follicular differentiation, proliferating trichilemmal tumour was completely negative for both markers; other adnexal tumours (n = 11/16) showed peritumoral stromal accentuation for CD10, and nine of 11 cases showed BerEP4 tumour cell positivity (P < 0.001). Conclusion: BerEP4 can reliably detect BCCs of all types and distinguish between BCC and SqCC, but it is unable to do so for adnexal tumours such as trichoepithelioma, trichilemmoma and trichoblastoma. CD10 is a useful adjunct marker in distinguishing both trichoepithelioma (TE) and SqCC from BCC. CD10-positive tumour cells favour a diagnosis of BCC and peritumoral stromal accentuation for trichoblastoma (TB) and trichilemmoma (TL). Tumour cells in SqCC are almost always negative for CD10. A combined immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel of CD10 and BerEP4 can serve as a very reliable adjunctive in the diagnosis of BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Defect engineering stabilizes polar states in non-polar SrMnO 3 (SMO) thin films. • Polar distortion induces defects in SMO films on Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 substrates. • Strain gradient and defect chemistry induce polar state at room temperature. • Potential applications in electric field-controlled magnetic devices. Defect engineering in perovskite oxides enables novel functionalities by inducing and controlling lattice defects, effectively breaking lattice symmetry, stabilizing polar states and inducing ferroelectricity in non-polar/paraelectric or ferro/antiferromagnetic oxide thin films. A polar state can be stabilized in SrMnO 3 (SMO) thin films by displacing Mn ions. However, conventional epitaxial strain engineering necessitates deposition on diverse single crystalline substrates with varying misfit strains and optimization of thin film growth conditions, posing challenges in achieving polar states in SMO thin films. In this study, polar distortion was achieved by inducing defects in SMO epitaxial thin films grown on Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 substrates La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 (LSMO) electrode. Scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that Mn ion displacement and the c/a ratio increased on moving from the SMO/LSMO interface to the top surface of the SMO film. Electron energy loss spectroscopy depth profiles revealed variations in oxygen stoichiometry and Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio across the cross section of the SMO film. Consequently, a polar state was stabilized through strain gradient induced by defect chemistry in SMO thin films. Our study demonstrates that defect engineering can be effectively utilized in the realization of electric field-controlled magnetic devices at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically transparent ferroelectric memories are essential for the advancement of next-generation electronic devices. Hafnium Oxide (HfO 2) – based ferroelectric thin films that are highly compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology have been extensively studied for use in non-volatile memory devices. However, fabricating transparent ferroelectrics typically requires the deposition of orthorhombic phase HfO 2 on inherently amorphous transparent substrates like glass, which is highly challenging. Here, transparent Yttrium-doped HfO 2 (HYO) thin films were grown on fluorine-doped SnO 2 (FTO)/glass substrates using a multi-step deposition and annealing technique. By optimizing the number of layers and annealing temperatures, transparent ferroelectric HYO capacitors with transmission exceeding 70 % in the visible spectrum were developed. Capacitors with 10 layers displayed robust ferroelectric properties, while those with 6, 8, and 12 HYO layers showed significant leakage. Analysis of current density-electric field plots indicates that leakage current mechanisms in the capacitors varies with the number of HYO layers. The number of layers in the multi-step deposition and annealing process is crucial in achieving the desired ferroelectric characteristics in HYO films deposited on FTO/glass substrates. The study paves the way to fabricate transparent capacitors for the integration of HfO 2 -based FE materials in next-generation smart electronic devices. • Multi-step deposition process induces ferroelectricity in Y:HfO 2 on glass. • Optimized deposition cycles ensure stable ferroelectric behavior in thin films. • Combined transparency and ferroelectricity for advanced electronics. • Insight into deposition cycle impact on transparent ferroelectric capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study establishes a strong correlation between coal properties, density-based separation, and beneficiation outcomes. • Significant variations in physical, chemical, and organic petrographic properties across different size fractions and density ranges. • The beneficiation process effectively reduces impurities and enhances the quality of non-coking coal, making it suitable for blending with imported coking coal. • The study reveals specific density ranges within indigenous Singrauli non-coking coals that are suitable for blending, offering resource optimization in the steel industry. India possesses extensive coal reserves, primarily consisting of non-coking coal, and is one of the vital resources for the energy sector. However, the steel industry necessitates coking coal for steel production. Recognizing the abundance of non-coking coal, this study is aimed at coal beneficiation across diverse size fractions and density ranges with an aim to identify the density closely aligning with coking coal parameters, thereby facilitating the blending of beneficiated non-coking coal with imported coal. We investigate the physical, chemical, and organic petrographic properties of non-coking coals (bituminous coal), spanning various size fractions and density ranges. Proximate and ultimate analyses reveal significant variations in ash yield, moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen content across different size fractions and density intervals. Our results show that all the size fractions with density < 1.4 (kg/m3) has less than 15 % of ash yield. Sink-and-float gravity separation effectively segregates coal components based on density, demonstrating a clear trend of increasing ash yield with higher density fractions, accompanied by decreased moisture, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. Ultimate analysis indicates a declining trend in carbon content (Ad basis) as density increases, highlighting the impact of density-based separation on coal composition. Organic petrographic analysis reveals variations in maceral composition, with density-based distribution influencing the abundance of vitrinite, liptinite, and inertinite group macerals. The fraction with a density of less than 1.3 (kg/m3) shows an average of 62.40 % reactive macerals, while that with density ranging from 1.3 kg/m3 to 1.4 kg/m3 exhibits an average of 49.96 % reactive macerals (Vitrinite + Liptinite), making it suitable for blending with coking coal for coke production. The Vitrinite Reflectance of raw coal and processed coal sample shows an average Ro% 0.68, which can be suitable for blending in coking coal. Additionally, gross calorific value (GCV) analysis indicates a decline in energy content with increasing density, emphasizing the importance of balancing impurity reduction with energy preservation in coal beneficiation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging threat of climate change is posing a scientific conundrum for global food and nutritional security. As a primary staple food, half of the global human population is supported by rice crop. Thus, enhancing rice yield is highly critical to ensure food security. Photosynthesis is the defining physiological process of plants that determines maximum attainable yield. Efficiently capturing solar radiation and converting the carbon assimilates into rice grain is critical to achieve high yield. Genetic interventions to modify the plant architecture for enhanced light capture can improve rice yield significantly. Enhancement of cellular photosynthesis by synthetic biology approaches targeting important nodes of the light harvesting and carbon assimilation pathways are critical for breaking yield ceiling. The possible targets for improving photosynthesis include the light capture, chloroplast electron transport, Calvin cycle enzymes, sugar transport mechanisms, minimization of photorespiration, and improving source–sink relations. Conversion of C3 rice into a C4 type plant is also an option being vigorously pursued. Here, we review the determinants of canopy photosynthesis in rice with special reference to genetic factors and cellular photosynthetic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonmineralized state of the mammalian periodontal ligament is one of the hallmarks of vertebrate evolution as it provides resilient and nontraumatic tooth anchorage for effective predation. Here we sought to determine how the chromatin state of key mineralization gene promoters contributes to the nonmineralized periodontal ligament in the midst of fully mineralized alveolar bone and cementum anchor tissues. In developing mouse periodontal tissues, RUNX2 was localized to alveolar bone–lining cells, while OSX was localized throughout the periodontal ligament's soft tissue. Matching RT-PCR amplification data and western blot comparisons demonstrated that the expression of RUNX2 and OSX bone mineralization transcription factors was at least 2.5-fold elevated in alveolar bone osteoblasts versus periodontal ligament fibroblasts. ChIP enrichment data along the RUNX2 and OSX promoters revealed increased H3K4me3 marks in alveolar bone osteoblasts, while H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks were elevated in periodontal ligament fibroblasts. In support of an epigenetic mechanism responsible for the inhibition of mineralization gene expression in periodontal progenitors, histone methylation inhibitors DZNep and Chaetocin reactivated RUNX2 and OSX expression in periodontal progenitors and increased alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red, while the in vivo application of DZNep in rat maxillae resulted in aberrant mineralization in the periodontal ligament and a narrowing of the nonmineralized periodontal space. Together, these studies demonstrate that the nonmineralized state of the mammalian periodontal ligament is controlled by an epigenetic regulation of the RUNX2 and OSX key mineralization gene promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniofacial tissues comprise highly evolved organs characterized by a relative lack of expression in the HOX family transcription factors. In the present study, we sought to define the epigenetic events that limit HOX gene expression from undifferentiated neural crest cells to semi-differentiated odontogenic progenitors and to explore the effects of elevated levels of HOX. The ChIP-chip data demonstrated high levels of repressive H3K27me3 marks on the HOX gene promoters in ES and cranial neural crest cells when compared to the H3K4me3 marks, while the K4/K27 ratio was less repressive in the odontogenic progenitors, dental follicle, dental pulp, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, alveolar bone osteoblasts, and cementoblasts. The gene expression of multiple HOX genes, especially those from the HOXA and HOXB clusters, was significantly elevated and many times higher in alveolar bone cells than in the dental follicle cells. In addition, the HOX levels in the skeletal osteoblasts were many times higher in the trunk osteoblasts compared to the alveolar bone osteoblasts, and the repressive mark H3K27me3 promoter occupancy was substantially and significantly elevated in the alveolar bone osteoblasts when compared to the trunk osteoblasts. To explore the effect of elevated HOX levels in craniofacial neural crest cells, HOX expression was induced by transfecting cells with the Cdx4 transcription factor, resulting in a significant decrease in the mineralization markers, RUNX2, OSX, and OCN upon HOX elevation. Promoting HOX gene expression in developing teeth using the small molecule EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 resulted in an increased number of patterning events, supernumerary cusp formation, and increased Hoxa4 and Hoxb6 gene expression when compared to the controls. Together, these studies illustrate the profound effects of epigenetic regulatory events at all stages of the differentiation of craniofacial peripheral tissues from the neural crest, including lineage specification, tissue differentiation, and patterning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberattacks have increased as a consequence of the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). It is necessary to detect anomalies so that smart devices need to be protected from these attacks, which must be mitigated at the edge of the IoT network. Therefore, efficient detection depends on the selection of an optimal IoT traffic feature set and the learning algorithm that classifies the IoT traffic. There is a flaw in the existing anomaly detection systems because the feature selection algorithms do not identify the most appropriate set of features. In this article, a layered paddy crop optimization (LPCO) algorithm is suggested to choose the optimal set of features. Furthermore, the use of smart devices generates tremendous traffic, which can be labelled as either normal or attack using a capsule network (CN) approach. Five network traffic benchmark datasets are utilized to evaluate the proposed approach, including NSL KDD, UNSW NB, CICIDS, CSE-CIC-IDS, and UNSW Bot-IoT. Based on the experiments, the presented approach yields assuring results in comparison with the existing base classifiers and feature selection approaches. Comparatively, the proposed strategy performs better than the current state-of-the-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli has increased worldwide. Critical care areas of most hospitals use carbapenem antibiotics for the empirical treatment of gram-negative bacterial (GNB) infections. In the last decade, there have been reports of the detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). This rise in the spread of CRE presents a great challenge in the treatment of GNB infections and poses a serious threat to global health. To detect the burden of CRE and to characterize CRE, we used three phenotypic methods for the detection of carbapenemase enzymes. Using conventional aerobic bacterial culture methods, 150 Enterobacterales strains were isolated from various clinical samples. Identification of CRE was performed using multiple phenotypic detection methods, such as the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method for meropenem (10 mcg) using the CLSI 2021 interpretation for meropenem, modified Hodge test (MHT), Carba NP test, and modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) test. A total of 150 Enterobacterales strains were isolated over a period of 1 year. Among these, 66/150 (44%), 63/150 (43%), 64/150 (43%), and 65/150 (43%) were identified as CRE using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, MHT, mCIM test, and Carba NP test, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MHT, mCIM, and Carba NP tests within 95% CI were 93.94%/100%, 96.97%/100%, and 98.48%/100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of MHT, mCIM, and Carba NP tests were 100%/95.45%, 100%/97.67%, and 100%/98.82%, respectively. The accuracies of the MHT, mCIM, and Carba NP tests were 97.33%, 98.67%, and 99.33% respectively indicating a high burden of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales. Therefore, given the current statistics of carbapenem resistance, use of carbapenem as empiric treatment in the intensive care units of hospitals may not be beneficial. Identification of carbapenem resistance can help in the initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. This study compares the accuracy and efficiency of Carba NP, mCIM, and MHT in detecting carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every country had to make several difficult decisions in the initial phase of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic to allocate resources for COVID testing. Decisions on who should be tested for COVID-19 testing are extremely vital for pandemic preparedness. In this article, we highlight the need for prioritization of testing resources including direct-to-consumer testing methods, ethical dilemmas involved in obligatory testing, and testing of refugees and immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the effectiveness and safety of embolisation in managing haemorrhage from the external carotid artery (ECA) system in radiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Methods: Radiated NPC patients who presented with severe oronasal bleeding and underwent digital subtraction angiography that excluded blowouts from the internal carotid artery from 2011 to 2021 were reviewed. Those who subsequently underwent embolisation of the ECA system were analysed for technical success rate, post-embolisation re-bleeding rate and complications. Results: Seventeen embolisations were performed in fifteen patients during the 10-year period. The technical success rate was 100%, however the early haemostatic rate (no re-bleed within 7 days of embolisation) was 70.6% (12/17) and the overall long-term haemostatic rate was 58.8% (10/17). The re-bleed rates of targeted and empiric embolisations were 33.3% (3/9) and 50.0% (4/8), respectively. The re-bleed rates with liquid agents, coils and particles were 0% (0/7), 33.3% (1/3) and 85.7% (6/7), respectively. Amongst the embolisations utilising liquid agents, 71.4% (5/7) were targeted, distal embolisations. All re-bleeds underwent surgical ligation or repeat embolisation; half of them further experienced recurrent bleeding. There were no significant complications with embolisation. Conclusion: Although embolisation of the ECA system in NPC has a high technical success rate and is safe, re-bleeding appears to be common. Targeted, distal embolisation with liquid embolics appear to have good haemostatic effect. Clinicians should be aware that patients may need repeated procedures to secure haemostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To present a literature review on various immunopathologic dysfunctions following COVID-19 infection and their potential implications in development of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). A literature search was performed via Google Scholar and PubMed with subsequent review of the accompanying references. Analogies were drawn between the immune and physiologic deviations caused by COVID-19 and the tendency of the same to predispose to ROCM. Sixty-two articles were reviewed. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection leads to disruption of epithelial integrity in the respiratory passages, which may be a potential entry point for the ubiquitous Mucorales to become invasive. COVID-19 related GRP78 protein upregulation may aid in spore germination and hyphal invasion by Mucorales. COVID-19 causes interference in macrophage functioning by direct infection, a tendency for hyperglycemia, and creation of neutrophil extracellular traps. This affects innate immunity against Mucorales. Thrombocytopenia and reduction in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and infected dendritic cells is seen in COVID-19. This reduces the host immune response to pathogenic invasion by Mucorales. Cytokines released in COVID-19 cause mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which cause oxidative damage to the leucocytes. Hyperferritinemia also occurs in COVID-19 resulting in suppression of the hematopoietic proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes. COVID-19 has a role in the occurrence of ROCM due to its effects at the entry point of the fungus in the respiratory mucosa, effects of the innate immune system, creation of an environment of iron overload, propagation of hyperglycemia, and effects on the adaptive immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular clouds are sites of star formation. Magnetic fields are believed to play an important role in their dynamics and shaping morphology. We aim to study any possible correlation that might exist between the magnetic fields orientation inside the clouds and the magnetic fields at envelope scales and their connection with respect to the observed morphology of the selected clouds. We examine the magnetic field orientation towards the clouds L1512, L1523, L1333, L1521E, L1544, L1517, L1780, and L183, using optical and Planck polarization observations. We also found the correlation between the ambient magnetic field and core orientations derived using Astrodendrogram on the Herschel 250 |$\mu$| m data. We find that the magnetic fields derived from optical and Planck agree with each other. The derived magnetic fields are aligned along the observed emission of each cloud as seen in Herschel 250 |$\mu$| m data. We also find that the relative orientation between the cores and the magnetic fields is random. This lack of correlation may arise due to the fact that the core orientation could also be influenced by the different magnetization within individual clouds at higher densities or the feedback effects which may vary from cloud to cloud. The estimated magnetic field strength and the mass-to-flux ratio suggest that all the clouds are in a magnetically critical state except L1333, L1521E, and L183, where the cloud envelope could be strongly supported by the magnetic field lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial growth is remarkably robust to environmental fluctuations, yet the mechanisms of growth-rate homeostasis are poorly understood. Here, we combine theory and experiment to infer mechanisms by which Escherichia coli adapts its growth rate in response to changes in osmolarity, a fundamental physicochemical property of the environment. The central tenet of our theoretical model is that cell-envelope expansion is only sensitive to local information, such as enzyme concentrations, cell-envelope curvature, and mechanical strain in the envelope. We constrained this model with quantitative measurements of the dynamics of E. coli elongation rate and cell width after hyperosmotic shock. Our analysis demonstrated that adaptive cell-envelope softening is a key process underlying growth-rate homeostasis. Furthermore, our model correctly predicted that softening does not occur above a critical hyperosmotic shock magnitude and precisely recapitulated the elongation-rate dynamics in response to shocks with magnitude larger than this threshold. Finally, we found that, to coordinately achieve growth-rate and cell-width homeostasis, cells employ direct feedback between cell-envelope curvature and envelope expansion. In sum, our analysis points to cellular mechanisms of bacterial growth-rate homeostasis and provides a practical theoretical framework for understanding this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eukaryotic DNA replication fork is a hub of enzymes that continuously act to synthesize DNA, propagate DNA methylation and other epigenetic marks, perform quality control, repair nascent DNA, and package this DNA into chromatin. Many of the enzymes involved in these spatiotemporally correlated processes perform their functions by binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A long-standing question has been how the plethora of PCNA-binding enzymes exert their activities without interfering with each other. As a first step towards deciphering this complex regulation, we studied how Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) binds to PCNA. We demonstrate that CAF-1 binds to PCNA in a heretofore uncharacterized manner that depends upon a cation-pi (π) interaction. An arginine residue, conserved among CAF-1 homologs but absent from other PCNA-binding proteins, inserts into the hydrophobic pocket normally occupied by proteins that contain canonical PCNA interaction peptides (PIPs). Mutation of this arginine disrupts the ability of CAF-1 to bind PCNA and to assemble chromatin. The PIP of the CAF-1 p150 subunit resides at the extreme C-terminus of an apparent long α-helix (119 amino acids) that has been reported to bind DNA. The length of that helix and the presence of a PIP at the C-terminus are evolutionarily conserved among numerous species, ranging from yeast to humans. This arrangement of a very long DNA-binding coiled-coil that terminates in PIPs may serve to coordinate DNA and PCNA binding by CAF-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetacean skin continues to be the investigative focus of researchers from several different scientific disciplines. Yet, most research on the basic functions of lipo‐keratinocytes, which constitute most of the cetacean epidermis, providing the first layer of protection against various environmental aggressors (including an ever‐increasing level of pollutants), is restricted to specialized literature on the permeability barrier only. In this review, we have attempted to bring together much of the recent research on the functional biology of cetacean skin, including special adaptations at the cellular, genetic and molecular level. We have correlated these data with the cetacean permeability barrier's unique structural and metabolic adaptations to fully aquatic life, including the development of secondary barriers to ward off challenges such as biofouling as well as exposure to extreme cold for the epidermis, which is outside of the insulation provided by blubber. An apparent contradiction exists between some of the reported gene loss for lipogenic enzymes in cetacean skin and the high degree of cetacean epidermal lipogenesis, as well as loss of desmocollin 1 and desmoplakin genes [while immunolocalization of these proteins is reported (Journal of Anatomy, 234, 201)] warrants a re‐evaluation of the gene loss data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strongyloidiasis is a neglected parasitic disease caused by the intestinal parasite, Strongyloides stercoralis. Most patients with strongyloidiasis are asymptomatic, but few present with varied clinical manifestations such as cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and disseminated disease. It creates a diagnostic dilemma and undue delay in the diagnosis of patients. We report the case of a 79-yearold male who presented with fever and abdominal pain due to strongyloidiasis with no history of immunosuppression. The infection resolved entirely on treatment with ivermectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile sector is a promising avenue for enhancing energy security, economic opportunity, and air quality in India. Before penetrating a large number of electric vehicles (EV) into the power grid, a thorough investigation and assessment of significant parameters are required, as additional nonlinear and EV loads are linked to the decentralized market. Many automobile companies have already invested in electric vehicle research; hence, a detailed analysis on range anxiety and grid connectivity concerns are the important factors affecting the future of the electric vehicle industry. In this paper, the initial review is about the decentralized market in India and sustainable aspects of electric mobility based on the Indian context, as it is a developing nation with an enormous resource and scope for EV markets. With recent literature from the last three years, the substantial constraints observed in benefits and challenges are reviewed. The financial stability aspects and the incentives to overcome the barriers to EV adoption are briefly discussed. From the review, it has come to the limelight that infrastructure availability, technology, load demand, and consumer behaviour are all major obstacles in the electric vehicle ecosystem. For the overall design and study of the vehicle to grid (V2G) infrastructure, this paper also provides insight into the representation of electric vehicles in different energy-efficient models and their categorization while connecting to the grid. The methodology adopted for energy-efficient models includes lifecycle emissions, economy, smart charging, real-time optimization, aggregated EV resource modelling, and a support vector machine (SVM)-based method. This paper gives a positive impact on EV fleet integration and electric mobility in general, as it critically reviews the influential parameters and challenges. This classification depends on crucial parameters that are at the frontline of EV grid integration research. This review is a solution to enhance grid stability in regard to new EV models. With the advanced electric motors development and renewed battery technology models, longer-distance automobiles are now available on the market. This paper investigates the constraints of EV grid integration and analyzes different EV models to ease the grid stability for a decentralized market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cells, multiple molecular motors work together as teams to carry cargoes such as vesicles and organelles over long distances to their destinations by stepping along a network of cytoskeletal filaments. How motors that typically mechanically interfere with each other, work together as teams is unclear. Here we explored the possibility that purely physical mechanisms, such as cargo surface fluidity, may potentially enhance teamwork, both at the single motor and cargo level. To explore these mechanisms, we developed a three dimensional simulation of cargo transport along microtubules by teams of kinesin-1 motors. We accounted for cargo membrane fluidity by explicitly simulating the Brownian dynamics of motors on the cargo surface and considered both the load and ATP dependence of single motor functioning. Our simulations show that surface fluidity could lead to the reduction of negative mechanical interference between kinesins and enhanced load sharing thereby increasing the average duration of single motors on the filament. This, along with a cooperative increase in on-rates as more motors bind leads to enhanced collective processivity. At the cargo level, surface fluidity makes more motors available for binding, which can act synergistically with the above effects to further increase transport distances though this effect is significant only at low ATP or high motor density. Additionally, the fluid surface allows for the clustering of motors at a well defined location on the surface relative to the microtubule and the fluid-coupled motors can exert more collective force per motor against loads. Our work on understanding how teamwork arises in cargo-coupled motors allows us to connect single motor properties to overall transport, sheds new light on cellular processes, reconciles existing observations, encourages new experimental validation efforts and can also suggest new ways of improving the transport of artificial cargo powered by motor teams. Author summary: In cells, multiple molecular motors work together as teams to carry cargoes such as vesicles and organelles over long distances to their destinations by stepping along a network of protein filaments. How do motors that interfere with each other when coupled rigidly in laboratory experiments, function well as teams within cells? In this paper, we show, using computer simulations, that the fluid surfaces of cellular cargo reduce the mechanical interference between motors allowing better load sharing and increased duration of motors on the filament, thereby increasing the distance over which they can carry cargo. We additionally found that motors pull cargo closer to the filament increasing the attachment rates of other unbound motors. These effects act synergistically with an increased availability of motors due to fluidity to further increase travel distances. Fluid surfaces also allow clustering of the motors and increased collective force against load. Our work on understanding how teamwork arises in mechanically coupled motors sheds new light on cellular processes, reconciles existing observations, encourages new experimental validation efforts and can also suggest new ways of improving transport of artificial cargo powered by motor teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]