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This article analyzes the representation of depression in Billie Eilish's music and reception as reflective of its complex status in the West as a clinical diagnosis and lived experience, and considers the prominence of depression in contemporary pop as an aesthetic category dividing along generational, gendered, and racial lines. By claiming and musicalizing depression amid a polarizing reception, Eilish builds on a musical legacy of feminine psychological disturbance, challenging the stigmatization of "madness" in women and cultural panic over the prevalence of depression among Generation Z. Her music demystifies an invisible inner turmoil that her fans identify as "depression," just as they frame her signature whisper singing as a coherent marker of and antidote for depression. Links between Eilish's voice and the feminized auditory triggers of ASMR (a homemade sound-effects-based genre of audio-visual performance on YouTube) and the immersive, solitary listening characteristic of headphone and earbud use strengthen her music's appeal as a form of "mood regulation." Ultimately, Eilish's voice and body are the locus onto which fans and detractors project fantasies and anxieties about the generational, gendered, and racial dynamics of depression that often exceed the singer's stated aims as well as psychiatric definitions of clinical depression. Drawing on work in disability studies, Mad studies, and feminist media studies, I stake out new theoretical ground for analyzing depression in pop as distinct from the lived experiences and discursive logics of disability and madness, while positioning pop music as a creative site of public mental health discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PhD student, Jessica Holmes, interviews Dr. Candice Maier about the new wave of feminism and what it means to her. In this interview, Dr. Maier discussed the importance of intersectionality and the focus of feminism turning to not just women's rights, but equity and justice for all oppressed populations. Dr. Maier discusses the need for ongoing self-reflection as well as a commitment to lifelong learning when it comes to understanding others' experiences. This includes challenging ourselves as a society to collaborate with one another so we come together to create the change that is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, the synthesis of sub-micron MMnF3 (M = Na or K) particles by a rapid microwave-assisted approach is reported. Adjustment of the Na+-to-Mn2+ ratio in the reaction mixture yielded tuneable morphologies, i.e., rods, ribbons, and plates. Relaxometric results indicated that poly(acrylic acid)-capped MMnF3 particles exhibited characteristic magnetic properties, which endows them with potential T1-weighted contrast agent capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores service user and staff experiences of a diagnostic trauma assessment within an emotionally unstable personality disorder inpatient population. Findings highlight strengthened therapeutic relationships with minimal adverse effects and support the implementation of trauma-diagnostic assessments within inpatient settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive function challenges are linked to important outcomes in adulthood, including mental and physical health and employment. Executive function skills can be taught but require support for generalization into home and school settings. The present study examined the feasibility of a series of brief videos (e.g., animations, expert and caregiver interviews) for caregivers of children with symptoms consistent with a neurodevelopmental disorder and flexibility or planning/organization problems. Caregivers (n = 102) viewed 12 videos over a four-month time period that describe ways to support and model executive function skills for their children. Quantitative and qualitative feedback suggest caregivers found the videos acceptable, feasible, and that they changed their view of their child's EF challenges. In addition, caregiver knowledge of key executive function strategies and concepts improved. Results suggested these videos show promise to reduce caregiver-reported sense of strain and child executive function problems; however, caregiver competence did not improve from pre- to post-video review. These findings suggest even brief, online, and asynchronous caregiver-oriented instructional videos on executive function supports may improve caregiver and child outcomes. Moreover, they raise the possibility that low-cost, highly accessible caregiver support tools may yield important benefits for a common and potent childhood difficulty. Given the present study is a preliminary feasibility study of the caregiver support videos, future randomized controlled trials are necessary to fully examine caregiver- and child-related outcomes. Highlights: We aimed to both develop and deliver executive function support videos to caregivers of children with executive function challenges. Videos were iteratively developed in partnership with a community advisory board and research participants. As a preliminary study of the video suite, we evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of videos for caregivers. Caregivers found the videos helpful, informative, efficacious, acceptable, and feasible to use. The videos show promise to reduce caregiver-reported strain and child executive function challenges. This study implies that brief, low-cost support tools are acceptable and feasible for caregivers to use and may benefit caregivers and their children with executive function challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides along a 10 km reach of Thompson River south of Ashcroft, British Columbia, have repeatedly damaged vital railway infrastructure, while also placing public safety, the environment, natural resources, and cultural heritage features at risk. Government agencies, universities, and the railway industry are focusing research efforts on a representative test site — the very-slow-moving Ripley Landslide — to manage better the geohazard risk in this corridor. We characterize the landslide's form and function through hydrogeological and geophysical mapping. Field mapping and exploratory drilling distinguish 10 hydrogeological units in surficial deposits and fractured bedrock. Electrical resistivity tomography, frequency domain electromagnetic conductivity measurements, ground-penetrating radar, seismic pressure wave refraction, and multispectral analysis of shear waves; in conjunction with downhole measurement of natural gamma radiation, induction conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility provide a detailed, static picture of soil moisture and groundwater conditions within the hydrogeological units. Differences in electrical resistivity of the units reflect a combination of hydrogeological characteristics and climatic factors, namely temperature and precipitation. Resistive earth materials include dry glaciofluvial outwash and nonfractured bedrock; whereas glaciolacustrine clay and silt, water-bearing fractured bedrock, and periodically saturated subglacial till and outwash are conductive. Dynamic, continuous real-time monitoring of electrical resistivity, now underway, will help characterize water-flow paths, and possible relationships to independently monitor pore pressures and slope creep. These new hydrogeological and geophysical data sets enhance understanding of the composition and internal structure of this landslide and provide important context to interpret multiyear slope stability monitoring ongoing in the valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bradford Cox's physical appearance has mystified audiences, critics, and fans since the inception of his American indie rock band Deerhunter in the early 2000s. As the band's frontman, Cox is 6'4" with an exceptionally thin, angular frame, physical effects associated with Marfan syndrome. Yet many critics and fans do not recognize that he has a disability per se, instead speculating about possible anorexia, drug abuse, mental illness, and even his gender and sexual orientation. Through analysis of Cox's reception and creative output, I argue that the simultaneous fetishization and normalization of his body is due to its resonance with two overlapping countercultural discourses: the current idealization of thinness in indie rock as it both extends and departs from an earlier tradition of freakery and androgyny in punk. I show that Cox resists what he views as the masculine heteronormativity and performative apathy of indie rock through "freakish" sartorial reference to his androgynous punk idols PJ Harvey, Joey Ramone, and Patti Smith, an aesthetic that for Cox is vitally queer. Cox uses his solo musical output to further convey his alienation as a queer-disabled male artist: through his lyrics, album art, and specific vocal affectations and production techniques, he establishes a continuity across the visual and sonic registers of his identity to ultimately achieve a sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms and consequences of defective interfering particle (DIP) formation during influenza virus infection remain poorly understood. The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has made it possible to identify large numbers of DIP-associated sequences, providing a powerful tool to better understand their biological relevance. However, NGS approaches pose numerous technical challenges including the precise identification and mapping of deletion junctions in the presence of frequent mutation and base-calling errors, and the potential for numerous experimental and computational artifacts. Here we detail an Illumina-based sequencing framework and bioinformatics pipeline capable of generating highly accurate and reproducible profiles of DIP-associated junction sequences. We use a combination of simulated and experimental control datasets to optimize pipeline performance and demonstrate the absence of significant artifacts. Finally, we use this optimized pipeline to reveal how the patterns of DIP-associated junction formation differ between different strains and subtypes of influenza A and B viruses and to demonstrate how this data can provide insight into mechanisms of DIP formation. Overall, this work provides a detailed roadmap for high resolution profiling and analysis of DIP-associated sequences within influenza virus populations. Importance Influenza virus defective interfering particles (DIPs) that harbor internal deletions within their genomes occur naturally during infection in humans and cell culture. They have been hypothesized to influence the pathogenicity of the virus; however, their specific function remains elusive. The accurate detection of DIP-associated deletion junctions is crucial for understanding DIP biology but is complicated by an array of technical issue that can bias or confound results. Here we demonstrate a combined experimental and computational framework for detecting DIP-associated deletion junctions using next generation sequencing (NGS). We detail how to validate pipeline performance and provide the bioinformatics pipeline for groups interested in using it. Using this optimized pipeline, we detect hundreds of distinct deletion junctions generated during infection with a diverse panel of influenza viruses and use these data to test a long-standing hypothesis concerning the molecular details of DIP formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audible in speech and song, electro-pop singer Grimes's so-called "baby doll" lisp generates endless buzz online, ranging from light-hearted adoration, to infantilization, to sexual fetish and even to ableist, misogynist anti-fandom. This article uses the reception of her lisp to build an intersectional theory of lisping across its medical and socio-cultural constructions, bridging work in disability studies, dysfluency studies, voice studies, and popular music studies in the process. I situate the slippage between adoring, infantilizing, fetishistic, and violent characterizations of Grimes's lisp as reflective of the infantilization of "communicative disorders" in speech language pathology, and the dysfunction associated with feminine codedspeech patterns (e.g. vocal fry and up talk) in the popular imaginary. Lisping is profitably understood as an audible form of "liminal" difference relative to visible physical disabilities (St. Pierre), and to certain ableist, gendered, and racialized conceptions of normative vocality. Ultimately, in the English-speaking world, the lisp is symbolically-coded feminine while exceeding the norms of female vocality, thereby giving rise to a polarizing set of associations that work against female authority and, by extension in Grimes's case, female musical authorship. Grimes's reception thus offers a valuable case study for interrogating how misogynist fantasies regarding femininity are thought localized in the female voice, and the symbolic ties between disability and femininity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust, nano-sized covalent cage, of composition, [(PhSi)6(ctc)4]6− (H6ctc = cyclotricatechylene) has been prepared in a simple reaction in good yield. The tetrahedral anionic cage is stable in both the solid and solution state and exhibits an affinity for Cs+ ions which bind to the internal surface of the cage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes to the relationship between music and deafness suffer from two related misconceptions: the enduring assumption that hearing is central to musical experience in conjunction with an extreme impression of deafness as total aural loss; and, more recently, the tendency to reduce deaf listening to tactility, as narratives about inborn sensory acuities among the deaf proliferate in the popular imaginary. Increasingly, deafness symbolizes a set of sensory polarities that obscure an intrinsic diversity of musical experiences from which musicology stands to gain, a diversity that encompasses members of Deaf culture and non-culturally deaf people alike, and that is signaled through the person-centered compound "d/Deaf." My article builds on recent music scholarship on disability to offer a pluralistic understanding of music and deafness. Beginning with Scottish deaf percussionist Evelyn Glennie, I investigate a range of d/Deaf accounts of music, including those of Deaf sign language users, hearing aid wearers, and cochlear implant recipients, and of people with music-induced hearing loss. Deafness resists automatic entry points into music, unsettling any straightforward hierarchy of the senses. Deaf people reflect on the musical status of aurality in markedly different ways, just as they offer a complex understanding of vision and touch. For instance, vision is a highly versatile listening strategy and is often more reliable than vibration; touch is feasible because of its contextual dependence on visual cues, and is further tied to a set of material and environmental variables. Ultimately, I argue that d/Deaf listeners enrich customary notions of musical expertise: deafness belongs in musicology as a diverse set of experiences within the full spectrum of listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instability of slopes, embankments, and cuttings on the railway network is increasingly prevalent globally. Monitoring vulnerable infrastructure aids in geotechnical asset management, and improvements to transport safety and efficiency. Here, we examine the use of a novel, near-real-time Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) monitoring system for assessing the stability of a railway cutting in Leicestershire, United Kingdom. In 2015, an ERT monitoring system was installed across a relict landslide (grassed) and an area of more stable ground on either side (wooded), to monitor changes in electrical resistivity through time and space, and to assess the influence of different types of vegetation on the stability of transportation infrastructure. Two years of 4-Dimensional ERT monitoring results are presented here, and petrophysical relationships developed in the laboratory are applied to calibrate the resistivity models in order to provide an insight into hydrogeological pathways within a railway cutting. The influence of vegetation type on subsurface moisture pathways and on slope stability is also assessed – here we find that seasonal subsurface changes in moisture content and soil suction are exacerbated by the presence of trees (wooded area). This results in shrink-swell behaviour of the clays comprising the railway cutting, resulting in fissuring and a reduction in shear strength, leading to instability. As such, it is proposed that on slopes comprised of expansive soils, grassed slopes are beneficial for stability. Insights into the use of 4-D ERT for monitoring railway infrastructure gained from this study may be applied to the monitoring of critical geotechnical assets elsewhere. • Conversion of ERT images using petrophysical relationships reveal complex changes in moisture content through space and time. • 4-D ERT provides insight into the influence of vegetation on slope stability. • Shrink-swell behaviour is exacerbated in wooded areas compared with grassed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides in the Thompson River Valley, British Columbia, Canada, threaten the serviceability of two railway lines that connect Vancouver to the rest of Canada and the US. To minimise the impact of slope instability on vital transport infrastructure, as well as on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, public safety, communities, local heritage, and the economy, and to better inform decision making, there is a need for monitoring. Since 2013, the Ripley Landslide – a small, slow-moving, translational landslide – has been the focus of monitoring efforts in the Thompson River Valley transportation corridor. In November 2017, a novel Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) monitoring system was installed on the site, providing near-real-time data collection via a telemetric link. 4-Dimensional resistivity models are presented in the context of moisture content and soil suction, two parameters known to influence slope stability in the Thompson River Valley. Here, we discuss the development of laboratory-based petrophysical relationships that relate electrical resistivity to moisture content and soil suction directly, building on relationships developed in the field. The 4-D ERT models were calibrated using these petrophysical relationships to provide insights into the complex spatial and temporal variations in moisture content and soil suction. This study highlights the utility of geoelectrical monitoring for assessing slope stability in the context of moisture-driven landslides. • Direct relationships between resistivity, suction, and moisture content are developed in the laboratory. • Calibration of ERT images using petrophysical relationships showss complex spatial and temporal changes in moisture content through space and time. • 4-D ERT provides insight into subsurface changes that cannot be predicted through rainfall data alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As researchers explore the complexity of memory and language hierarchies, the need to expand normed stimulus databases is growing. Therefore, we present 1,808 words, paired with their features and concept-concept information, that were collected using previously established norming methods (McRae, Cree, Seidenberg, & McNorgan Behavior Research Methods 37:547-559, ). This database supplements existing stimuli and complements the Semantic Priming Project (Hutchison, Balota, Cortese, Neely, Niemeyer, Bengson, & Cohen-Shikora ). The data set includes many types of words (including nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), expanding on previous collections of nouns and verbs (Vinson & Vigliocco Journal of Neurolinguistics 15:317-351, ). We describe the relation between our and other semantic norms, as well as giving a short review of word-pair norms. The stimuli are provided in conjunction with a searchable Web portal that allows researchers to create a set of experimental stimuli without prior programming knowledge. When researchers use this new database in tandem with previous norming efforts, precise stimuli sets can be created for future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A cognitive behavioural group promoting psychological adjustment for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) was found to reduce psychological distress. Not all those offered treatment attended the group sessions. The aims were to examine the rates of attendance and to evaluate feedback from participants. Method: Participants with MS and low mood were recruited to a randomized trial comparing attendance at a psychological support group with a usual care control group. The attendance at each session was determined and those who attended were compared with those who failed to attend using a Mann-Whitney U-test or chi-squared. A sample of participants completed a telephone feedback questionnaire to determine their views of the group. Results: The 44 participants who attended four or more sessions were not significantly different from the 28 who attended fewer than four sessions on demographic variables, disability, self-efficacy or quality of life, but significantly fewer men attended than women (p = 0.03). Participants' feedback from the group was mainly positive, and no factors were identified associated with non-attendance. Conclusions: Men were less likely to attend group treatment sessions than women, but no other variables were associated with non-attendance. Attendance rates influence the effectiveness of interventions and reasons for non-attendance need to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Private institutions of higher education are highly dependent on alumni support to cover operating expenses, fund endowments and fuel large capital campaigns. For example, in 2004, alumni at private liberal arts colleges generated nearly 43% of total voluntary support and funded 21.5% of total institutional expenditures. This paper uses 15 years of detailed data on alumni donations to a private liberal arts college to explore a full range of potential determinants of giving. Results suggest that wealthy alumni who live in states that allow charitable tax deductions are more generous than otherwise similar alumni in states without such subsidies. Alumni contributions also increase in years when the college has achieved greater athletic prestige but fall when academic prestige rises. Furthermore, recent alumni are more influenced by institutional prestige than older graduates. With regard to other determinants, females tend to be more generous, as do alumni living in wealthier neighborhoods within 250 miles of the college. Alumni who have close alumni relatives tend to give more as do alumni who participated in campus activities during their college years. Undergraduate major and occupational sector are also strong predictors of giving behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Numerous biomaterial scaffolds have been developed which provide architectures to support the proliferation of mammalian cells. Scaffolds derived from plant components have been utilized in several tissue engineering applications, including the production of cultured meats. Bread crumb is a common ingredient employed as a texturizer and filler in existing manufacturing processes for the production of animal meat products. Though an unconventional choice as a scaffolding material, we developed a yeast-free "soda bread" with controllable porosity and mechanical properties which is stable over several weeks in culture with fibroblasts, myoblasts and pre-osteoblasts. All cells were able to proliferate throughout the three-dimensional scaffolds, depositing extra-cellular matrix while exhibiting low stress and high viability. Importantly, myoblasts were also able to differentiate into myotubes, a key step required for the culture of skeletal muscle tissue. The results suggest opportunities for the dual-use possibility of utilizing existing texturizer and filler components in future lab grown meat products, however this will of course require further validation. Regardless, the bread-derived scaffolds presented here are simply produced, inherently edible and support muscle tissue engineering, qualities which highlight their utility in the production of future meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of child labor in developing countries have largely relied on data collected through national household surveys. But government-sponsored household surveys are arguably prone to both sample selection bias and reporting bias. In this paper, we compare the demographic and labor market characteristics of working street children obtained from the 2000 Tanzanian Integrated Labor Force Survey, a government-sponsored household survey, with the results obtained in a 2004 survey of working street children in the city of Mwanza in northern Tanzania. Our comparisons help illumine the potential biases introduced when child labor studies rely on household samples; specifically, we show that children in the non-household based survey work longer hours, have lower educational attainment and suffer worse health outcomes than their counterparts in the government-sponsored household survey. This suggests that studies based on national household surveys may significantly underestimate both the extent and the consequences of child labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This article examines the role of relationship lending in the automobile loan market at a community development credit union (CDCU) and at a traditional community bank. Method. Data collected from actual car loan applications are used in a probit analysis to estimate the importance of selected demographic, financial, and loan-specific variables on the probability of loan approval at the two types of financial institutions. Results. We first show that the community bank relies on credit scoring, not relationship lending. Relationship lending is, however, a critical factor in the loan decision at the CDCU. Low-income households with strong ties to the CDCU are likely to receive loans, despite poor credit histories. Conclusions. If consolidation, deregulation, and technology move mainstream financial institutions away from relationship lending and toward credit scoring, CDCUs will occupy an increasingly critical niche for low-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the findings of a survey of top economics graduate schools as they relate to women and men. The results provide strong evidence that at these top graduate schools, women graduate students are less integrated in their economic disciplines than are male graduate students. In the second part of the paper, this paper relates those findings to alternative theories as to why this is the case. This paper concludes by suggesting that the emphasis on theoretical studies in the current core of the graduate economics program can be seen as a type of hazing process that seems to have a significant cost since many women (and men) with great creative promise are discouraged from continuing in economics and do not benefit nearly as much as they would have from more policy-driven core courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood celiac disease (CD) is considered rare in die United States. Consequently there are few data concerning its clinical presentation. A validated questionnaire was distributed to families of children with CD. One hundred forty-one children with biopsy-proven CD were included in the study. We found significant differences in the clinical spectrum of children based on their infant feeding history. Exclusively breastfed children were significantly less likely to report failure to thrive (69% vs 88%. p<0.05) and short stature (37% vs 62%, p<0.05), and had a higher rate of "atypical" symptoms (p<0.01). Breastfeeding alters the presentation and contributes to atypical presentations of CD and diagnostic delay. Pediatricians need to be aware of the diverse manifestations of celiac disease to reduce diagnostic delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the demand for child schooling in Pakistan, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (1991). There have been few such studies for Pakistan, a country with relatively low enrollment rates and education levels, high illiteracy, and a large disparity between male and female education. Additionally, this study focuses on two potential sources of bias in the estimation of the demand for schooling. First, studies that do not distinguish between currently enrolled children and those who have completed their schooling subject their estimates to a form of censoring bias. Second, studies that exclude children who have left the household from their samples may introduce sample selection bias if the decisions to leave home and to attend school are related. This study finds evidence of both “censoring” and “sample selection” bias in the demand for child schooling in Pakistan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Coercive sexual harassment (CSH) by faculty is a risk factor for women in higher education. Bystander intervention and support for a victim are critical. Social networks can influence peers' social reactions to victims of sexual violations. This is the first study to explore the responses of peers who learn about CSH of a peer indirectly, thus becoming indirect bystanders. In this scenario, a peer classmate learns of CSH of a classmate from another classmate who witnessed the CSH. The 181 participants (52.8% female) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions where a written vignette described an interaction between the instructor faculty member and a student; the interchange involved either moderate or severe CSH (severity). The peer informant who witnessed the CSH and shared the information with the potential indirect bystander was described as either a close friend in the same class or only a classmate (friendship status). The vignette was followed by a series of items with Likert-type scales that measured cognitive appraisals (offensiveness of interaction, harm to victim, the believability of information, personal responsibility to act), emotional reactions (fears of negative consequences for taking action, emotional reactions to perpetrator and victim), and behavioral intentions (helping peer victim, social responses to victim, behaviors towards professor/perpetrator). Results indicated that the severity of CSH was a critical factor in cognitive appraisals and both positive emotional reactions to the victim and negative emotions towards the perpetrator. Yet, the main effects for the severity of CSH were moderated by friendship status of the informant: when the source was a close friend in the moderate CSH condition, participants were more likely to act to support the victim, less likely to avoid/exclude the victim, and more likely to avoid/exclude the professor than when the source of the information was simply a classmate. Results support training programs that focus on peer social networks as sources of deterrence and enhanced support regarding SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental change is likely to increase the frequency of slope failure due to apredicted increase in rainfall, which increases pore water pressure and reduces slopestability. On the transport network, long-term monitoring of unstable slopes is requiredto mitigate failure and to avoid the need for costly remedial works. Geophysicalmonitoring offers an alternative to cost- and time-intensive geotechnical monitoring andunreliable visual monitoring of earthworks assets, which are commonly used inthe transport industry. Geophysical monitoring techniques can be implementedrelatively inexpensively, and can provide near-real time information about largevolumes of the subsurface, including changes in moisture content over time. Here, theuse of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) will be assessed in terms of itsapplicability to monitoring natural slopes that affect transport infrastructure through anassessment of geophysical monitoring of the Ripley Landslide, southwestern BritishColumbia. The Ripley Landslide is a small (0.04 km2), slow-moving translational landslide in theThompson River Valley, which threatens the integrity and serviceability of two major railwaylines. Elements at risk from the failure of this slope include railway infrastructure, terrestrialand aquatic ecosystems, public safety, communities, local heritage, and the economy. AProactive Infrastructure Monitoring and Evaluation (PRIME) system, installed on the RipleyLandslide in December 2017, provides near real-time ERT data. The system addresses a pairof 2D electrode arrays with a total line length of 145 m and an effective depth ofinvestigation of 15 m. The PRIME system is controlled via a wireless modem formeasurements scheduling and data retrieval enabling remote near-real-time monitoring ofthe site. Here we report on the first 12 months of PRIME monitoring at the site.These results are supported by several years of other monitoring data, includingdisplacement monitoring (InSAR, Global Positioning System (GPS), Fibre Opticmonitoring) terrestrial-based geophysics (ERT, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), FixedFrequency Electromagnetic Induction (FEM), Seismic Refraction, MultichannelAnalysis of Surface Waves (MASW)), and waterborne geophysics (ERT, GPR, FEM,Acoustic Bathymetry). The resistivity images captured by the PRIME system revealthe hydrogeological structure of the subsurface and variations through time as theslope responds to changes in precipitation, including freeze-thaw processes, andto changes in river elevation at the toe of the slide. This aids the interpretation ofprevious monitoring data and provides a guide for the future monitoring of the Ripleylandslide, with the long-term aim of predicting the timing of failure at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While vertebrate immune systems are appreciated for their complexity and adaptability, invertebrate immunity is often considered to be less complex. However, immune responses in many invertebrates likely involve sophisticated processes. Interactions between the crustacean host Daphnia dentifera and its fungal pathogen Metschnikowia bicuspidata provide an excellent model for exploring the mechanisms underlying crustacean immunity. To explore the genomic basis of immunity in Daphnia, we used RNA‐sequencing technology to quantify differential gene expression between individuals of a single host genotype exposed or unexposed to M. bicuspidata over 24 h. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the number of differentially expressed genes between the control (unexposed) and experimental (exposed) groups increased over time. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for immune‐related molecules and processes, such as cuticle development, prostaglandin, and defense response processes. Our findings provide a suite of immunologically relevant genes and suggest the presence of a rapidly upregulated immune response involving the cuticle in Daphnia. Studies involving gene expression responses to pathogen exposure shine a light on the processes occurring during the course of infection. By leveraging knowledge on the genetic basis for immunity, immune mechanisms can be more thoroughly understood to refine our understanding of disease spread within invertebrate populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the geological and hydrological conditions present within an unstable slope is crucial for assessing the likelihood of failure. Recently, geoelectrical characterization and monitoring of landslides has become increasingly prevalent in this context, due to the spatial sensitivity of electrical methods to critical hydro-mechanical parameters. We explore a situational relationship between resistivity and matric potential (or negative pore pressure), which is a key parameter in estimating the resistance to shear in geological materials, and gravimetric moisture content (GMC). We have chosen a well-characterized active landslide instrumented with geoelectrical monitoring technology, the Hollin Hill Landslide Observatory, situated in Lias rocks in the southern Howardian Hills, United Kingdom. We report on petrophysical relationships between porosity, GMC, electrical resistivity, and matric potential. We trial the application of these petrophysical relationships to inverted resistivity images. Ground model development is achieved through a mixture of clustering resistivity distributions and analysis of surface movements. Our findings show the shrink swell properties of clay result in a variable porosity, which is problematic for applying classic petrophysical relationships documented in the literature. Moreover, directly translating resistivity distributions into matric potential has additional challenges. Nonetheless, volumetric imaging of resistivity suggest that low shear strengths are concentrated downslope of a rotational backscarp. We infer that an accumulation of moisture drives the development of a slip surface at depth, which subsequently manifests in failure at the ground surface. We conclude that the time-lapse resistivity images alone could not be used to infer the pore pressure conditions present within the slope without development of the petrophysical relationships shown here. Therefore, we suggest that the results have practical implications for landslide monitoring with geophysical methods. [Display omitted] • Links between electrical resistivity, moisture content and matric potential shown. • Practicalities of scaling links to the field scale are overviewed. • Electrical anisotropy and shrink swell processes in clay minerals discussed. • Field estimations of matric potential possible via resistivity imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mood problems affect many people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group treatment based on cognitive behavioural principles.Methods: People with MS were screened on the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). Those identified with low mood were invited to take part in a randomized trial comparing the effect of attending an adjustment group with a waiting list control. Patients allocated to the adjustment group received six 2 h group treatment sessions. Outcomes were assessed 4 and 8 months after randomization, blind to group allocation.Results: Of the 311 patients identified, 221 (71%) met the criteria for low mood and 151 (68%) agreed to take part. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to compare the two groups, correcting for baseline mood and disability. At 4 months, group allocation alone was a significant predictor of the primary outcome measure, the GHQ-12. At 8 months, group allocation alone was no longer a significant predictor for GHQ-12 scores, but it was when baseline GHQ-12 and Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale scores were controlled for. Comparison of the area under the curve revealed significant differences between the groups for GHQ-12 (p = 0.003), HAD Anxiety (p = 0.013), HAD Depression (p = 0.004), Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.001), MS Self-efficacy (p = 0.037) and MS Impact Scale Psychological (p = 0.012).Conclusion: Patients receiving treatment were less distressed and had less depression and anxiety. There was some evidence of improved self-efficacy and a reduction of the impact of MS on people’s lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With more microbiome studies being conducted by African-based research groups, there is an increasing demand for knowledge and skills in the design and analysis of microbiome studies and data. However, high-quality bioinformatics courses are often impeded by differences in computational environments, complicated software stacks, numerous dependencies, and versions of bioinformatics tools along with a lack of local computational infrastructure and expertise. To address this, H3ABioNet developed a 16S rRNA Microbiome Intermediate Bioinformatics Training course, extending its remote classroom model. The course was developed alongside experienced microbiome researchers, bioinformaticians, and systems administrators, who identified key topics to address. Development of containerised workflows has previously been undertaken by H3ABioNet, and Singularity containers were used here to enable the deployment of a standard replicable software stack across different hosting sites. The pilot ran successfully in 2019 across 23 sites registered in 11 African countries, with more than 200 participants formally enrolled and 106 volunteer staff for onsite support. The pulling, running, and testing of the containers, software, and analyses on various clusters were performed prior to the start of the course by hosting classrooms. The containers allowed the replication of analyses and results across all participating classrooms running a cluster and remained available posttraining ensuring analyses could be repeated on real data. Participants thus received the opportunity to analyse their own data, while local staff were trained and supported by experienced experts, increasing local capacity for ongoing research support. This provides a model for delivering topic-specific bioinformatics courses across Africa and other remote/low-resourced regions which overcomes barriers such as inadequate infrastructures, geographical distance, and access to expertise and educational materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species, is a detrimental disease that affects small grains such as wheat around the world. Management of FHB is difficult, and surveillance as well as a better understanding of pathogen aggressiveness is needed for improved control. F. graminearum disease severity varies depending on the resistance of the host genotype. In this study, we used the field pathogenomics method to investigate gene expression and population structure of isolates collected from wheat lines of varying resistance levels (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant) as well as an axenic control. Differential gene expression was found among isolates collected from different host genotypes. Candidate gene sets were identified for both F. graminearum infection of specific host genotypes and general infection to wheat. Population structure of isolates from different resistance level sources was the same, with all isolates belonging to the NA1 population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stigma attached to mental illness can serve as barrier for help-seeking among individuals who experience a mental health issue. In an effort to contribute to the professional understanding of mental illness stigma and barriers to help-seeking, the authors conducted a phenomenological study to explore the perceptions of 10 full-time university employees. Analysis of interview data from two focus groups (group one = six participants; group two = four participants) resulted in the identification of themes related to the meaning of mental illness stigma, negative cultural views in the United States about mental illness, and seeking assistance for mental illness. Implications for counselor education and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displaying images of eyes causes people to behave more pro-socially in a variety of contexts. However, it is unclear whether eyes work by making people universally more pro-social, or by making them more likely to conform to local norms. If the latter, images of eyes could sometimes make people less pro-social if pro-social behaviour is not the local norm. To separate these hypotheses we conducted a field experiment in which we explored whether manipulating a local descriptive norm altered the eyes effect. We recorded litter dropping decisions on a university campus in a 2 x 2 design, comparing situations with and without litter already on the ground (a manipulation of the local descriptive norm) and with and without large signs displaying images of watching eyes. We additionally recorded the number of potential human observers in the vicinity at the time of each littering decision. We observed a norm effect: the presence of litter on the ground increased littering, replicating previous findings. We also found that images of watching eyes reduced littering, although contrary to previous findings this was only when there were larger numbers of people around. With regard to our central aim, we found no evidence that litter on the ground interacted non-additively with images of eyes to induce increased littering behaviour. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that images of eyes induce more pro-social behaviour, independent of local norms. This finding has positive implications for the application of eye images in combating anti-social behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of six Cu(ii) centres with four cyclotricatechylene (ctc6−) ligands generates large (Cu6ctc4)12−cages with the topology of the tetrahedron. The anionic tetrahedral cages are cemented together, triangular face to triangular face, by Na熫抢 together with water molecules to generate a highly symmetric diamond-like assembly (space group Fd-3m, the same as that of diamond itself) whose adamantane-like units have an iodide ion at the centre of every cyclohexane-like face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]