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Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 37-47 Summary Background The efficacy of individualised antiviral treatment durations for chronic hepatitis C remains unclear. Aim To evaluate treatment durations based on virological responses at week 4, 8 and 12 of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin therapy. Methods Previously untreated patients with HCV genotypes, other than 2 or 3, initiated therapy with peginterferon alfa-2a 180 μg/week plus ribavirin 1000-1400 mg/day. HCV-RNA-negative patients at week 4 rapid virological response (RVR) were randomised to 24 or 48 weeks of treatment; those negative at week 8 were randomised to 36 or 48 weeks; and those who were negative or had a ≥2-log drop at week 12 were randomised to 72 or 48 weeks. Sustained virological response (SVR) was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA after 24 weeks of follow-up. Results The study was terminated prematurely due to lagging enrolment. Of 236 patients who started treatment, 195 were randomised at week 4 ( n = 50), 8 ( n = 61) or 12 ( n = 84). Ninety-five per cent of patients had genotype 1. SVR rates were not significantly different between patients randomised to 24 (84%) or 48 weeks (84%) at week 4, to 36 (73%) or 48 weeks (74%) at week 8, or to 48 (49%) or 72 weeks (40%) at week 12. Conclusions In this predominantly genotype 1 cohort, shortening therapy to 24 weeks in patients with a week-4 response and 36 weeks in those with a week-8 response produced SVR rates that were similar to a 48-week regimen. Lengthening treatment to 72 weeks did not improve SVR rates. Genotype 1 patients with RVR can be treated for 24 weeks (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00483938). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]