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Summary: Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) were widespread in diverse organisms to attenuate UV radiation. We recently characterized the large, complicated MAA mycosporine‐2‐(4‐deoxygadusolyl‐ornithine) in desert cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme. Synthesis of this MAA requires the five‐gene cluster mysABDC2C3. Here, bioinformatic analysis indicated that mysC duplication within five‐gene mys clusters is strictly limited to drought‐tolerant cyanobacteria. Phylogenic analysis distinguished these duplicated MysCs into two clades that separated from canonical MysCs. Heterologous expression of N. flagelliforme mys genes in Escherichia coli showed that MysAB produces 4‐deoxygadusol. The ATP‐grasp ligase of MysC3 catalyses the linkage of the δ‐ or ε‐amino group of ornithine/lysine to 4‐deoxygadusol, yielding mycosporine‐ornithine or mycosporine‐lysine respectively. The ATP‐grasp ligase of MysC2 strictly condenses the α‐amino group of mycosporine‐ornithine to another 4‐deoxygadusol. MysD (D‐Ala–D‐Ala ligase) functions following MysC2 to catalyse the formation of mycosporine‐2‐(4‐deoxygadusolyl‐ornithine). High arginine content likely provides a greater pool of ornithine over other amino acids during rehydration of desiccated N. flagelliforme. Duplication of ATP‐grasp ligases is specific for the use of substrates that have two amino groups (such as ornithine) for the production of complicated MAAs with multiple chromophores. This five‐enzyme biosynthesis pathway for complicated MAAs is a novel adaptation of cyanobacteria for UV tolerance in drought environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The small‐molecule sunscreen compounds, mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), have strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption and can protect cyanobacteria against UV‐B damage. However, the molecular mechanism underlying UV‐B signaling and MAA chemical diversity remain largely unclear. Here, we identified a five‐gene cluster for MAA biosynthesis in the solar radiation and desiccation tolerant cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme. A LuxR family protein OrrA was identified as a positive UV‐B responsive regulator binding to the promoter region of this gene cluster. OrrA functions as an activator mediating the UV‐B induced MAA biosynthesis. Overexpression of orrA strengthened its UV‐B tolerance during desiccation, and enhanced the photosynthetic recovery upon rehydration. Heterologous expression of this gene cluster in Anabaena PCC 7120 produces the same MAA as that in field samples of N. flagelliforme. The MAA structure is assigned as mycosporine‐2‐(4‐deoxygadusolyl‐ornithine) with a molecular weight of 756 Da, the structurally unique MAA compound reported to date. This MAA was catalyzed by mysD‐mysC2‐mysC1 encoding proteins from 4‐deoxygadusol, which was synthesized through the catalysis of mysA‐mysB products. Thus, we elucidated the transcriptional mechanism for a novel type MAA biosynthesis in solar radiation and desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria, which shed light on the identification of other components for UV‐B signaling in cyanobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]