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Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada. This study aims to assess trends in income and education inequalities in the incidence of lung cancer in Canada. The study design is a time-trend analysis of nationally collected data. Using a linked data set of the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) data file, the Canadian Census of Population and National Household Survey, we calculated the incidence of lung cancer in Canada over the period between 1992 and 2010. The age-adjusted concentration index (C), which captures socio-economic inequality across a continuous spectrum of socio-economic status, was used to measure income and education inequalities in the incidence of lung cancer in men and women. The crude incidence rate for men decreased significantly over time in Canada from 85 to 78 per 100,000 population from 1992 to 2010, respectively. For women, the crude incidence rate increased significantly over time in Canada from 45 to 67 per 100,000 population from 1992 to 2010, respectively. The age-adjusted C indicated a higher concentration of lung cancer incidence among low income and less educated Canadians over the study period. Although income inequality in lung cancer incidence decreased significantly over time for men, education inequality increased significantly for both men and women. Increased occurrence of lung cancer among the poor and less educated populations in Canada remains a challenge in Canada. Income and education gradients in the lung cancer incidence are likely explained by variations in known risk factors especially smoking across socio-economic groups. Continuous efforts are required to reduce the causes of lung cancer among low socio-economic status Canadians. • The incidence rate of lung cancer in Canada decreased among men. • The incidence rate of lung cancer increased among Canadian women. • Lung cancer incidence is more concentrated among low socio-economic status Canadians. • Income-related inequalities in lung cancer incidence reduced among men. • Education-related inequality in lung cancer incidence increased for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the possible presence and molecular features of Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid (PLMVd) in west Iran (Kurdistan Province), a total of 132 leaf samples from almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, plum, sour cherry, and sweet cherry were collected from orchards during the summer of 2016 and 2017. Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction amplified an expected ~350 base pair DNA fragment from 34 samples. The complete genome sequencing of 17 cloned isolates was determined. Sequence alignment of the new sequences showed 94.3-100% nucleotide identity, and 79.2-100% nucleotide identity with other previously reported PLMVd isolates. In phylogenetic analysis, isolated viroid variants from this study and 32 previously reported isolates were placed in two groups (I and II). All the isolated viroid variants in the present study were placed in group II-A (mosaic-inducing isolates), together with other isolates from Australia, China, India, Iran, Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey. The secondary structure of the Iranian variants revealed their unique structures as compared with previously reported isolates of the viroid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PLMVd infection on apricot, sweet cherry, sour cherry, and nectarine in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation signals Compared to the treadmill, walking with the Lokomat altered the muscle activation patterns in some muscles (Figure 1). Conclusions Compared to treadmill walking, GF and BWS provided by the Lokomat altered the muscle activation patterns in terms of amplitude and timing. [Extracted from the article]

It is increasingly recognized that those of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are disproportionately affected by cancer mortality. The association between cervical cancer mortality and SES have been reported; however, it remains poorly understood in the Canadian population. Thus, this study investigates trends in income and education inequalities in cervical cancer mortality in Canada over the last three decades. Trend analysis. A dataset constructed at the census division level (n = 280), comprising the Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database, the Canadian Census of Population, and the National Household Survey was used to measure cervical cancer mortality in Canada. Income and education inequalities in cervical cancer mortality were measured using age-standardized Concentration index (C). Crude cervical cancer mortality rates decreased significantly during the study period. Age-standardized C values were negative for the majority of years for income and education inequalities, reaching significance in some years. Trend analyses indicated an increasing concentration of cervical cancer mortality amongst those with lower education levels. Despite recent decreases in cervical cancer mortality rates, socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer mortality in Canada are persistent. Notably, those of lower income and education levels are disproportionately affected, underscoring an opportunity to improve clinical outcomes by addressing these inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to quantify the extent to which country-level trends in HIV incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) were influenced by gender inequalities, measured by gender gaps in educational attainment, income, and a Gender Inequality Index (GII). We examined the relation between gender inequality and HIV incidence using country-level panel data from 24 SSA countries for the period between 2000 and 2016. Our goal was to estimate the relation between within-country changes in gender inequality and HIV incidence. We compared results from fixed effects and random effects models for estimating the effect of gender inequalities on changes in HIV incidence. Based on the results of the Hausman test, the fixed effects model was selected as the preferred approach. HIV incidence decreased by nearly one-half over the period from 2000 to 2016. We estimated that a one percent increase in the GII was associated with a 1.6 percent increase in HIV incidence (95% confidence interval = [0.21%; 3.00%]), after adjusting by country-level socio-economic and governance variables. Our study suggests that addressing gender inequalities is a potential strategy to reduce HIV incidence in the SSA region. To control HIV infection, policymakers and public health practitioners should support relevant interventions for promoting gender equality. Further work is needed to identify specific interventions to improve gender inequality and to examine their impacts on changes in HIV incidence. • HIV incidence decreased by nearly one-half over the period from 2000 to 2016. • One percent increase in the Gender Inequality Index was associated with increase in HIV incidence, and it could reach 3%. • To control HIV infection, policymakers and practitioners should support interventions for promoting gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to summarize the available information in the literature to make an accurate estimate of the prevalence of burnout among Iranian nurses. Background and introduction: Burnout is a work‐related stress syndrome that has negative impact on healthcare providers, patients and healthcare delivery systems. Method: A comprehensive search of literature using international [PubMed, Scopus and the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)] and Iranian scientific data bases [Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex and Magiran] was conducted to identify English and Persian language studies, published between 2000 and 2016, that examined the prevalence of burnout among nurses in Iran. The I‐squared test and Chi‐squared‐based Q‐test suggested heterogeneity of reported prevalence among the qualified studies; thus, a random‐effects model was applied to estimate the overall prevalence of burnout among nurses in Iran. Results: Based on 21 selected articles with 4180 participants, the overall prevalence of burnout among Iranian nurses was estimated to be 36% [95% confidence interval (CI), 20–53%] in Iran. Meta‐regression indicated that sample size and year of data collection, mean age of samples, female to male ratio and geographic regions were not statistically significantly associated with the prevalence of burnout. Also, based on Egger's test and funnel plot, there is no publication bias among studies included in the analysis. Conclusion: Professional burnout affects more than one‐third of nursing staff in Iran; thus, effective interventions and strategies are required to reduce and prevent burnout among nurses. Implication for nursing and health policy: Due to the negative consequences of burnout on patients, nurses and organizations, nursing and healthcare managers should intervene to prevent and reduce burnout among nurses in Iran. Policy attention should focus on developing effective interventions to prevent and minimize the burden of burnout among nurses in Iran. Nurses’ involvement in the policy‐making process is crucial in the implementation of effective programs and initiatives tailored to address the higher prevalence of burnout among Iranian nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social disparities in morbidity and mortality are well-documented, little is known how socioeconomic status (SES) shapes diabetes-concordant comorbidity (DCC). This study examines socioeconomic inequalities in DCC among adults with diabetes in the United States. The study incorporated a cross-sectional nationally representative household health survey. This study used data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2018. The analysis included 56,192 adults aged 30 or above with diabetes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to obtain relative risk ratios in gender-stratified models after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. The multivariable-adjusted analyses suggest that across all SES indicators and in both men and women, individuals with lower SES had greater odds of DCC than individuals with higher SES. The associations of SES indicators with DCC were larger in magnitude among women than in men. For example, compared to individuals with a college or higher degree, men with less than a high school degree were 2.06 times (95% confidence interval = 1.76–2.41) and women with less than a high school degree were 3.19 times (95% confidence interval = 2.67–3.82) more likely to have 3 or more DCCs. Similar associations were observed for other indicators of SES. Study findings suggest strong social status and gender-based patterns in DCC. Identifying population groups with poor social status may be useful for informing interventions aiming to improve healthcare services of diabetes-related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Non enzymatic glycation is a reaction that occurs between reducing sugars and amino groups of proteins. Advanced Glycation End-products (AGE) have been accounted for principal biological processes like aging and pathogenesis of some diseases. Accumulation of AGE during hyperglycemia can cause structural and functional changes of long-lived proteins. Therefore, it will be effective to inhibit protein glycation formation in order to reduce or to improve diabetes complications. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium Hirtifolium on the formation of glycated hemoglobin. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the effects of the various concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 gr/dl of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium Hirtifolium on the inhibition of hemoglobin glycation were examined. Hemoglobin A1c formation was assayed by ion exchange chromatography. The P-value < 0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: 10 and 14 days after incubation, at the concentration of 40 millimollar glucose, hemoglobin A1c formation decreased significantly by using 0.5 gr/dl of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium Hirtifolium. Conclusion: The results revealed that Allium Hirtifolium can inhibit hemoglobin A1c formation in hyperglycemic condition. Therefore, it is suggested that Allium Hirtifolium can be useful for preventing the complications of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is characterized as one of the most common endocrine diseases throughout the world. The use of antioxidants is the most preferred way to decrease complications of diabetes mellitus. Several studies showed the antioxidant effects of walnut leaf. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to survey the effects of walnut leaf animal diet on some blood biochemical metabolites in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 albino male rats (250-300 gram body weight) were divided into five groups of 8. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). Three groups of Diabetic rats received 1%, 2% and 5% weight concentration of walnut leaf powder in daily diets. The study was performed during 28 days. The blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of study, and biochemical parameters including HbA1c, FBS, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assayed. Statistically, the quantitative data obtained, compared among the groups by ANOVA. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: The results of the current study showed that consumption of walnut leaf decreased TG, ALT, ALP, and HbA1c levels significantly. The consumption of 5% walnut leaf had the most effects. But it had no significant effect on FBS. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that walnut leaf has useful effects on HbA1c and ALP levels and 5% of walnut leaf powder showed the most effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]