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This research study discusses the flow of a magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid under the influence of Soret, Dufour, and thermal radiation. Nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) of governing equations is transformed into a dimensionless version of the modified PDEs presented in terms of dimensionless parameters. The solution of coupled PDEs is obtained by the finite difference method with a combination of the quasilinearization technique. The effects of various dimensionless parameters are shown graphically, such as buoyancy force (λ $\lambda $), concentration buoyancy force (λC) $({\lambda }_{{\rm{C}}})$, Casson parameter (β $\beta $), magnetic parameter (H $H$), thermal radiation (Rd $Rd$), Darcy parameter (K0 ${K}_{0}$), Forchheimer (fr), Dufour (Df ${D}_{f}$), Soret (Sor), Brownian motion (Nb $Nb$), thermopohersis (Nt $Nt$), and Lewis number (Le $Le$). Prevention of heat transfer in the industrial system is critical, the velocity behavior (F $F$), thermal variation (θ $\theta $), and concentration profile (ϕ $\phi $) are more prominent in the roles of coal, gas, and solar thermal collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of micropolar nanofluids affected by the phenomena of MHD and thermal radiation through a regular and irregular vertical plate is examined in the present study. The primary goal of the research is to investigate the influence of boundary irregularities on the flow and heat transfer phenomena while considering the phenomena of Brownian motion, MHD, thermal radiation, and thermophoresis. The similarity transformation is applied to the flow’s governing momentum and energy nonlinear coupled partial differential equations, converting them into linear coupled ordinary differential equations. The coupled ODEs are numerically solved using a quasilinearization technique and finite difference schemes. The physical effects of Brownian motion, MHD, heat radiation, and thermophoresis are explored through data and illustrations. The importance of MHD in controlling flow and boundary layer thickness is demonstrated in particular by showing the impact of crucial physical parameters such as the buoyancy force and the Brownian motion parameter. Also, more significant effects on velocity, temperature profiles, and heat transfer rate are observed in irregular boundaries than in regular boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the current study is to deal with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanoliquid flow over moving vertical plate with variable Prandtl numbers and viscosities. This analysis also includes the influence of thermal radiation. Quite significant variation in viscosity and Prandtl number in highrange temperature is observed. Thus, Prandtl number and viscosity are surmised to vary as an inversely proportional linear function of temperature. Problem definition: The MHD nanoliquid flow is considered along with the semi-infinite plate with the velocity Uw toward the x-direction, which is also the direction for free-stream velocity (U∞). The geometrical sketch of the physical problem with the coordinate system is shown in Figure 1. The coordinate system has two coordinate axes: the ξ-coordinate (x) and η-coordinate (y). They are perpendicular to each other. The mathematical modeling of physical problem has been formulated by incorporating viscous terms into the governing equation related to thermal radiation, buoyant force, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and magnetic parameter. Methodology: The mathematical modeling of current physical problem consists of highly nonlinear partial differential equations which have been solved numerically using quasilinearization technique along with finite difference method. The present outcome during numerical simulation is outlined in terms of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles and they are analyzed with suitable physical reasons. Main results: The impact of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles has been discussed with physical explanation. Velocity profile (F) of the fluid enhances and concentration (ϕ) reduces with escalating buoyancy parameter (λ). In particular, 13% increment in velocity profile is observed as λ increases by 0.9 scale [0.9 → 1.8], whereas 17% reduction in concentration profiles is noticed as λ increases by 0.5 scale [1.5 → 2.0] at other fixed parameters. It is observed that magnetic parameter (H) increases the temperature (θ) and concentration profiles (ϕ), whereas it works as deduction parameter for velocity profile (F). The increasing value of thermophoresis (Nt) and Lewis number (Le) works as catalyst for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. As thermophoresis (Nt) increases from 0.5 to 2.0, temperature profile approximately increases 65% at other fixed parameters. As Lewis number (Le) increases from 0.5 to 4.0, then the temperature increases approximately 75% at other fixed parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To assess, in a prospective study, whether botulinum toxin A (BTXA) injected into the detrusor muscle is safe and well tolerated, produces significant changes in urodynamic variables, if the effect is durable, as measured by the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Questionnaire (BFLUTS), and to assess changes in quality of life, as measured by the Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ), when it is used to manage idiopathic detrusor overactivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a single-centre, prospective unrandomized study of 15 women to assess the efficacy of a single dose of 300 units of BTXA injected intravesically into the detrusor muscle, under cystoscopic control. Patient evaluation included a full history and examination, frequency/volume charts, BFLUTS and KHQ scores, and a conventional urodynamic study at baseline and at 6 weeks after treatment. Symptomatic improvement was assessed at 6 weeks and every 4 weeks thereafter until baseline values were reached. RESULTS All 15 patients completed the study; 14 noted an improvement in urgency and frequency immediately after treatment. There were no major adverse effects reported to date. The volume at first desire to void increased in 13 patients ( P < 0.006), the maximum cystometric capacity increased in 10 ( P < 0.011) and six of the 15 had no evidence of detrusor overactivity; in the remaining eight the volume at first overactive contraction increased in six ( P < 0.0023) and the volume at first overactivity incontinence increased in 11 ( P < 0.005). The median modified projected isovolumetric pressure decreased significantly ( P = 0.01), from 69 to 45. The improvement in frequency appeared to last up to 24 weeks, and that in urinary incontinence up to 20 weeks. The overall improvement in quality of life was maintained up to 24 weeks. CONCLUSION BTXA appears to be a safe treatment with good clinical efficacy in refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity; the effects seem to last 20–24 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]